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They appear stocky with a short neck, short thick bill and buff-brown back. In summer, adults have long neck [[feather]]s. Its appearance is transformed from their dull colours when they take to flight, when the white of the wings makes them very prominent. It is very similar to the [[Squacco Heron]], ''Ardeola ralloides'', but is darker-backed. To the east of its range, it is replaced by the [[Chinese Pond Heron]], ''Ardeola bacchus''.
They appear stocky with a short neck, short thick bill and buff-brown back. In summer, adults have long neck [[feather]]s. Its appearance is transformed from their dull colours when they take to flight, when the white of the wings makes them very prominent. It is very similar to the [[Squacco Heron]], ''Ardeola ralloides'', but is darker-backed. To the east of its range, it is replaced by the [[Chinese Pond Heron]], ''Ardeola bacchus''.
[[File:Indian Pond Heron I IMG 1098.jpg|thumb|When flushed the contrasting white wings become visible]]
[[File:Indian Pond Heron I IMG 1098.jpg|thumb|left|When flushed the contrasting white wings flash into view]]
During the breeding season, there are records of individuals with red legs. The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gopisundar, K. S.|year=2004|title=Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons ''Ardeola grayii'' with red legs in Uttar Pradesh, India|journal=Forktail|volume=20|url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/20pdfs/Sundar-PondHeron.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Humayun Abdulali|Abdulali, H.]] and [[Horace Alexander|Alexander, H. G.]]|year=1952|title=Ardeidae with red legs|journal=Ibis|volume=94|pages=363|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wesley, H. D.|year=1993|title=Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=33|issue=4|pages=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and extent of Pond Herons ''Ardeola grayii'' with red legs in India|author=Sundar, Gopi KS|journal=Indian Birds|volume=1|issue=5|pages=108–115|url=http://indianbirds.in/download/IB1.5Final.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
During the breeding season, there are records of individuals with red legs. The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gopisundar, K. S.|year=2004|title=Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons ''Ardeola grayii'' with red legs in Uttar Pradesh, India|journal=Forktail|volume=20|url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/20pdfs/Sundar-PondHeron.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Humayun Abdulali|Abdulali, H.]] and [[Horace Alexander|Alexander, H. G.]]|year=1952|title=Ardeidae with red legs|journal=Ibis|volume=94|pages=363|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wesley, H. D.|year=1993|title=Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=33|issue=4|pages=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution and extent of Pond Herons ''Ardeola grayii'' with red legs in India|author=Sundar, Gopi KS|journal=Indian Birds|volume=1|issue=5|pages=108–115|url=http://indianbirds.in/download/IB1.5Final.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage walking cautiously in Kolkata I IMG 7936.jpg |thumb|left|Usually hunched, they appear short necked]]
[[File:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage walking cautiously in Kolkata I IMG 7936.jpg |thumb|left|Usually hunched, they appear short necked]]
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They are very common in India, and are usually solitary foragers but numbers of them may sometimes feed in close proximity during the dry seasons<ref name=begum/> when small wetlands have a high concentration of prey. They are semi-colonial breeders. They may also forage at garbage heaps. During dry seasons, they sometimes take to foraging on well watered lawns or even dry grassland. When foraging, they allow close approach and flush only at close range.
They are very common in India, and are usually solitary foragers but numbers of them may sometimes feed in close proximity during the dry seasons<ref name=begum/> when small wetlands have a high concentration of prey. They are semi-colonial breeders. They may also forage at garbage heaps. During dry seasons, they sometimes take to foraging on well watered lawns or even dry grassland. When foraging, they allow close approach and flush only at close range.
===Food and feeding===
===Food and feeding===
⚫
[[File:Indian Pond Herons (Ardeola grayii) feedingin drying sewage pond in Kolkata I IMG 7980.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Large numbers in a drying pond]]
The Indian Pond Heron's feeding habitat is marshy wetlands. They usually feed at the edge of ponds but make extensive use of floating vegetation such as [[Water hyacinth]] to access deeper water. They may also on occasion swim on water or fish from air.<ref>Chandra-Bose,DA (1969) The Paddybird, ''Ardeola grayii'' (Sykes) floating on water. Pavo 7(1&2):74-75.</ref><ref>Neelakantan,KK (1986) Pond heron afloat. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 26(5-6):11-13.</ref><ref>Krishna, MB (1978) Pond Herons. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 18(10):10</ref>
The Indian Pond Heron's feeding habitat is marshy wetlands. They usually feed at the edge of ponds but make extensive use of floating vegetation such as [[Water hyacinth]] to access deeper water. They may also on occasion swim on water or fish from air.<ref>Chandra-Bose,DA (1969) The Paddybird, ''Ardeola grayii'' (Sykes) floating on water. Pavo 7(1&2):74-75.</ref><ref>Neelakantan,KK (1986) Pond heron afloat. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 26(5-6):11-13.</ref><ref>Krishna, MB (1978) Pond Herons. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 18(10):10</ref>
[[Image:Indian Pond Heron at Nest I IMG 8732.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Pair at Nest in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].]]
[[Image:Indian Pond Heron at Nest I IMG 8732.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Pair at Nest in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].]]
Line 46: Line 47:
===Mortality factors===
===Mortality factors===
They have few predators and injured birds may be taken by birds of prey.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Navarro,A|year=1962|title=Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=59|issue=2|pages=653}}</ref>
They have few predators and injured birds may be taken by birds of prey.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Navarro,A|year=1962|title=Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=59|issue=2|pages=653}}</ref>

⚫
[[File:Indian Pond Herons (Ardeola grayii) feedingin drying sewage pond in Kolkata I IMG 7980.jpg|thumb|Large numbers in a drying pond]]
An arbovirus "Balagodu", trematodes and several other parasites have been isolated from the species.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J|year=1969|title=Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from ''Ardeola grayii'' (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India.|journal=Indian J Med Res.|volume=57|issue=4|pages=758–64}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P|year=1968|title=Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, ''Ardeola grayii'' (Sykes), in Mysore State India|journal=Indian J. Med. Res.|volume=56|issue=11|pages=1592–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron ''Ardeola grayii''|author=Sahay S; Sahay U; Verma DK|journal=Indian journal of parasitology|year=1990|volume=14|issue=2|pages=203–205}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae).|author=Madhavi, R;Narasimha Rao, N;Rukmini, C|journal=Acta Parasitologica Polonica|volume=34|issue=3|pages=259–265|year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Riv Parassitol.|year=1971|volume=32|issue=2|pages=101–3|title= On the male of ''Avioserpens multipapillosa'' Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii|author=Deshmukh PG}}</ref> Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis/West Nile Virus has been detected in Pond Herons and Cattle Egrets from southern India.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Indian J Med Res|volume=118|year=2003|pages=101–108|title=West Nile virus: the Indian scenario|author=R. Paramasivan, A.C. Mishra & D.T. Mourya|url=http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2003/0901.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Heavy metal pollution appears to be indicated particularly in the tail feathers.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|year=2004|volume=73|issue=2|pages=285–291|author=Muralidharan, S., Jayakumar, R., Vishnu, G|title=Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India|doi=10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x}}</ref>
An arbovirus "Balagodu", trematodes<ref>{{cite journal|author=Umadevi K & R. Madhavi|year=2000|title=Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of ''Procerovum varium'' (Onji & Nishio, 1916) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae).|journal=Systematic Parasitology|volume=46|issue=3|pages=215-225|doi=10.1023/A:1006398205390}}</ref> and several other parasites have been isolated from the species.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J|year=1969|title=Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from ''Ardeola grayii'' (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India.|journal=Indian J Med Res.|volume=57|issue=4|pages=758–64}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P|year=1968|title=Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, ''Ardeola grayii'' (Sykes), in Mysore State India|journal=Indian J. Med. Res.|volume=56|issue=11|pages=1592–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron ''Ardeola grayii''|author=Sahay S; Sahay U; Verma DK|journal=Indian journal of parasitology|year=1990|volume=14|issue=2|pages=203–205}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae).|author=Madhavi, R;Narasimha Rao, N;Rukmini, C|journal=Acta Parasitologica Polonica|volume=34|issue=3|pages=259–265|year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Riv Parassitol.|year=1971|volume=32|issue=2|pages=101–3|title= On the male of ''Avioserpens multipapillosa'' Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii|author=Deshmukh PG}}</ref> Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis/West Nile Virus has been detected in Pond Herons and Cattle Egrets from southern India.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Indian J Med Res|volume=118|year=2003|pages=101–108|title=West Nile virus: the Indian scenario|author=R. Paramasivan, A.C. Mishra & D.T. Mourya|url=http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2003/0901.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Heavy metal pollution appears to be indicated particularly in the tail feathers.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|year=2004|volume=73|issue=2|pages=285–291|author=Muralidharan, S., Jayakumar, R., Vishnu, G|title=Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India|doi=10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons|Ardeola grayii}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
==Other sources==
==Other sources==
⚫
{{Commons|Ardeola grayii}}
* Lamba, B.S. (1963) Nidification of some Indian birds. No.6. The Indian Pond Heron or Paddy bird Ardeola grayii (Sykes). Pavo 1(1): 35-43.
* Lamba, B.S. (1963) Nidification of some Indian birds. No.6. The Indian Pond Heron or Paddy bird Ardeola grayii (Sykes). Pavo 1(1): 35-43.
==External links==

* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/indian-pond-heron-ardeola-grayii Internet Bird Collection]
<gallery>
File:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) with a big catch W IMG 3924.jpg|Fishing ([[Kolleru Lake]], [[Andhra Pradesh]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage with a catch in Kolkata I IMG 7934.jpg|In Breeding plumage ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage in Kolkata I IMG 7944.jpg|In Breeding plumage ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage in action in Kolkata I IMG 7929.jpg‎ |In Breeding plumage ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage in action in Kolkata I IMG 7923.jpg|In Breeding plumage ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Herons (Juveniles) I IMG 8654.jpg|Juveniles gathering food from parent ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron I IMG 8727.jpg| Carrying nesting material ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron I IMG 8076.jpg| Non-breeding plumage ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Indian Pond Heron I IMG 7500.jpg| Non-breeding plumage ([[Kolkata]], [[India]])
Image:Pond heron1.jpg
Image:PondHeron_wiki.jpg
Image:Pond Herons .jpg
</gallery>



[[Category:Ardeola]]
[[Category:Ardeola]]

Revision as of 13:34, 23 June 2009

Indian Pond Heron
In non-breeding plumage (Sri Lanka)
Breeding plumage in (Kolkata, India)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Ciconiiformes
Family:
Ardeidae
Genus:
Ardeola
Species:
A. grayii
Binomial name
Ardeola grayii
(Sykes, 1832)
Synonyms

Ardeola leucoptera

The Indian Pond Heron or Paddybird (Ardeola grayii) is a small heron. It is of Old World origins, breeding in southern Iran and east to India, Burma and Sri Lanka. They are widespread and common but can be easily missed when the stalk prey at the edge of small water-bodies or even when the roost close to human habitations. They are however distinctive when put to flight, the bright white wings flashing in contrast to the cryptic streaked olive and brown colours of the body. The camouflage is so excellent that they will often allow humans to approach very close before taking to flight, and this has resulted in folk names and beliefs that the birds are short-sighted or blind.[2][3]

Description

In Breeding plumage with red legs in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

They appear stocky with a short neck, short thick bill and buff-brown back. In summer, adults have long neck feathers. Its appearance is transformed from their dull colours when they take to flight, when the white of the wings makes them very prominent. It is very similar to the Squacco Heron, Ardeola ralloides, but is darker-backed. To the east of its range, it is replaced by the Chinese Pond Heron, Ardeola bacchus.

When flushed the contrasting white wings flash into view

During the breeding season, there are records of individuals with red legs. The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants.[4][5][6][7]

Usually hunched, they appear short necked

Erythristic plumage has been noted.[8] The race phillipsi has been suggested for the populations found in the Maldives, however this is not always recognized.[9]

They are very silent but may give a harsh croak when flushed or near their nests.[9]

This bird was first described by Colonel W. H. Sykes in 1832 and given its scientific name in honour of John Edward Gray. Karyology studies indicate that Pond Herons have 68 chromosomes (2N).[10]

Behaviour and ecology

They are very common in India, and are usually solitary foragers but numbers of them may sometimes feed in close proximity during the dry seasons[11] when small wetlands have a high concentration of prey. They are semi-colonial breeders. They may also forage at garbage heaps. During dry seasons, they sometimes take to foraging on well watered lawns or even dry grassland. When foraging, they allow close approach and flush only at close range.

Food and feeding

Large numbers in a drying pond

The Indian Pond Heron's feeding habitat is marshy wetlands. They usually feed at the edge of ponds but make extensive use of floating vegetation such as Water hyacinth to access deeper water. They may also on occasion swim on water or fish from air.[12][13][14]

Pair at Nest in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

These herons feed on insects (including dragonflies[15]), fish (Barilius noted as important in a study in Chandigarh) and amphibians.[16]

Breeding

The breeding season is prior to the Monsoons. They nest in small colonies, often with other wading birds, usually on platforms of sticks in trees or shrubs. Most nests are built at a height of about 9 to 10 m and in large leafy trees. The nest material is collected by the male while the female builds the nest. 3-5 eggs are laid.[17] The eggs hatch asynchronously, taking 18 to 24 days to hatch. Both parents feed the young.[18] Fish are the main diet fed to young.[11]

Movements

Nocturnal movements of Pond Herons have been noted along the coast near Chennai.[19]

Mortality factors

They have few predators and injured birds may be taken by birds of prey.[20]

An arbovirus "Balagodu", trematodes[21] and several other parasites have been isolated from the species.[22][23][24][25][26] Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis/West Nile Virus has been detected in Pond Herons and Cattle Egrets from southern India.[27] Heavy metal pollution appears to be indicated particularly in the tail feathers.[28]

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2008
  2. ^ Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent" (PDF). Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109.
  3. ^ Yule, Henry, Sir. Hobson-Jobson (1903). A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. New ed. edited by William Crooke, B.A. J. Murray, London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Gopisundar, K. S. (2004). "Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in Uttar Pradesh, India" (PDF). Forktail. 20.
  5. ^ Abdulali, H. and Alexander, H. G. (1952). "Ardeidae with red legs". Ibis. 94: 363. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Wesley, H. D. (1993). "Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 33 (4): 73.
  7. ^ Sundar, Gopi KS. "Distribution and extent of Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in India" (PDF). Indian Birds. 1 (5): 108–115.
  8. ^ Parasharya,BM (1983). "An erythristic pond heron". Pavo. 21 (1&2): 107–108.
  9. ^ a b Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia:The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
  10. ^ M. K. Mohanty & S. P. Bhunya (1990). "Karyological studies in four species of ardeid birds (Ardeldae, Ciconiiformes)". Genetica. 81 (3): 211–214. doi:10.1007/BF00360867.
  11. ^ a b Begum, S. (2003) Colonial nesting behavior in Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii grayii) of Bangladesh. Zoos’ Print Journal 18(6):1113-1116 PDF
  12. ^ Chandra-Bose,DA (1969) The Paddybird, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) floating on water. Pavo 7(1&2):74-75.
  13. ^ Neelakantan,KK (1986) Pond heron afloat. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 26(5-6):11-13.
  14. ^ Krishna, MB (1978) Pond Herons. Newsl. for Birdwatchers 18(10):10
  15. ^ Santharam,V. (2003). "Indian pond-herons Ardeola grayii feeding on dragonflies". Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 100 (1): 108.
  16. ^ Sodhi, NS (1986). "Feeding ecology of Indian pond heron and its comparison with that of little egret". Pavo. 24 (1&2): 97–112.
  17. ^ Pandey,Deep Narayan (1991) Nesting of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) on Eucalyptus trees. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88(2):281.
  18. ^ Yesmin, R., Rahman, K. and Haque, N. (2001) The breeding biology of the Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii Sykes) in captivity. Tigerpaper 28 (1):15-18
  19. ^ Santharam,V (1987). "The Pond Heron - its local movements". Newsl. For Birdwatchers. 27 (9&10): 4–6.
  20. ^ Navarro,A (1962). "Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 59 (2): 653.
  21. ^ Umadevi K & R. Madhavi (2000). "Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of Procerovum varium (Onji & Nishio, 1916) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 46 (3): 215–225. doi:10.1023/A:1006398205390.
  22. ^ Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J (1969). "Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from Ardeola grayii (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India". Indian J Med Res. 57 (4): 758–64.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P (1968). "Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, Ardeola grayii (Sykes), in Mysore State India". Indian J. Med. Res. 56 (11): 1592–4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Sahay S; Sahay U; Verma DK (1990). "On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron Ardeola grayii". Indian journal of parasitology. 14 (2): 203–205.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Madhavi, R;Narasimha Rao, N;Rukmini, C (1989). "The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)". Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 34 (3): 259–265.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Deshmukh PG (1971). "On the male of Avioserpens multipapillosa Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii". Riv Parassitol. 32 (2): 101–3.
  27. ^ R. Paramasivan, A.C. Mishra & D.T. Mourya (2003). "West Nile virus: the Indian scenario" (PDF). Indian J Med Res. 118: 101–108.
  28. ^ Muralidharan, S., Jayakumar, R., Vishnu, G (2004). "Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 73 (2): 285–291. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Other sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ardeola grayii.
  • Lamba, B.S. (1963) Nidification of some Indian birds. No.6. The Indian Pond Heron or Paddy bird Ardeola grayii (Sykes). Pavo 1(1): 35-43.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_pond_heron&oldid=298123887"