Nilgiri blue robin: Difference between revisions
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==Taxonomy and systematics== |
==Taxonomy and systematics== |
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[[File:CalleneAlbiventrisSmit.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of ''B. albiventris'' by [[Joseph Smit]] (1867)]] |
[[File:CalleneAlbiventrisSmit.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of ''B. albiventris'' by [[Joseph Smit]] (1867)]] |
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[[Thomas C. Jerdon]] obtained a specimen of the rufous-bellied species from the Nilgiris and called it ''Phaenicura major'' in 1844<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Madras Journal of Literature and Science|year=1844|title=|page=170|volume=13|author=Jerdon TC}}</ref> but [[Edward Blyth]] suggested that the species should be placed in the genus ''Callene'' that he had separated from the already extant ''Brachypteryx'', a genus in which he also placed the [[Blue-fronted Robin]] (now ''Cinclidium frontale'' then ''Callene frontalis'').<ref name=tcj>{{cite book|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1862|page=496|title=The Birds of India. Volume 1|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein01jerd#page/496/mode/1up/|publisher=The Military Orphan Press, Calcutta}}</ref> In 1867, [[William Thomas Blanford|W T Blanford]] described a new species ''Callene albiventris'' obtained by Rev. S. Fairbank from the Palni Hills. Blanford noted the similarity to the Nilgiri form |
[[Thomas C. Jerdon]] obtained a specimen of the rufous-bellied species from the Nilgiris and called it ''Phaenicura major'' in 1844<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Madras Journal of Literature and Science|year=1844|title=|page=170|volume=13|author=Jerdon TC}}</ref> but [[Edward Blyth]] suggested that the species should be placed in the genus ''Callene'' that he had separated from the already extant ''Brachypteryx'', a genus in which he also placed the [[Blue-fronted Robin]] (now ''Cinclidium frontale'' then ''Callene frontalis'').<ref name=tcj>{{cite book|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1862|page=496|title=The Birds of India. Volume 1|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein01jerd#page/496/mode/1up/|publisher=The Military Orphan Press, Calcutta}}</ref> In 1867, [[William Thomas Blanford|W T Blanford]] described a new species ''Callene albiventris'' obtained by Rev. S. Fairbank from the Palni Hills. Blanford noted the similarity to the Nilgiri form while also noting the geographical isolation of the two forms and relation to species from northeastern India.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Blanford, WT |year=1867| title= On a new species of ''Callene'' from the Pulney Hills in Southern India|journal= Proc. Zool. Soc. London |year=1867|pages=832-834|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo1867zool#page/832/mode/1up/}}</ref> |
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In 2010, molecular studies suggested an ancient divergence in these two populations and confirmed their elevation to full species. The genus position has however not been well established. The genus ''Brachypteryx'' (le this biogeographical It has sometimes been placed in the genus ''Myiomela'' and known as the Nilgiri Blue Robin. The genus ''Brachypteryx'' (based on the sampling of ''[[Brachypteryx montana]]'' and ''[[Brachypteryx leucophrys]]'') which was earlier thought to belong to the thrush family [[Turdidae]] are moved into the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sangster, George; Per Alström, Emma Forsmark and Urban Olsson |year=2010| title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) |journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 57|issue=1|pages=380-392 |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.3ebfe5cf12a9d3ebacb80002787/Sangster+et+al+2010+Muscicapidae+MPE.pdf}}</ref> |
In 2010, molecular studies suggested an ancient divergence in these two populations and confirmed their elevation to full species.<ref name=mol>{{cite journal|author=Robin VV, Sinha A, Ramakrishnan U |year=2010| title= Ancient Geographical Gaps and Paleo-Climate Shape the Phylogeography of an Endemic Bird in the Sky Islands of Southern India|journal= PLoS ONE |volume=5|issue=10|pages=e13321|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013321}}</ref> The genus position has however not been well established. The genus ''Brachypteryx'' (le this biogeographical It has sometimes been placed in the genus ''Myiomela'' and known as the Nilgiri Blue Robin. The genus ''Brachypteryx'' (based on the sampling of ''[[Brachypteryx montana]]'' and ''[[Brachypteryx leucophrys]]'') which was earlier thought to belong to the thrush family [[Turdidae]] are moved into the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sangster, George; Per Alström, Emma Forsmark and Urban Olsson |year=2010| title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) |journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 57|issue=1|pages=380-392 |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.3ebfe5cf12a9d3ebacb80002787/Sangster+et+al+2010+Muscicapidae+MPE.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].<ref name="pcr">{{cite book|author=Rasmussen, Pamela C. and John C. Anderton |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|page=400}} |
Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].<ref name="pcr">{{cite book|author=Rasmussen, Pamela C. and John C. Anderton |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|page=400}}</ref> |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
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These birds are found in dense forest in the dark lower canopy and forest floor. They are skulking but can be confiding. They call frequently with tit-like notes and harsh rattles. The song of ''B. major'' is said to be series of shrill whistles and twangy buzzing sounds while ''B. albiventris'' is said to have a higher pitched and more musical song.<ref name=pcr/> |
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==References==<!-- Bird Conservation International 16:345–351. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000517 --> |
==References==<!-- Bird Conservation International 16:345–351. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000517 --> |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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[[pt:Brachypteryx major]] |
[[pt:Brachypteryx major]] |
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Revision as of 14:43, 15 October 2010
| White-bellied Shortwing | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Phylum: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | M. major
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| Binomial name | |
| Myiomela major (Jerdon, 1844)
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| Synonyms | |
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Brachypteryx major | |
The White-bellied Shortwing (Brachypteryx major) is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family endemic to the Shola forests of the higher hills of southern India. Populations north of the Palghat Gap are rufous below while populations to the south have a white centre to the belly. These two populations were formerly treated as two sub-species (Rufous-bellied Shortwing) B. m. major and (White-bellied Shortwing) B. m. albiventris but were elevated to full species by Pamela C. Rasmussen and placed in the genus Myiomela in 2005 with the English names of Nilgiri Blue Robin (Myiomela major) and White-bellied Blue Robin (Myiomela albiventris). a taxonomy followed by some lists. The genus placement remain uncertain. This small bird is found on the forest floor and undergrowth of dense forest patches, a restricted and threatened habitat.
Description
This chat-like bird is long-legged and appears chunky with its short tail and wing. Although sharing similar habits and shape, the two species differ in plumage and both may show slight sexual dimorphism. Differences in iris colour between the females have been suggested for B. albiventris.[1]
The White-bellied Shortwing has a sooty face mask with a whitish brow. The upperside and breast are slaty blue grading to grey on the flanks. The centre of the belly and vent is white.[2]
The Rufous-bellied Shortwing has the lores black and the upperside, the throat, breast are dark slaty blue but the lower plumage is rufous. The centre of the belly is buffy white. The brow is not as well-marked as in the other species and is diffuse bluish.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics
Thomas C. Jerdon obtained a specimen of the rufous-bellied species from the Nilgiris and called it Phaenicura major in 1844[3] but Edward Blyth suggested that the species should be placed in the genus Callene that he had separated from the already extant Brachypteryx, a genus in which he also placed the Blue-fronted Robin (now Cinclidium frontale then Callene frontalis).[4] In 1867, W T Blanford described a new species Callene albiventris obtained by Rev. S. Fairbank from the Palni Hills. Blanford noted the similarity to the Nilgiri form while also noting the geographical isolation of the two forms and relation to species from northeastern India.[5]
In 2010, molecular studies suggested an ancient divergence in these two populations and confirmed their elevation to full species.[6] The genus position has however not been well established. The genus Brachypteryx (le this biogeographical It has sometimes been placed in the genus Myiomela and known as the Nilgiri Blue Robin. The genus Brachypteryx (based on the sampling of Brachypteryx montana and Brachypteryx leucophrys) which was earlier thought to belong to the thrush family Turdidae are moved into the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.[7]
Habitat and distribution
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.[1]
Behaviour and ecology
These birds are found in dense forest in the dark lower canopy and forest floor. They are skulking but can be confiding. They call frequently with tit-like notes and harsh rattles. The song of B. major is said to be series of shrill whistles and twangy buzzing sounds while B. albiventris is said to have a higher pitched and more musical song.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Rasmussen, Pamela C. and John C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 400.
- ^ a b Oates, EW (1889). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 184–186.
- ^ Jerdon TC (1844). Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 13: 170.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Jerdon, TC (1862). The Birds of India. Volume 1. The Military Orphan Press, Calcutta. p. 496.
- ^ Blanford, WT (1867). "On a new species of Callene from the Pulney Hills in Southern India". Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 832–834.
- ^ Robin VV, Sinha A, Ramakrishnan U (2010). "Ancient Geographical Gaps and Paleo-Climate Shape the Phylogeography of an Endemic Bird in the Sky Islands of Southern India". PLoS ONE. 5 (10): e13321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013321.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sangster, George; Per Alström, Emma Forsmark and Urban Olsson (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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