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==Behaviour==
==Behaviour==
⚫
[[File:ShamaSonogram.png|thumb|left|Sonogram]]
[[File:ShamaJavadi.ogg|thumb|Calls]]
[[File:ShamaJavadi.ogg|thumb|Calls]]
⚫
[[File:ShamaSonogram.png|thumb|left|Sonogram]]
The white-rumped shama is shy and somewhat [[crepuscular]]<ref name=pcr/> but very territorial. The territories include a male and female during the breeding season with the males defending the territory averaging 0.09 ha in size,<ref name=oahu/> but each sex may have different territories when they are not breeding.
The white-rumped shama is shy and somewhat [[crepuscular]]<ref name=pcr/> but very territorial. The territories include a male and female during the breeding season with the males defending the territory averaging 0.09 ha in size,<ref name=oahu/> but each sex may have different territories when they are not breeding.


The [[Bird_song|voice]] of this species is rich and melodious which made them popular as cage birds in South Asia with the tradition continuing in parts of Southeast Asia. It is loud and clear, with a variety of phrases, and often mimics other birds. They also make a clicking ('Tck') sound with their wings when they are in distress or flying over open areas. One of the first recordings of a bird ever made was of this species. A recording was made from a captive individual in 1889 using an Edison wax cylinder by Ludwig Koch of Germany.<ref>Ranft, Richard (2004) Natural sound archives: past, present and future. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 76(2):456-460 doi:10.1590/S0001-37652004000200041</ref>
The [[Bird_song|voice]] of this species is rich and melodious which made them popular as cage birds in South Asia with the tradition continuing in parts of Southeast Asia. It is loud and clear, with a variety of phrases, and often mimics other birds. They also make a clicking ('Tck') sound with their wings when they are in distress or flying over open areas. One of the first recordings of a bird ever made was of this species. A recording was made from a captive individual in 1889 using an Edison wax cylinder by Ludwig Koch of Germany.<ref>Ranft, Richard (2004) Natural sound archives: past, present and future. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 76(2):456-460 {{doi|10.1590/S0001-37652004000200041}}</ref>


They feed on insects in the wild but in captivity feed on boiled and dried legumes with egg yolk and raw meat.<ref>Jerdon, T. C. (1863) Birds of India. Vol 2. part 1. page 131</ref>
They feed on insects in the wild but in captivity feed on boiled and dried legumes with egg yolk and raw meat.<ref>Jerdon, T. C. (1863) Birds of India. Vol 2. part 1. page 131</ref>
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In South Asia, they breed from January to September but mainly in April to June laying a clutch of four or five eggs<ref>Whistler, H (1949) Popular handbook of Indian birds. Gurney and Jackson. p. 110</ref> in a nest placed in the hollow of tree.<ref name=pcr/> During [[courtship]], males pursue the female, alight above the female, give a shrill call, and then flick and fan out their tail feathers. It is followed by a rising and falling flight pattern by both sexes. It the male is unsuccessful, the female will threaten the male, gesturing with the mouth open.
In South Asia, they breed from January to September but mainly in April to June laying a clutch of four or five eggs<ref>Whistler, H (1949) Popular handbook of Indian birds. Gurney and Jackson. p. 110</ref> in a nest placed in the hollow of tree.<ref name=pcr/> During [[courtship]], males pursue the female, alight above the female, give a shrill call, and then flick and fan out their tail feathers. It is followed by a rising and falling flight pattern by both sexes. It the male is unsuccessful, the female will threaten the male, gesturing with the mouth open.


Parental behavior includes both sexes participating. The nests are mainly comprised of roots, leaves, ferns, and stems, and incubation lasts between 12 and 15 days and the nestling period averaged 12.4 days. Both adults feed the young although only the male incubates and broods.<ref name=oahu/> The eggs are white to light aqua, with variable shades of brown blotching, and are approximately 0.7 by 0.9 inches.
The nests are mainly comprised of roots, leaves, ferns, and stems, and incubation lasts between 12 and 15 days and the nestling period averaged 12.4 days. Both adults feed the young although only the female incubates and broods.<ref name=oahu/> The eggs are white to light aqua, with variable shades of brown blotching, and are approximately 0.7 by 0.9 inches.

==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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* [http://davidsbirds.blogspot.com Detailed documentations on rearing and breeding white-rumped Shama]
* [http://davidsbirds.blogspot.com Detailed documentations on rearing and breeding white-rumped Shama]
* [http://www.listeningearth.com.au/audio/30SharmaSong.mp3 Shama song]
* [http://www.listeningearth.com.au/audio/30SharmaSong.mp3 Shama song]
<!--ANONYMOUS. 1982. Notes on shamas and the Magpie Robin. Avicult. Mag. 88:243-254.
<!--
Venning,FEW (1914) An abnormally coloured Shama (''Kittocincla macrura''). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(1):154.
Venning,FEW (1914) An abnormally coloured Shama (''Kittocincla macrura''). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(1):154.
Mukherjee,HP; Mukherjee,RN (1967) Behaviour of a Shama. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 7(1):7.
Mukherjee,HP; Mukherjee,RN (1967) Behaviour of a Shama. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 7(1):7.

Revision as of 03:59, 7 February 2009

White-rumped Shama
Male White-rumped Shama
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Muscicapidae
Genus:
Copsychus
Species:
C. malabaricus
Binomial name
Copsychus malabaricus
(Scopoli, 1788)
Synonyms

Kittacincla macrura
Cittocincla macrura

The White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) is a small passerine bird of the family Muscicapidae. It was formerly classified as a member of the Thrush family, Turdidae, causing it to be commonly known as the White-rumped Shama Thrush or simply Shama Thrush.

Distribution

They are native to South and Southeast Asia, but have been introduced to Kaua'i, Hawai'i, in early 1931 from Malaysia (by Alexander Isenberger), and to O'ahu in 1940 (by the Hui Manu Society).[2]

In Asia, their habitat is dense undergrowth especially in bamboo forests.[3] In Hawaii, they are common in valley forests or on the ridges of the southern Ko'olaus, and tend to nest in undergrowth or low trees of lowland broadleaf forests.[2]

The nominate race is found in the Western Ghats while leggei is found in Sri Lanka. Race indicus is found in the northern parts of India.[3]

Physical Characteristics

They typically weigh between 1 and 1.2 ounces and are around 9 to 11 inches in length. Males are glossy black with a chestnut belly and white feathers on the rump and outer tail. Females are more grayish-brown, and are typically shorter than males. Both sexes have a black bill and pink feet. Juveniles have a more grayish or brownish coloration, similar to that of the females, with a blotchy or spotted chest.

Behaviour

Sonogram
Calls

The white-rumped shama is shy and somewhat crepuscular[3] but very territorial. The territories include a male and female during the breeding season with the males defending the territory averaging 0.09 ha in size,[2] but each sex may have different territories when they are not breeding.

The voice of this species is rich and melodious which made them popular as cage birds in South Asia with the tradition continuing in parts of Southeast Asia. It is loud and clear, with a variety of phrases, and often mimics other birds. They also make a clicking ('Tck') sound with their wings when they are in distress or flying over open areas. One of the first recordings of a bird ever made was of this species. A recording was made from a captive individual in 1889 using an Edison wax cylinder by Ludwig Koch of Germany.[4]

They feed on insects in the wild but in captivity feed on boiled and dried legumes with egg yolk and raw meat.[5]

Breeding

In South Asia, they breed from January to September but mainly in April to June laying a clutch of four or five eggs[6] in a nest placed in the hollow of tree.[3] During courtship, males pursue the female, alight above the female, give a shrill call, and then flick and fan out their tail feathers. It is followed by a rising and falling flight pattern by both sexes. It the male is unsuccessful, the female will threaten the male, gesturing with the mouth open.

The nests are mainly comprised of roots, leaves, ferns, and stems, and incubation lasts between 12 and 15 days and the nestling period averaged 12.4 days. Both adults feed the young although only the female incubates and broods.[2] The eggs are white to light aqua, with variable shades of brown blotching, and are approximately 0.7 by 0.9 inches.

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2006
  2. ^ a b c d Aguon, Celestino Flores & Sheila Conant (1994) Breeding biology of the white-rumped Shama on Oahu, Hawaii. Wilson Bull. 106(2):311-328 PDF
  3. ^ a b c d Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005) Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 395-396
  4. ^ Ranft, Richard (2004) Natural sound archives: past, present and future. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 76(2):456-460 doi:10.1590/S0001-37652004000200041
  5. ^ Jerdon, T. C. (1863) Birds of India. Vol 2. part 1. page 131
  6. ^ Whistler, H (1949) Popular handbook of Indian birds. Gurney and Jackson. p. 110
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