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The '''Allodapini''' is a tribe of bees in the family [[Apidae]], subfamily [[Xylocopinae]], family [[Apidae]]. They occur throughout sub-Saharan [[Africa]], [[South East Asia]], and [[Australasia]](ref). There is also a rare genus, Exoneuridia, that occurs in isolated regions of [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Iran]](ref).
The '''Allodapini''' is a tribe of bees in the family [[Apidae]], subfamily [[Xylocopinae]], family [[Apidae]]. They occur throughout sub-Saharan [[Africa]], [[South East Asia]], and [[Australasia]]<ref name="michbookmultiple">{{Citation| first = C.D.| last = Michener| author-link = | title = Bees of the World | publisher = John Hopkins University Press| place = Baltimore & London| year = 2007| pages =| doi =| isbn = }}</ref> . There is also a rare genus, Exoneuridia, that occurs in isolated regions of [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Iran]]<ref>{{Cite journal| author =Terzo, M. | year = 1999| title = Revision du genre Exoneuridia Cockerell, 1911 | journal =Belgian Journal of Entomology | publisher = | volume = 1 | pages =137-152| doi = | isbn = }}</ref>.


There are over 300 described species of allodapine bees (ref), but many more species are undescribed. They are unique among bees in progressively rearing their larvae in undivided tunnels, so that individual larvae are not physically isolated from each other and are in constant contact with adult females, who provide them with food, groom them, and remove their faeces (ref).
There are over 300 described species of allodapine bees <ref name="michbookmultiple">{{Citation| first = C.D.| last = Michener| author-link = | title = Bees of the World | publisher = John Hopkins University Press| place = Baltimore & London| year = 2007| pages =| doi =| isbn = }}</ref>, but many more species are undescribed. They are unique among bees in progressively rearing their larvae in undivided tunnels, so that individual larvae are not physically isolated from each other and are in constant contact with adult females, who provide them with food, groom them, and remove their faeces <ref name="michbookmultiple">{{Citation| first = C.D.| last = Michener| author-link = | title = Bees of the World | publisher = John Hopkins University Press| place = Baltimore & London| year = 2007| pages =| doi =| isbn = }}</ref>.


Allodapine bees vary greatly in their forms of sociality, from subsocial to highly eusocial (ref). There are no known species that are purely solitary (ref). They have been used widely to study [[social evolution]] (refs), [[sex allocation]] (refs), [[social parasitism]], and historical biogeography (refs).
Allodapine bees vary greatly in their forms of sociality, from subsocial to highly eusocial <ref>{{Cite journal| author = Schwarz, M.P., Richards, M.H. & Danforth, B.N.| year = 2007| title = Changing paradigms in insect social evolution: new insights from halictine and allodapine bees | journal =Annual Review of Entomology | publisher = | volume = 52 | pages =127-150| doi = | isbn = }}</ref>. There are no known species that are purely solitary <ref>{{Cite journal| author = Chenoweth, L.B., Tierney, S.M., Smith, J.A., Cooper, S.B.J. & Schwarz, M.P. | year = 2007| title = Social complexity and large colony sizes are not sufficient to explain lack of reversions to solitary living over long time-scales | journal =BMC Evolutionary Biology | publisher = | volume = 7 | pages =246| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-246| isbn = }}</ref>. They have been used widely to study [[social evolution]] <ref>{{Cite journal| author = Schwarz, M.P., Tierney, S.M., Rehan, S.M., Chenoweth, L.B. & Cooper, S.B.J.| year = 2007| title = The evolution of eusociality in bees:
Workers began by waiting| journal =Biology Letters| publisher = | volume = 7 | pages =277-280| doi =| isbn = }}</ref>, [[sex allocation]] <ref>{{Cite journal| author = Thompson, S. & Schwarz, M.P.| year = 2006| title = Cooperative nesting and complex female biased sex
allocation in a tropical allodapine bee| journal =Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | publisher = | volume = 89 | pages =355-364| doi = | isbn = }}</ref>, [[social parasitism]], and historical biogeography <ref>{{Cite journal| author = Chenoweth, L. & Schwarz, M.P.| year = 2011| title = Historical biogeography of Australian allodapine bees| journal =Journal of Biogeography| publisher = | volume = 38| pages =1471-1483| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02488.x| isbn = }}</ref>.


Many of the species in the tribe form small social colonies where a group of females cooperatively care for the developing larvae.<ref>{{Citation| first = C.D.| last = Michener| author-link = | title = The Social Behavior of the Bees | place = | publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 1974| pages = 307–309| doi = | isbn = }}</ref> The [[larva]]e are fed on [[pollen]], which like other bees, is carried on hairs of the hind pair of legs, but the pollen is fed to the larvae, often placed directly onto their bodies where they then consume it.
Many of the species in the tribe form small social colonies where a group of females cooperatively care for the developing larvae.<ref>{{Citation| first = C.D.| last = Michener| author-link = | title = The Social Behavior of the Bees | place = | publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 1974| pages = 307–309| doi = | isbn = }}</ref> The [[larva]]e are fed on [[pollen]], which like other bees, is carried on hairs of the hind pair of legs, but the pollen is fed to the larvae, often placed directly onto their bodies where they then consume it.

Revision as of 06:26, 29 March 2012

Allodapini
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Suborder:
Apocrita
Superfamily:
Apoidea
Family:
Apidae
Subfamily:
Xylocopinae
Tribe:
Allodapini
Genera

Allodape
Allodapula
Braunsapis
Compsomelissa
Effractapis
Eucondylops
Exoneura
Exoneurella
Exoneuridia
Hasinamelissa
Macrogalea
Nasutapis

The Allodapini is a tribe of bees in the family Apidae, subfamily Xylocopinae, family Apidae. They occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and Australasia[1] . There is also a rare genus, Exoneuridia, that occurs in isolated regions of Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon and Iran[2].

There are over 300 described species of allodapine bees [1], but many more species are undescribed. They are unique among bees in progressively rearing their larvae in undivided tunnels, so that individual larvae are not physically isolated from each other and are in constant contact with adult females, who provide them with food, groom them, and remove their faeces [1].

Allodapine bees vary greatly in their forms of sociality, from subsocial to highly eusocial [3]. There are no known species that are purely solitary [4]. They have been used widely to study social evolution [5], sex allocation [6], social parasitism, and historical biogeography [7].

Many of the species in the tribe form small social colonies where a group of females cooperatively care for the developing larvae.[8] The larvae are fed on pollen, which like other bees, is carried on hairs of the hind pair of legs, but the pollen is fed to the larvae, often placed directly onto their bodies where they then consume it.

At least in Australasian species, the larvae seem to be more distinct than adults. The larvae of African species seem to differ from Australasian and Asian species. The latter group have, unlike other bee larvae, a broadly triangular head with long setae, which are also seen on the body.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c Michener, C.D. (2007), Bees of the World, Baltimore & London: John Hopkins University Press
  2. ^ Terzo, M. (1999). "Revision du genre Exoneuridia Cockerell, 1911". Belgian Journal of Entomology. 1: 137–152.
  3. ^ Schwarz, M.P., Richards, M.H. & Danforth, B.N. (2007). "Changing paradigms in insect social evolution: new insights from halictine and allodapine bees". Annual Review of Entomology. 52: 127–150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Chenoweth, L.B., Tierney, S.M., Smith, J.A., Cooper, S.B.J. & Schwarz, M.P. (2007). "Social complexity and large colony sizes are not sufficient to explain lack of reversions to solitary living over long time-scales". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 246. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-246.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Schwarz, M.P., Tierney, S.M., Rehan, S.M., Chenoweth, L.B. & Cooper, S.B.J. (2007). "The evolution of eusociality in bees: Workers began by waiting". Biology Letters. 7: 277–280. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 38 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Thompson, S. & Schwarz, M.P. (2006). "Cooperative nesting and complex female biased sex allocation in a tropical allodapine bee". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89: 355–364. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 50 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Chenoweth, L. & Schwarz, M.P. (2011). "Historical biogeography of Australian allodapine bees". Journal of Biogeography. 38: 1471–1483. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02488.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Michener, C.D. (1974), The Social Behavior of the Bees, Harvard University Press, pp. 307–309
  9. ^ Michener, C.D. (1961), "Specific characters of the larvae and adults of Allodapula in the Australian region", Australian Journal of Entomology, 1:1: 30–41
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