Garden warbler: Difference between revisions
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*''S. b. woodwardi'' breeds in eastern Europe and temperate Asia east to western [[Siberia]] |
*''S. b. woodwardi'' breeds in eastern Europe and temperate Asia east to western [[Siberia]] |
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Intermediate birds occur where the recognised forms meet, and have sometimes been given subspecies status, including ''S. b. kreczmeri'' in Poland and ''S. b. pateffi'' in Bulgaria, but these are not generally accepted as valid.<ref name= Baker339/> |
Intermediate birds occur where the recognised forms meet, and have sometimes been given subspecies status, including ''S. b. kreczmeri'' in Poland and ''S. b. pateffi'' in Bulgaria, but these are not generally accepted as valid.<ref name= Baker339/> |
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== Predators and parasites == |
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The Garden Warbler is a host of the [[Common Cuckoo]], a [[brood parasite]]. It is second only to the [[Eurasian Reed Warbler]] in terms of the number of parasitised nests.<ref name= mann> Mann ''et al.'' (2012) p. 479.</ref> This is in contrast to the Blackcap which has a low level of parasitism because the Cuckoo's eggs are often rejected.<ref name= honza>{{cite journal | last= Honza | first= Marcel | coauthors=Procházka, Petr; Stokke, Bård; Moksnes, Arne; Røskaft, Eivin; Čapek, Miroslav; Mrlík, Vojtěch year= 2004 | title= Are blackcaps current winners in the evolutionary struggle against the common cuckoo? | journal=Journal of Ethology | volume= 22 | issue = 2 | pages= 175–180 | url = |format = | doi = 10.1007/s10164-004-0119-1 }}</ref> |
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== Status == |
== Status == |
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Revision as of 12:05, 2 June 2013
| Garden Warbler | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | S. borin
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| Binomial name | |
| Sylvia borin (Boddaert, 1783, France)
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The Garden Warbler (Sylvia borin) is a common and widespread typical warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe into western Asia. This small passerine bird is strongly migratory, and moves to central and southern Africa during northern winters. It is fairly common and widespread in England and Wales; in Ireland it is largely confined to the midlands where it breeds on the shores of small lakes.
This is a nondescript bird, 13–14.5 cm long, mainly brown-grey above and whitish below. It has no obvious distinctive features. Like most "warblers", it is insectivorous. It is a species of shady woodlands with ground cover for nesting. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and 3–7 eggs are laid.
The Garden Warbler's is a pleasant chattering with many clearer notes like a Blackbird. The song can be confused with that of Blackcap, but is more melodious and lacks the warbling end-phrase found in Blackcap songs. Indeed, despite their dissimilar colour pattern, these two species are probably more closely related to each other than to any other typical warbler. The composer Olivier Messiaen, who admired birdsong, used the song of S. borin as basis for his 1971 work La fauvette des jardins, the title being the French name of the species.[2]
The beccafico, or fig-eater, a much prized delicacy in Italy, is not as sometimes thought the Garden Warbler but the closely related Orphean Warbler.
Taxonomy
The genus Sylvia, the typical warblers, forms part of a large family of Old World warblers, the Sylviidae, and fossils from France show that the genus dates back at least 20 million years.[3] The Garden Warbler and its nearest relative, the Blackcap, are an ancient species pair which diverged very early from the rest of the genus at between 12 and 16 million years ago. In the course of time, these two species have become sufficiently distinctive that they have been placed in separate subgenera, with the Blackcap in subgenus Sylvia and the Garden Warbler in Epilais.[4] These sister species have a breeding range which extends farther northeast than all other Sylvia species except the Lesser Whitethroat and Common Whitethroat.[5] The nearest relative of the Garden Warler outside the sister group is believed to be the African Hill Babbler, which is probably incorrectly placed in its current separate genus, Pseudoalcippe.[6]
The Garden Warbler was first described by Pieter Boddaert as Motacilla atricapilla in 1783.[7] The current genus name is from Modern Latin silvia, a woodland sprite, related to silva, a wood.[8] The specific borin is derived from a local Italian name for the bird in the Genoa area derived from the Latin bos, ox, because the warbler was believed to keep near oxen.[9]
There are two recognised subspecies.[10]
- Sylvia borin borin, the nominate subspecies, breeds in western, northern and central Europe to Finland, central Poland, western Hungary and Bosnia.
- S. b. woodwardi breeds in eastern Europe and temperate Asia east to western Siberia
Intermediate birds occur where the recognised forms meet, and have sometimes been given subspecies status, including S. b. kreczmeri in Poland and S. b. pateffi in Bulgaria, but these are not generally accepted as valid.[10]
Predators and parasites
The Garden Warbler is a host of the Common Cuckoo, a brood parasite. It is second only to the Eurasian Reed Warbler in terms of the number of parasitised nests.[11] This is in contrast to the Blackcap which has a low level of parasitism because the Cuckoo's eggs are often rejected.[12]
Status
The Garden Warbler has a very large range of 9,650,000 km2 (3,700,000 mi2), and its population in Europe is estimated at 17–31 million breeding pairs. Allowing for birds breeding in Asia, the total population is between 54–124 million individuals. It is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of Least Concern.[13]
References
- ^ Template:IUCN
- ^ Benítez (2008) p. 52.
- ^ Mason (1995) p. 11.
- ^ Shirihai et al (2001) pp. 25–27.
- ^ Jønsson, K A (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Pérez-Tris, Javier (2007). "Within-host speciation of malaria parasites". PLoS ONE. 2 (2): e235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000235.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Boddaert (1783) p. 35.
- ^ Jobling (2010) p. 59.
- ^ Jobling (2010) p. 75.
- ^ a b Baker (1997) pp. 339–340.
- ^ Mann et al. (2012) p. 479.
- ^ Honza, Marcel. "Are blackcaps current winners in the evolutionary struggle against the common cuckoo?". Journal of Ethology. 22 (2): 175–180. doi:10.1007/s10164-004-0119-1.
{{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Garden Warbler Sylvia borin". Species factsheet. BirdLife International. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
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Cited texts
- Baker, Kevin (1997). Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm Identification Guides). London: Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3971-7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Benítez, Vincent P (2008). Olivier Messiaen: A Research and Information Guide. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415973724.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des Planches Enluminéez d'Histoire Naturelle de M. D'Aubenton (in French). Utrecht: sine nomine.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names (PDF). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Mason, C F (1995). The Blackcap (Hamlyn Species Guides). London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-58006-7.
- Shirihai, Hadoram (2001). Sylvia Warblers: Identification, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sylvia. London: A & C Black. ISBN 0-7136-3984-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
External links
- Garden Warbler videos and photos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.8 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
- Avibase
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