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==History==
==History==
Erythropoietic protoporphyria was first identified in 1960 by Magnus ''et al.'' at the [[St John's Institute of Dermatology]] in London.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Magnus IA, Jarrett A, Prankerd TA, Rimington C |title=Erythropoietic protoporphyria. A new porphyria syndrome with solar urticaria due to protoporphyrinaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=7200 |pages=448–51 |year=1961 |pmid=13765301 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92427-8|url=}}</ref>
Erythropoietic protoporphyria was first described in 1953 by Kosenow and Treibs<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kosenow W, Treibs A|title=Light hypersensitivity and porphyrinemia |journal=Z Kinderheilkd |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=82-92 |year=1953 |pmid=13103364 |doi= |url=}}</ref> and completed in 1960 by Magnus ''et al.'' at the [[St John's Institute of Dermatology]] in London.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Magnus IA, Jarrett A, Prankerd TA, Rimington C |title=Erythropoietic protoporphyria. A new porphyria syndrome with solar urticaria due to protoporphyrinaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=7200 |pages=448–51 |year=1961 |pmid=13765301 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92427-8|url=}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 01:14, 27 July 2011

Erythropoietic protoporphyria
SpecialtyEndocrinology, dermatology Edit this on Wikidata

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a relatively mild form of porphyria, although very painful, which arises from a deficiency in the enzyme ferrochelatase, leading to abnormally high levels of protoporphyrin in the tissue.[1]: 525  The severity varies significantly from individual to individual.

Both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance have been reported with this disorder.[2]

Presentation

Acute photosensitivity reaction in EPP
Acute photosensitivity reaction in EPP.

A common symptom is very painful photosensitivity, manifesting itself as a burning and itching sensation on the surface of the skin. At times the itching sensations are almost unbearable. Rubbing the affected areas with ice can be the only relief, and that is only temporary. The usual anti-itch remedies, including cortisone anti-histamine topical preparations, and Calomine lotion generally provide little or no relief. If a patient presents with a history of anti-itch preparation inefficacy, EPP should be considered.

EPP usually first presents in childhood, and most often affects the face and the upper surfaces of the arms, hands, and feet and the exposed surfaces of the legs. Most patients, if the EPP is not as severe, manifest symptoms with onset of puberty when the male and female hormone levels elevate during sexual development and maintenance. More severe EPP can manifest in infancy. Exposure to even indoor light sources can cause the rash, and the infant, if clothed only in a diaper, will break out everywhere except under the diaper. EPP can be triggered through exposure to sun even though the patient is behind glass. Even the UV emissions from arc welding with the use of full protective mask have been known to trigger EPP.

Prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to edema and blistering. At times the immediate damage can be so severe that the individual can lose the skin in sheets. After many years, chronically sun-exposed skin may become thick and wrinkled if no beta carotene and other carotenoids and no lutein and other xanthophylls are ingested.

Another aspect of the painfulness of EPP is the painful abdomen, which may manifest as generalized pain, or may imitate an appendicitis. Some healthy appendices have been removed due to this mimic. Since porphyria is not that common, most doctors don't even think to do blood porphyrin levels when symptoms present. For doctors that are familiar with porphyria, it is generally considered insignificant and irrelevant compared to the possibility of a pending burst appendix, especially since porphyrin levels cannot be generally be received back immediately due to lab protocols.

Moderate and severe cases can present with pelvic and shoulder girdle muscle weakness. This is because porphyrins are poisonous to the body and produce nerve damage. Damage to nerves of the digestive system not only cause nerve pain in the abdominal area, but also cause slow movement of the bowels, especially the large bowel. Patients can therefore develop a larger than normal diameter of the large bowel, at times causing a condition called megacolon. The damage of nerves to the esophagus and to the stomach valve muscles (sphincters) can cause stomach reflux. One of the ironies of these digestive condition is that one of the medical treatments of these digestive conditions is Reglan, to which some porphyrics have a very strong adverse reaction.

Porphyrin neurotoxins are neurotropic and shut down the nerve trunks one by one until the individual has difficulty with fine motor tasks, like turning phonebook pages, has difficulty speaking (develops dystonic speech that is almost unintelligible), and develops difficulty breathing. The porphyrin neurotoxins have caused some patients to present to the Emergency Room not only in pain but also seeming to be neurotic, or even psychotic. Once glucose is infused, those episodes subside, and if they don't, healthy red blood cell infusion in whole also helps, due to the naturally occurring glucose in the infused blood. These patients will often present with a very enlarged spleen due to having to process defective red blood cells. At times poking around on the spleen can cause elevation of body temperature by at least two degrees Fahrenheit. The liver may also be tender.

People with EPP are also at increased risk to develop gallstones.[3] In a small percentage of cases, protoporphyrin accumulates to toxic levels in the liver, leading to liver failure.

Prevalence

Case reports suggest that EPP is prevalent globally. The prevalence has been estimated somewhere between 1 in 75,000 and 1 in 200,000.[4] An estimated 5,000-10,000 individuals worldwide have EPP.[5]

Treatment and prognosis

There is no cure for this disorder; however, symptoms can usually be managed by the simple expedient of limiting sun exposure. Protective clothing is also very helpful. Since the photosensitivity results from light in the visible spectrum, most sunscreens (with the exception of light-reflecting substances such as zinc oxide) are of little use. Some individuals may decrease their sun sensitivity with daily doses of beta carotene, though a recent meta analysis of carotene treatment has called its effectiveness into question.[6] Some patients gradually build a protective layer of melanin by regularly exposing themselves for short times to ultraviolet radiation.

EPP is considered one of the least severe of the porphyrias. The ferrochetalase enzyme is the last step before actual heme production and then actual hemoglobin production. The steps before protoporphyrin production also have enzymes that produce intermediaries. If the very first enzyme in the production process is defective, that porphyria is generally the most severe. If the next enzyme in the step-wise process is the defective one, the porphyria is generally less severe, and-so-on until the ferrochetalase step. One thing to keep in mind is the fact that low blood sugar activates the cytochrome p450 system. The cytochrome p450 system is the system that contains the subsystem that produces the porphyrin ring. Therefore infusion of glucose into the blood stream to produce slightly higher than normal blood sugar produces relief. Transfusion of healthy blood cells in whole blood into the patient also gives relief. Protoporphyrins sometimes accumulate to toxic levels in the liver, causing liver failure; if this occurs, a liver transplant becomes necessary.

The individual symptoms of this condition are multiple, and many of those symptoms can occur in other conditions. Therefore other diagnoses are often made and the patient can go through life as an undiagnosed and untreated person with EPP.

Experimental treatments

Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Ltd., an Australian pharmaceutical company, has successfully completed Phase III clinical trials [7] with a melanocyte-stimulating hormone called afamelanotide (SCENESSE®)[8] (formerly CUV1647).[9] In May 2010 afamelanotide (SCENESSE®) was approved by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) for reimburement, for the treatment of EPP.[10]

History

Erythropoietic protoporphyria was first described in 1953 by Kosenow and Treibs[11] and completed in 1960 by Magnus et al. at the St John's Institute of Dermatology in London.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Rüfenacht UB, Gouya L, Schneider-Yin X, Puy H, Schäfer BW, Aquaron R, Nordmann Y, Minder EI, Deybach JC (1998). "Systematic analysis of molecular defects in the ferrochelatase gene from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria". American journal of human genetics. 62 (6): 1341–52. doi:10.1086/301870. PMC 1377149. PMID 9585598.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ 12-160d. at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition
  4. ^ Arceci, Robert.; Hann, Ian M.; Smith, Owen P. (2006). Pediatric hematolog. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 978-1-4051-3400-2.
  5. ^ http://www.clinuvel.com/skin-conditions/rare-skin-conditions/erythropoietic-protoporphyria
  6. ^ Minder, EI; Schneider-Yin, X; Steurer, J; Bachmann, LM (2009). "A systematic review of treatment options for dermal photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria". Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France). 55 (1): 84–97. PMID 19268006.
  7. ^ Template:PDF
  8. ^ http://www.clinuvel.com/scenesse
  9. ^ "World Health Organisation assigns CUV1647 generic name" (PDF). Clinuvel. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  10. ^ Template:PDF
  11. ^ Kosenow W, Treibs A (1953). "Light hypersensitivity and porphyrinemia". Z Kinderheilkd. 73 (1): 82–92. PMID 13103364.
  12. ^ Magnus IA, Jarrett A, Prankerd TA, Rimington C (1961). "Erythropoietic protoporphyria. A new porphyria syndrome with solar urticaria due to protoporphyrinaemia". Lancet. 2 (7200): 448–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92427-8. PMID 13765301.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

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