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This term was first coined by Dr. Christopher Wild, a cancer epidemiologist, in an article entitled, "Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology." <ref>{{cite journal|last=Wild|first=CP|title=Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology.|journal=Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology|date=2005 Aug|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1847–50|pmid=16103423|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456}}</ref>
This term was first coined by Dr. Christopher Wild, a cancer epidemiologist, in an article entitled, "Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology." <ref>{{cite journal|last=Wild|first=CP|title=Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology.|journal=Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology|date=2005 Aug|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1847–50|pmid=16103423|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456}}</ref>


Dr. Wild states, "At its most complete, the exposome encompasses life-course environmental exposures (including lifestyle factors), from the prenatal period onwards." He goes onto to say that even incomplete versions of the exposome could be of great use to field of epidemiology. Dr. Wild has published a follow up paper where he suggests steps that can be taken to better define the exposome.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wild|first=CP|title=The exposome: from concept to utility|journal=International journal of epidemiology|date=2012 Feb|volume=41|issue=1|pages=24–32|pmid=22296988|doi=10.1093/ije/dyr236}}</ref>
Dr. Wild stated, "At its most complete, the exposome encompasses life-course environmental exposures (including lifestyle factors), from the prenatal period onwards." He goes onto to say that even incomplete versions of the exposome could be of great use to field of epidemiology. Dr. Wild has published a follow up paper where he suggests steps that can be taken to better define the exposome.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wild|first=CP|title=The exposome: from concept to utility|journal=International journal of epidemiology|date=2012 Feb|volume=41|issue=1|pages=24–32|pmid=22296988|doi=10.1093/ije/dyr236}}</ref>

For complex disorders specific genetic causes appear to only account for 10-30% of the disease incidence, although as genomic approaches improve this percentage could increase. Environmental influences undoubtedly contribute to human disease, yet we lack the sort of comprehensive overview of environmental sources as compared to the genome. Scientists are still grappling with the concept of the exposome and if, and how, it should be pursued. Is it a useful framework on which to advance our understanding of environmental factors in disease or an unrealistic and unattainable vision?


For complex disorders specific genetic causes appear to only account for 10-30% of the disease incidence, although as genomic approaches improve this percentage could increase. Environmental influences contribute to human disease, but unlike with genetics, there is no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some investigators have demonstrated that environmental-wide association studies (EWAS) may be feasible, but it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Patel|first=CJ|coauthors=Bhattacharya, J; Butte, AJ|title=An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus.|journal=PloS one|date=2010 May 20|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10746|pmid=20505766}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Patel|first=CJ|coauthors=Chen, R; Kodama, K; Ioannidis, JP; Butte, AJ|title=Systematic identification of interaction effects between genome- and environment-wide associations in type 2 diabetes mellitus.|journal=Human genetics|date=2013 Jan 20|pmid=23334806|accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref>
'''Recent steps''' <br />
'''Recent steps''' <br />


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'''The Human Exposome Project (HEP)'''<br />
'''The Human Exposome Project (HEP)'''<br />


To date the Human Exposome Project is merely a vision. No such project exists. Several investigators have argued that such an initiative should occur, but given the lack of clarity on how science would go about pursuing such a project support is lacking. The aforementioned awards by the European Commission may help spur further international collaborations aimed at framing the Human Exposome Project.
The idea of a Human Exposome Project has been discussed in numerous scientific meetings, but no such project exists at this time. Several investigators have argued that such an initiative should occur, but given the lack of clarity on how science would go about pursuing such a project support is lacking. The aforementioned awards by the European Commission may help spur further international collaborations aimed at framing the Human Exposome Project.


For additional information the reader is directed to the following sites:<br />
For additional information the reader is directed to the following sites:<br />

Revision as of 00:29, 7 February 2013

Exposome

Exposome: a measure of our lifelong environmental exposures from all sources

This term was first coined by Dr. Christopher Wild, a cancer epidemiologist, in an article entitled, "Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology." [1]

Dr. Wild stated, "At its most complete, the exposome encompasses life-course environmental exposures (including lifestyle factors), from the prenatal period onwards." He goes onto to say that even incomplete versions of the exposome could be of great use to field of epidemiology. Dr. Wild has published a follow up paper where he suggests steps that can be taken to better define the exposome.[2]

For complex disorders specific genetic causes appear to only account for 10-30% of the disease incidence, although as genomic approaches improve this percentage could increase. Environmental influences contribute to human disease, but unlike with genetics, there is no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some investigators have demonstrated that environmental-wide association studies (EWAS) may be feasible, but it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E."[3] [4] Recent steps

The European Commission recently awarded two large grants to pursue exposome-related research. [5] The HELIX project will attempt to develop an early life exposome, noting that the first exposures occur during development. [6] The second project, Exposomics, is a consortium based at Imperial College London. [7] This project will use smartphones that utilize GPS and environmental sensors to assess exposures.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has made investments in technologies that support exposome-related research, including biosensors, and supports research on gene-environment interactions.[8] [9] Although, NIH has yet to fund any large centers focusing on the exposome like those in Europe.

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences published a story on the release of the National Research Council's report on exposure science that address the exposome.[10] The official report “Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy” from the National Research Council can be found here.[11]

The Human Exposome Project (HEP)

The idea of a Human Exposome Project has been discussed in numerous scientific meetings, but no such project exists at this time. Several investigators have argued that such an initiative should occur, but given the lack of clarity on how science would go about pursuing such a project support is lacking. The aforementioned awards by the European Commission may help spur further international collaborations aimed at framing the Human Exposome Project.

For additional information the reader is directed to the following sites:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Exposomics[12]

Exposome Alliance Project website[13]

The National Academies of Science hosted a meeting in December of 2011 entitled "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Individual Exposomes."[14]

A recent review on the exposome and exposure science by Drs. Paul Lioy and Steve Rappaport was published in Environmental Health Perspectives.[15]

References

  1. ^ Wild, CP (2005 Aug). "Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology". Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 14 (8): 1847–50. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456. PMID 16103423. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Wild, CP (2012 Feb). "The exposome: from concept to utility". International journal of epidemiology. 41 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr236. PMID 22296988. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Patel, CJ (2010 May 20). "An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus". PloS one. 5 (5): e10746. PMID 20505766. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Patel, CJ (2013 Jan 20). "Systematic identification of interaction effects between genome- and environment-wide associations in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Human genetics. PMID 23334806. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Daily dose of toxics to be tracked Exposome studies will tie environmental exposure to biological triggers of disease". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  6. ^ "HELIX". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  7. ^ "Imperial College News". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  8. ^ "NIEHS Gene-Environment studies". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  9. ^ "Genes and Environment Initiative". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  10. ^ "NRC report supports NIEHS vision of the exposome". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  11. ^ "Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  12. ^ "CDC Exposomics". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  13. ^ "Exposome Alliance". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  14. ^ "National Academy of Sciences meeting". Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  15. ^ Lioy, PJ (2011 Nov). "Exposure science and the exposome: an opportunity for coherence in the environmental health sciences". Environmental health perspectives. 119 (11): A466–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104387. PMC 3226514. PMID 22171373. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)



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