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Functional divergence is just one possible outcome of [[gene duplication]] events. Other fates include [[nonfunctionalization]] where one of the [[paralogs]] acquires [[deleterious]] [[mutations]] and becomes a [[pseudogene]] and [[superfunctionalization]] (reinforcement) <ref>Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, and Nevo E. Long-term microclimatic stress causes rapid adaptive radiation of kaiABC clock gene family in a cyanobacterium, Nostoc linckia, from "Evolution Canyons" I and II, Israel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99(4): 2082–2087</ref>, where both paralogs maintain original function. While gene, chromosome, or whole genome duplication events are considered the canonical sources of functional divergence of [[paralogs]], [[orthologs]] (genes descended from speciation events) can also undergo functional divergence <ref>Studer RA, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2009. How confident can we be that orthologs are similar, but paralogs differ? Trends in genetics : TIG. 25:210-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.004.</ref> <ref>Studer R a, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2010. Large-scale analysis of orthologs and paralogs under covarion-like and constant-but-different models of amino acid evolution. Molecular biology and evolution. 27:2618-2627. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq149.</ref><ref>Gharib WH, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2011. When orthologs diverge between human and mouse. Briefings in bioinformatics. 12:436-441. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbr031.</ref><ref>Nehrt NL, Clark WT, Radivojac P, Hahn MW. 2011. Testing the ortholog conjecture with comparative functional genomic data from mammals. PLoS computational biology. 7:e1002073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002073.</ref> and [[horizontal gene transfer]] can also result in multiple copies of a gene in a genome, providing the opportunity for functional divergence.
Functional divergence is just one possible outcome of [[gene duplication]] events. Other fates include [[nonfunctionalization]] where one of the [[paralogs]] acquires [[deleterious]] [[mutations]] and becomes a [[pseudogene]] and [[superfunctionalization]] (reinforcement) <ref>Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, and Nevo E. Long-term microclimatic stress causes rapid adaptive radiation of kaiABC clock gene family in a cyanobacterium, Nostoc linckia, from "Evolution Canyons" I and II, Israel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99(4): 2082–2087</ref>, where both paralogs maintain original function. While gene, chromosome, or whole genome duplication events are considered the canonical sources of functional divergence of [[paralogs]], [[orthologs]] (genes descended from speciation events) can also undergo functional divergence <ref>Studer RA, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2009. How confident can we be that orthologs are similar, but paralogs differ? Trends in genetics : TIG. 25:210-6. {{doi|10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.004}}.</ref> <ref>Studer R a, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2010. Large-scale analysis of orthologs and paralogs under covarion-like and constant-but-different models of amino acid evolution. Molecular biology and evolution. 27:2618-2627. {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msq149}}.</ref><ref>Gharib WH, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2011. When orthologs diverge between human and mouse. Briefings in bioinformatics. 12:436-441. {{doi|10.1093/bib/bbr031}}.</ref><ref>Nehrt NL, Clark WT, Radivojac P, Hahn MW. 2011. Testing the ortholog conjecture with comparative functional genomic data from mammals. PLoS computational biology. 7:e1002073. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002073}}.</ref> and [[horizontal gene transfer]] can also result in multiple copies of a gene in a genome, providing the opportunity for functional divergence.


Many well known protein families are the result of this process, such as the ancient gene duplication event that led to the divergence of [[hemoglobin]] and [[myoglobin]], the more recent duplication events that led to the various subunit expansions (alpha and beta) of vertebrate [[hemoglobin]]s <ref>Jay F. Storz, Federico G. Hoffmann, Juan C. Opazo, and Hideaki Moriyama. Adaptive Functional Divergence Among Triplicated α-Globin Genes in Rodents. Genetics. 2008 March; 178(3): 1623–1638. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.080903</ref>, or the expansion of G-protein alpha subunits <ref>Zheng Y, Xu D, Gu X. Functional divergence after gene duplication and sequence-structure relationship: a case study of G-protein alpha subunits. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 15 January 2007;308(1):85-96.</ref>
Many well known protein families are the result of this process, such as the ancient gene duplication event that led to the divergence of [[hemoglobin]] and [[myoglobin]], the more recent duplication events that led to the various subunit expansions (alpha and beta) of vertebrate [[hemoglobin]]s <ref>Jay F. Storz, Federico G. Hoffmann, Juan C. Opazo, and Hideaki Moriyama. Adaptive Functional Divergence Among Triplicated α-Globin Genes in Rodents. Genetics. 2008 March; 178(3): 1623–1638. {{doi|10.1534/genetics.107.080903}}</ref>, or the expansion of G-protein alpha subunits <ref>Zheng Y, Xu D, Gu X. Functional divergence after gene duplication and sequence-structure relationship: a case study of G-protein alpha subunits. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 15 January 2007;308(1):85-96.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 11:47, 5 July 2012

Functional divergence is the process by which genes, after gene duplication, shift in function from an ancestral function. Functional divergence can result in either subfunctionalization, where a paralog specializes one of several ancestral functions, or neofunctionalization, where a totally new functional capability evolves. It is thought that this process of gene duplication and functional divergence is a major originator of molecular novelty and has produced the many large protein families that exist today [1][2].


Functional divergence is just one possible outcome of gene duplication events. Other fates include nonfunctionalization where one of the paralogs acquires deleterious mutations and becomes a pseudogene and superfunctionalization (reinforcement) [3], where both paralogs maintain original function. While gene, chromosome, or whole genome duplication events are considered the canonical sources of functional divergence of paralogs, orthologs (genes descended from speciation events) can also undergo functional divergence [4] [5][6][7] and horizontal gene transfer can also result in multiple copies of a gene in a genome, providing the opportunity for functional divergence.

Many well known protein families are the result of this process, such as the ancient gene duplication event that led to the divergence of hemoglobin and myoglobin, the more recent duplication events that led to the various subunit expansions (alpha and beta) of vertebrate hemoglobins [8], or the expansion of G-protein alpha subunits [9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gu X. Functional divergence in protein (family) sequence evolution. Genetica. 2003 Jul;118(2-3):133-41.
  2. ^ Fay JC, Wu CI. Sequence divergence, functional constraint, and selection in protein evolution. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2003;4:213-35.
  3. ^ Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, and Nevo E. Long-term microclimatic stress causes rapid adaptive radiation of kaiABC clock gene family in a cyanobacterium, Nostoc linckia, from "Evolution Canyons" I and II, Israel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99(4): 2082–2087
  4. ^ Studer RA, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2009. How confident can we be that orthologs are similar, but paralogs differ? Trends in genetics : TIG. 25:210-6. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.004.
  5. ^ Studer R a, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2010. Large-scale analysis of orthologs and paralogs under covarion-like and constant-but-different models of amino acid evolution. Molecular biology and evolution. 27:2618-2627. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq149.
  6. ^ Gharib WH, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2011. When orthologs diverge between human and mouse. Briefings in bioinformatics. 12:436-441. doi:10.1093/bib/bbr031.
  7. ^ Nehrt NL, Clark WT, Radivojac P, Hahn MW. 2011. Testing the ortholog conjecture with comparative functional genomic data from mammals. PLoS computational biology. 7:e1002073. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002073.
  8. ^ Jay F. Storz, Federico G. Hoffmann, Juan C. Opazo, and Hideaki Moriyama. Adaptive Functional Divergence Among Triplicated α-Globin Genes in Rodents. Genetics. 2008 March; 178(3): 1623–1638. doi:10.1534/genetics.107.080903
  9. ^ Zheng Y, Xu D, Gu X. Functional divergence after gene duplication and sequence-structure relationship: a case study of G-protein alpha subunits. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 15 January 2007;308(1):85-96.

Gu X. A simple statistical method for estimating type-II (cluster-specific) functional divergence of protein sequences. Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Oct;23(10):1937-45. Epub 24 July 2006.


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