Cutaneous rabbit illusion: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Conejo23 (talk | contribs)
284 edits
Conejo23 (talk | contribs)
284 edits
No edit summary
Line 8: Line 8:
==Modeling==
==Modeling==


Computational models for the rabbit illusion have been proposed by some authors <ref>{{cite journal|last=Flach|first=R|coauthors=Haggard, P|title=The cutaneous rabbit revisited|journal=Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance|year=2006|month=June|volume=32|issue=3|pages=717–32|pmid=16822134}}</ref>. A [[Bayesian theory|Bayesian]] perceptual model published in 2007 closely replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions. According to this model, brain circuitry encodes the expectation, formulated over a lifetime of sensory experience, that tactile stimuli tend to move slowly.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldreich|first=D|title=A Bayesian perceptual model replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions.|journal=PloS one|date=28 March 2007|volume=2|issue=3|pages=e333|pmid=17389923}}</ref>. The Bayesian model reaches an optimal probabilistic inference by combining uncertain spatial sensory information with a prior expectation for low-speed movement. The expectation that stimuli tend to move slowly results in the perceptual conclusion that rapidly successive stimuli are more likely to be closer together on the skin. In 2013, the Bayesian model was further developed and shown to replicate the perception of humans to multi-tap rabbit stimulus sequences <ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldreich|first=D|coauthors=Tong, J|title=Prediction, postdiction, and perceptual length contraction: a Bayesian low-speed prior captures the cutaneous rabbit and related illusions |journal=Frontiers in psychology.|date=10 May 2013|volume=4|issue=221|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00221}}</ref>. The Bayesian model replicates the effects of selective spatial attention on the rabbit illusion percept <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kilgard|first=MP|coauthors=Merzenich, MM|title=Anticipated stimuli across skin|journal=Nature|date=23 February 1995|volume=373|issue=6516|pages=663|pmid=7854442}}</ref> and is compatible with both the out-of-body rabbit illusion <ref>{{cite journal|last=Miyazaki|first=M|coauthors=Hirashima, M; Nozaki, D|title=The "cutaneous rabbit" hopping out of the body.|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience|date=3 February 2010|volume=30|issue=5|pages=1856–60|pmid=20130194}}</ref> and crossmodal influences on the rabbit illusion <ref>{{cite journal|last=Asai|first=T|coauthors=Kanayama, N|title='Cutaneous Rabbit' Hops toward a Light: Unimodal and Cross-modal Causality on the Skin|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=22 October 2012|pmid=23133432}}</ref>. Perceptual prediction and [[retrodiction | postdiction]] are emergent properties of the Bayesian model. The authors of the Bayesian model have made available a freeware computer program called [http://psych.mcmaster.ca/goldreich-lab/LL/Leaping_Lagomorphs.html Leaping Lagomorphs] that implements their model.
Computational models for the rabbit illusion have been proposed by several authors <ref>{{cite journal|pmid=3399342}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Wiemer|first=J|coauthors=Spengler, F; Joublin, F; Stagge, P; Wacquant, S|title=Learning cortical topography from spatiotemporal stimuli.|journal=Biological cybernetics|date=2000 Feb|volume=82|issue=2|pages=173-87|pmid=10664104}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Grush|first=R|title=Internal models and the construction of time: generalizing from state estimation to trajectory estimation to address temporal features of perception, including temporal illusions.|journal=Journal of neural engineering|date=2005 Sep|volume=2|issue=3|pages=S209-18|pmid=16135885}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Flach|first=R|coauthors=Haggard, P|title=The cutaneous rabbit revisited|journal=Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance|year=2006|month=June|volume=32|issue=3|pages=717–32|pmid=16822134}}</ref>. A [[Bayesian theory|Bayesian]] perceptual model published in 2007 closely replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions. According to this model, brain circuitry encodes the expectation, formulated over a lifetime of sensory experience, that tactile stimuli tend to move slowly.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldreich|first=D|title=A Bayesian perceptual model replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions.|journal=PloS one|date=28 March 2007|volume=2|issue=3|pages=e333|pmid=17389923}}</ref>. The Bayesian model reaches an optimal probabilistic inference by combining uncertain spatial sensory information with a prior expectation for low-speed movement. The expectation that stimuli tend to move slowly results in the perceptual conclusion that rapidly successive stimuli are more likely to be closer together on the skin. In 2013, the Bayesian model was further developed and shown to replicate the perception of humans to multi-tap rabbit stimulus sequences <ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldreich|first=D|coauthors=Tong, J|title=Prediction, postdiction, and perceptual length contraction: a Bayesian low-speed prior captures the cutaneous rabbit and related illusions |journal=Frontiers in psychology.|date=10 May 2013|volume=4|issue=221|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00221}}</ref>. The Bayesian model replicates the effects of selective spatial attention on the rabbit illusion percept <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kilgard|first=MP|coauthors=Merzenich, MM|title=Anticipated stimuli across skin|journal=Nature|date=23 February 1995|volume=373|issue=6516|pages=663|pmid=7854442}}</ref> and is compatible with both the out-of-body rabbit illusion <ref>{{cite journal|last=Miyazaki|first=M|coauthors=Hirashima, M; Nozaki, D|title=The "cutaneous rabbit" hopping out of the body.|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience|date=3 February 2010|volume=30|issue=5|pages=1856–60|pmid=20130194}}</ref> and crossmodal influences on the rabbit illusion <ref>{{cite journal|last=Asai|first=T|coauthors=Kanayama, N|title='Cutaneous Rabbit' Hops toward a Light: Unimodal and Cross-modal Causality on the Skin|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=22 October 2012|pmid=23133432}}</ref>. Perceptual prediction and [[retrodiction | postdiction]] are emergent properties of the Bayesian model. The authors of the Bayesian model have made available a freeware computer program called [http://psych.mcmaster.ca/goldreich-lab/LL/Leaping_Lagomorphs.html Leaping Lagomorphs] that implements their model.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:52, 10 May 2013

The cutaneous rabbit illusion (also known as cutaneous saltation) is a tactile illusion evoked by tapping two or more separate regions of the skin in rapid succession. The illusion is most readily evoked on regions of the body surface that have relatively poor spatial acuity, such as the forearm. A rapid sequence of taps delivered first near the wrist and then near the elbow creates the sensation of sequential taps hopping up the arm from the wrist towards the elbow, although no physical stimulus was applied between the two actual stimulus locations. Similarly, stimuli delivered first near the elbow then near the wrist evoke the illusory perception of taps hopping from elbow towards wrist.

Experimental Studies

Many experiments demonstrating the effect have been carried out on the forearm. The illusion was discovered by Frank Geldard and Carl Sherrick of Princeton University, in the early 1970s.[1] They likened the perception to that of a rabbit hopping along the skin, giving the phenomenon its name. From the moment of its discovery, the illusion has piqued the curiosity of researchers. In order for the illusion to occur, successive stimuli must occur closely together in time [2]. A study showed that attention directed to one skin location modifies the perceived location of the illusory taps.[3] Another study showed that the illusory taps are associated with neural activity in the same brain areas that are activated by real taps to the skin.[4] Nevertheless, the specific neural mechanisms that underlie the rabbit illusion are unknown.

Many interesting instantiations of the cutaneous rabbit illusion have been observed. The illusion is not just confined to the "body".[5] When subjects held a stick such that it was laid across the tips of their index fingers and received the taps via the stick, they reported sensing the illusory taps along the stick. This suggests that the cutaneous rabbit effect involves not only the intrinsic somatotopic representation but also the representation of the extended body schema that results from body-object interactions. Research was conducted to see if the rabbit illusion would take place across skin areas that weren’t immediately connected, places like the digits. It was shown that in fact when stimuli are moved to the fingertips, the illusion still takes place and “hops” across the fingers [6] Researchers noticed that in some cases, participants did not identify the illusion. They concluded that there is a subpopulation that does not observe the CRE.[7]. The illusion has also been studied both within and across the arms. When the participant had only one arm stimulated, the illusion took place and they were unable to tell the difference between actual taps. However when two arms were under stimulation the participant had trouble judging the stimulus from one arm and it was shifted to subsequent taps on the other arm. [8] Visual cues - light flashes placed at particular locations along the arm - can influence the cutaneous rabbit illusion [9] In 2009, researchers of Philips Electronics demonstrated a jacket lined with actuator motors and designed to evoke various tactile sensations while watching a movie. The device takes advantage of the cutaneous rabbit illusion to reduce the number of actuators needed.[10]

Modeling

Computational models for the rabbit illusion have been proposed by several authors [11] [12] [13] [14]. A Bayesian perceptual model published in 2007 closely replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions. According to this model, brain circuitry encodes the expectation, formulated over a lifetime of sensory experience, that tactile stimuli tend to move slowly.[15]. The Bayesian model reaches an optimal probabilistic inference by combining uncertain spatial sensory information with a prior expectation for low-speed movement. The expectation that stimuli tend to move slowly results in the perceptual conclusion that rapidly successive stimuli are more likely to be closer together on the skin. In 2013, the Bayesian model was further developed and shown to replicate the perception of humans to multi-tap rabbit stimulus sequences [16]. The Bayesian model replicates the effects of selective spatial attention on the rabbit illusion percept [17] and is compatible with both the out-of-body rabbit illusion [18] and crossmodal influences on the rabbit illusion [19]. Perceptual prediction and postdiction are emergent properties of the Bayesian model. The authors of the Bayesian model have made available a freeware computer program called Leaping Lagomorphs that implements their model.

References

  1. ^ Geldard, F. A. (13 October 1972). "The Cutaneous "Rabbit": A Perceptual Illusion". Science. 178 (4057): 178–179. doi:10.1126/science.178.4057.178. PMID 5076909. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Trojan, Jörg, Stephan Getzmann, Johanna Möller, Dieter Kleinböhl, and Rupert Hölzl. "Tactile-auditory Saltation: Spatiotemporal Integration across Sensory Modalities." Neuroscience Letters 460.2 (2009): 156-60. Web.
  3. ^ Kilgard, MP (23 February 1995). "Anticipated stimuli across skin". Nature. 373 (6516): 663. PMID 7854442. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Blankenburg, Felix (1 January 2006). "The Cutaneous Rabbit Illusion Affects Human Primary Sensory Cortex Somatotopically". PLoS Biology. 4 (3): e69. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040069. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Miyazaki, M (3 February 2010). "The "cutaneous rabbit" hopping out of the body". The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 30 (5): 1856–60. PMID 20130194. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Warren, Jay P., Marco Santello, and Stephen I. Helms Tillery. "Electrotactile Stimuli Delivered across Fingertips Inducing the Cutaneous Rabbit Effect." Experimental Brain Research 206.4 (2010): 419-26. Print.
  7. ^ Warren, Jay P., and Stephen I. Helms Tillery. "Tactile Perception: Do Distinct Subpopulations Explain Differences in Mislocalization Rates of Stimuli across Fingertips?" Neuroscience Letters (2011): n. pag. Print.
  8. ^ Eimer, M., B. Foster, and J. Vibell. "Cutaneous Saltation within and across Arms: A New Measure of the Saltation Illusion in Somatosensation." Percept Psychophys 67.3 (2005): 458-68. Web.
  9. ^ Asai, T (22 October 2012). "'Cutaneous Rabbit' Hops toward a Light: Unimodal and Cross-modal Causality on the Skin". Frontiers in Psychology. PMID 23133432. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Jones, Willie D. (18 March 2009). "Jacket Lets You Feel the Movies". EEE Spectrum Online.
  11. ^ . PMID 3399342. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ Wiemer, J (2000 Feb). "Learning cortical topography from spatiotemporal stimuli". Biological cybernetics. 82 (2): 173–87. PMID 10664104. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Grush, R (2005 Sep). "Internal models and the construction of time: generalizing from state estimation to trajectory estimation to address temporal features of perception, including temporal illusions". Journal of neural engineering. 2 (3): S209-18. PMID 16135885. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Flach, R (2006). "The cutaneous rabbit revisited". Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance. 32 (3): 717–32. PMID 16822134. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Goldreich, D (28 March 2007). "A Bayesian perceptual model replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions". PloS one. 2 (3): e333. PMID 17389923.
  16. ^ Goldreich, D (10 May 2013). "Prediction, postdiction, and perceptual length contraction: a Bayesian low-speed prior captures the cutaneous rabbit and related illusions". Frontiers in psychology. 4 (221). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00221. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Kilgard, MP (23 February 1995). "Anticipated stimuli across skin". Nature. 373 (6516): 663. PMID 7854442. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Miyazaki, M (3 February 2010). "The "cutaneous rabbit" hopping out of the body". The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 30 (5): 1856–60. PMID 20130194. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Asai, T (22 October 2012). "'Cutaneous Rabbit' Hops toward a Light: Unimodal and Cross-modal Causality on the Skin". Frontiers in Psychology. PMID 23133432. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_rabbit_illusion&oldid=554493505"