Turtling (hunting): Difference between revisions
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[[File:Group of Andaman Men and Women in Costume, Some Wearing Body Paint And with Bows and Arrows, Catching Turtles from Boat on Water.jpg|right|200px|Group of [[Andamanese people]] hunting turtles with bows and arrows.]] |
[[File:Group of Andaman Men and Women in Costume, Some Wearing Body Paint And with Bows and Arrows, Catching Turtles from Boat on Water.jpg|right|200px|Group of [[Andamanese people]] hunting turtles with bows and arrows.]] |
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'''Turtling''' is the [[hunting]] of [[turtle]]s |
'''Turtling''' is the [[hunting]] of [[turtle]]s. |
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| ⚫ | Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as 5000 B.C. where sea turtles such as the [[Hawksbill sea turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') were eaten as delicacies in countries such as [[China]].<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | authorlink =Edward Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | publisher =American Oriental Society | year =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| id = | jstor=595986}}</ref> While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the time of our ancestors, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally. |
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Turtle hunting was a big part of feeding families in [[North America]], the Midwest in particular, in the 1930s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} |
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== Turtle Species at Risk== |
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While there are several turtle species at risk, the [[loggerhead sea turtle]] ("Caretta caretta"), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 2007, and the [[leatherback sea turtle]] ("Dermochelys coriacea") which has been experiencing a decline in numbers are still being hunted or killed due to human impact.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search|accessdate=March 21 2012}}</ref> Another turtle species that is being openly hunted while considered endangered is the [[Snapping turtle]] ("Chelydra serpentina") <ref name="Hunting regulation">{{cite web|last=Government of Ontario|title=Small Game Regulations|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239852.pdf|work=Hunting Regulations|accessdate=March 21 2012}}</ref>. |
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== History of Turtling== |
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For thousands of years we have been interacting with turtles, using them for meat, delicacies and decoration. In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, or a time referred to as [[Bood]] where the deceased is sealed into a tomb, to have a feast consisting of turtle meat and other delicacies. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. Several years later, it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia continue to hunt [[Green Turtle]]s ("Chelonia mydas") during the turtle mating season. The turtles are hunted by groups of 3-6, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100-150kg turtle. <ref name=Feast>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=E.A.|coauthors=Bird, R.L.B.|title=Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|year=2000|volume=21|issue=4|pages=245-261|doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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Locals in Lowland, Eastern Bolivia consider the turtle species' "Podocnemis unifillis" and "Podocnemis expansa" to be highly desirable as a food. The locals who live in this area, which is close to [[Noel Kempff Mercado National Park]], have been expressing there concern over the decreasing numbers of turtles. Ecological research conducted shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the Ecology of Fear principle, [[Predation]]. <ref name=Bolivia>{{cite journal|last=Conwey-Gόmez|first=K|title=Effects of human settlements on abundance of "Podocnemis unifilis" and "P. expansa" turtles in Northeastern Bolivia.|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|year=2007|volume=6|issue=2|pages=199-255}}</ref> |
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== Turtling as a Byproduct of Fishing == |
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Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations. <ref name="Danger to Turtle">{{cite journal|last=Poiner|first=I.R.|coauthors=Harris, A.N.M.|title=Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery.|journal=Marine Biology|year=1996|month=June|volume=125|pages=813-825|doi=10.1007/BF00349264|accessdate=March 21st 2012}}</ref> It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Magnuson|first=J.J.|coauthors=Magnuson, J.J., Bjorndal, K.A., Dupaul, W.D., Graham, G.L., Owens, D.W., Peterson, P.C.H., Pritchard, J.I., & Richardson, S.G.E|title=Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention|journal=National Research Council|year=1990}}</ref> Other aquatic animals have been known to also unintentionally fall victim to fishing nets such as dolphins and sharks, which in much the same way as turtles become tangled within the net and are hauled aboard with fish. |
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===Australia=== |
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In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the [[Flatback sea turtle]] (''Narator depressa'') accounting for 59% of captures, and the [[Hawksbill sea turtle]] accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990. <ref name="Danger to Turtle">{{cite journal|last=Poiner|first=I.R.|coauthors=Harris, A.N.M.|title=Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery.|journal=Marine Biology|year=1996|month=June|volume=125|pages=813-825|doi=10.1007/BF00349264|accessdate=March 21st 2012}}</ref>. |
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===Africa=== |
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With a coast line of approximately 30 000 Km in length, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries. <ref>{{cite web|title=Africa|url=http://www.history.com/topics/africa|work=Television Networks|publisher=LLC|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> It is estimated that currently in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100 000. 1/16 of the captured turtles are [[Leatherback sea turtle]]s, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation Ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numberes will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Petersen|first=S.L.|coauthors=Honig, M.B., Ryan, P.G., Nel, R. & Underhill, Lg.G.|title=Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa|journal=African Journal of Marine Science|year=2009|month=April|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87-96|doi=10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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== U.S. regulation of turtles == |
== U.S. regulation of turtles == |
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The US government regulates both consumption of turtles and destruction of turtles and their eggs,<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtles.htm FDA ]</ref> and many [[U.S. state]]s also regulate behavior toward reptiles and amphibians.<ref>http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/captive/HerpsRegs.pdf</ref> |
The US government regulates both consumption of turtles and destruction of turtles and their eggs,<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtles.htm FDA ]</ref> and many [[U.S. state]]s also regulate behavior toward reptiles and amphibians.<ref>http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/captive/HerpsRegs.pdf</ref> |
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* [[Hunting]] |
* [[Hunting]] |
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* [[Turtle]] |
* [[Turtle]] |
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* [[Dolphin safe label]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 05:19, 22 March 2012
Turtling is the hunting of turtles.
Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as 5000 B.C. where sea turtles such as the Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) were eaten as delicacies in countries such as China.[1] While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the time of our ancestors, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally.
Turtle Species at Risk
While there are several turtle species at risk, the loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta"), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 2007, and the leatherback sea turtle ("Dermochelys coriacea") which has been experiencing a decline in numbers are still being hunted or killed due to human impact.[2] Another turtle species that is being openly hunted while considered endangered is the Snapping turtle ("Chelydra serpentina") [3].
History of Turtling
For thousands of years we have been interacting with turtles, using them for meat, delicacies and decoration. In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, or a time referred to as Bood where the deceased is sealed into a tomb, to have a feast consisting of turtle meat and other delicacies. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. Several years later, it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia continue to hunt Green Turtles ("Chelonia mydas") during the turtle mating season. The turtles are hunted by groups of 3-6, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100-150kg turtle. [4]
Locals in Lowland, Eastern Bolivia consider the turtle species' "Podocnemis unifillis" and "Podocnemis expansa" to be highly desirable as a food. The locals who live in this area, which is close to Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, have been expressing there concern over the decreasing numbers of turtles. Ecological research conducted shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the Ecology of Fear principle, Predation. [5]
Turtling as a Byproduct of Fishing
Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations. [6] It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not. [7] Other aquatic animals have been known to also unintentionally fall victim to fishing nets such as dolphins and sharks, which in much the same way as turtles become tangled within the net and are hauled aboard with fish.
Australia
In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the Flatback sea turtle (Narator depressa) accounting for 59% of captures, and the Hawksbill sea turtle accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990. [6].
Africa
With a coast line of approximately 30 000 Km in length, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries. [8] It is estimated that currently in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100 000. 1/16 of the captured turtles are Leatherback sea turtles, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation Ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numberes will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle. [9]
U.S. regulation of turtles
The US government regulates both consumption of turtles and destruction of turtles and their eggs,[10] and many U.S. states also regulate behavior toward reptiles and amphibians.[11]
See also
References
- ^ Schafer, Edward H. (1962). "Eating Turtles in Ancient China". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (1). American Oriental Society: 73–74. doi:10.2307/595986. JSTOR 595986.
- ^ "IUCN Red List". Retrieved March 21 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Government of Ontario. "Small Game Regulations" (PDF). Hunting Regulations. Retrieved March 21 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Smith, E.A. (2000). "Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling". Evolution and Human Behavior. 21 (4): 245–261. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Conwey-Gόmez, K (2007). "Effects of human settlements on abundance of "Podocnemis unifilis" and "P. expansa" turtles in Northeastern Bolivia". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 6 (2): 199–255.
- ^ a b Poiner, I.R. (1996). "Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery". Marine Biology. 125: 813–825. doi:10.1007/BF00349264.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Magnuson, J.J. (1990). "Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention". National Research Council.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Africa". Television Networks. LLC. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
- ^ Petersen, S.L. (2009). "Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa". African Journal of Marine Science. 31 (1): 87–96. doi:10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ FDA
- ^ http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/captive/HerpsRegs.pdf
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