Glomalin: Difference between revisions
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'''Glomalin''' is a [[glycoprotein]] produced abundantly on [[hyphae]] and [[spore]]s of [[Arbuscular mycorrhiza|arbuscular]] [[mycorrhizal fungi]] in [[soil]] and in [[root]]s. Glomalin was discovered in 1996 by Sara F. Wright, a scientist at the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Agricultural Research Service]].<ref name=usda02/> The name comes from [[Glomales]], an order of fungi.<ref name=usda97/> |
'''Glomalin''' is a [[glycoprotein]] produced abundantly on [[hyphae]] and [[spore]]s of [[Arbuscular mycorrhiza|arbuscular]] [[mycorrhizal fungi]] in [[soil]] and in [[root]]s. Glomalin was discovered in 1996 by Sara F. Wright, a scientist at the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Agricultural Research Service]].<ref name=usda02/> The name comes from [[Glomales]], an order of fungi.<ref name=usda97/> |
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==Description== |
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| ⚫ | Glomalin, along with [[humic acid]], |
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The specific protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described.<ref name=rill04/> However, '''glomalin-related soil proteins''' ('''GRSP''') have been identified using a [[monoclonal]] [[antibody]] (Mab32B11) raised against crushed AMF spores. It is defined by its extraction conditions and reaction with the antibody Mab32B11. |
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There is other circumstantial evidence to show that glomalin is of AM fungal origin. When AM fungi are eliminated from soil through incubation of soil without host plants, the concentration of GRSP declines. A similar decline in GRSP has also been observed in incubated soils from forested, afforested, and agricultural land<ref name=rill03/> and grasslands treated with fungicide.<ref name=rill04/> Concentrations of glomalin in soil are correlated with the [[Primary production|primary productivity]] of an [[ecosystem]].<ref name=tres06/> |
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The chemistry of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is not yet fully understood, and the link between glomalin, GRSP, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is not yet clear.<ref name=gill11/><ref name=rill04/> The [[physiology|physiological]] function of glomalin in fungi is also a topic of current research.<ref name=purin07/> |
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==Effects== |
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| ⚫ | Glomalin-related soil proteins, along with [[humic acid]], are a significant component of [[soil organic matter]] and act to bind mineral particles together, improving soil quality.<ref name=usda02/><ref name=rill04/> Glomalin has been investigated for its [[carbon]] and [[nitrogen]] storing properties, including as a potential method of [[carbon sequestration]].<ref name=tres06/><ref name=king11/> |
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Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate water stability and decrease [[soil erosion]]. A strong correlation has been found between GRSP and soil aggregate water stability in a wide variety of soils where organic material is the main binding agent, although the mechanism is not known.<ref name=rill04/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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<ref name=gill11>{{cite journal| first=Adam W.| last=Gillespie| first2=Richard E. |last2=Farrell| first3=Fran L.| last3=Walley| first4=Andrew R.S.| last4=Ross| first5=Peter| last5=Leinweber| first6=Kai-Uwe| last6=Eckhardt| first7=Tom Z.| last7=Regier| first8=Robert I.R.| last8=Blyth| title=Glomalin-related soil protein contains non-mycorrhizal-related heat-stable proteins, lipids and humic materials| journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry| volume=43| number=4| month=April| year=2011| pages=766-777| issn=0038-0717| doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.010| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710004797}}</ref> |
<ref name=gill11>{{cite journal| first=Adam W.| last=Gillespie| first2=Richard E. |last2=Farrell| first3=Fran L.| last3=Walley| first4=Andrew R.S.| last4=Ross| first5=Peter| last5=Leinweber| first6=Kai-Uwe| last6=Eckhardt| first7=Tom Z.| last7=Regier| first8=Robert I.R.| last8=Blyth| title=Glomalin-related soil protein contains non-mycorrhizal-related heat-stable proteins, lipids and humic materials| journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry| volume=43| number=4| month=April| year=2011| pages=766-777| issn=0038-0717| doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.010| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710004797}}</ref> |
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<ref name=rill03>{{cite journal|author=Rillig, M., Ramsey, P., Morris, S., Paul, E.|year= 2003|title= Glomalin, an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal soil protein, responds to land-use change|journal= Plant and Soil |volume=253|pages= 293–299|doi= 10.1023/A:1024807820579|issue=2}}</ref> |
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<ref name=rill04>{{cite journal| last=Rillig| first=M. C.| year=2004| title=Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation| journal=Canadian Journal of Soil Science| volume=84| number=4| pages=355–363| doi=10.4141/S04-003| url=http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/pdf/10.4141/S04-003| format=PDF}}</ref> |
<ref name=rill04>{{cite journal| last=Rillig| first=M. C.| year=2004| title=Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation| journal=Canadian Journal of Soil Science| volume=84| number=4| pages=355–363| doi=10.4141/S04-003| url=http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/pdf/10.4141/S04-003| format=PDF}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:25, 1 March 2012
Glomalin is a glycoprotein produced abundantly on hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil and in roots. Glomalin was discovered in 1996 by Sara F. Wright, a scientist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service.[1] The name comes from Glomales, an order of fungi.[2]
Description
The specific protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described.[3] However, glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) have been identified using a monoclonal antibody (Mab32B11) raised against crushed AMF spores. It is defined by its extraction conditions and reaction with the antibody Mab32B11.
There is other circumstantial evidence to show that glomalin is of AM fungal origin. When AM fungi are eliminated from soil through incubation of soil without host plants, the concentration of GRSP declines. A similar decline in GRSP has also been observed in incubated soils from forested, afforested, and agricultural land[4] and grasslands treated with fungicide.[3] Concentrations of glomalin in soil are correlated with the primary productivity of an ecosystem.[5]
The chemistry of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is not yet fully understood, and the link between glomalin, GRSP, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is not yet clear.[6][3] The physiological function of glomalin in fungi is also a topic of current research.[7]
Effects
Glomalin-related soil proteins, along with humic acid, are a significant component of soil organic matter and act to bind mineral particles together, improving soil quality.[1][3] Glomalin has been investigated for its carbon and nitrogen storing properties, including as a potential method of carbon sequestration.[5][8]
Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate water stability and decrease soil erosion. A strong correlation has been found between GRSP and soil aggregate water stability in a wide variety of soils where organic material is the main binding agent, although the mechanism is not known.[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b Comis, Don (2002). "Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon". Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service: 4–7.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Comis, Don (1997). "Glomalin—Soil's Superglue". Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service: 23.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e Rillig, M. C. (2004). "Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 84 (4): 355–363. doi:10.4141/S04-003.
- ^ Rillig, M., Ramsey, P., Morris, S., Paul, E. (2003). "Glomalin, an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal soil protein, responds to land-use change". Plant and Soil. 253 (2): 293–299. doi:10.1023/A:1024807820579.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Treseder, Kathleen K.; Turner, Katie M. (2007). "Glomalin in Ecosystems". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 71 (4): 1257–1266. doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0377.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Gillespie, Adam W.; Farrell, Richard E.; Walley, Fran L.; Ross, Andrew R.S.; Leinweber, Peter; Eckhardt, Kai-Uwe; Regier, Tom Z.; Blyth, Robert I.R. (2011). "Glomalin-related soil protein contains non-mycorrhizal-related heat-stable proteins, lipids and humic materials". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43 (4): 766–777. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.010. ISSN 0038-0717.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Purin, Sonia; Rillig, Matthias C. (20 June 2007). "The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal protein glomalin: Limitations, progress, and a new hypothesis for its function". Pedobiologia. 51 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.03.002. ISSN 0031-4056.
- ^ King, Gary M. (2011). "Enhancing soil carbon storage for carbon remediation: potential contributions and constraints by microbes". Trends in Microbiology. 19 (2): 75–84. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.11.006. ISSN 0966-842X.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
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