Yellow longnose butterflyfish: Difference between revisions
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=== Territoriality of Longnose Butterflyfish === |
=== Territoriality of Longnose Butterflyfish === |
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A territory is a defended area and a territorial animal is characterized as having exclusive access to a resource or multiple resources in that area <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review" /> . Early definitions of territoriality emphasized a required active defense mechanism, however, studies have shown that territorial displays or advertisements may also aid in protecting a specific area <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review">{{cite journal|coauthors=Callum M. Roberts, Rupert F. G. Ormond|title=Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|year=1992|month=May|volume=34|issue=1|page=79|pages=93|accessdate=9/17/13}}</ref> . Longnose Butterflyfish primarily display the later territorial defense strategy, display or advertisement, by patrolling their patch of coral with a monogamous partner. However, instances of overt aggression among Longnose Butterflyfish have been observed between territory holders and individuals of the same sex. Chasing is rare, but when it does occur, males chase males and females chase females <ref name="Monogamy in Marine fishes" />. Female Longnose Butterflyfish defend food resources from other females, while males defend territories containing a female from other males |
A territory is a defended area and a territorial animal is characterized as having exclusive access to a resource or multiple resources in that area <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review" /> . Early definitions of territoriality emphasized a required active defense mechanism, however, studies have shown that territorial displays or advertisements may also aid in protecting a specific area <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review">{{cite journal|coauthors=Callum M. Roberts, Rupert F. G. Ormond|title=Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|year=1992|month=May|volume=34|issue=1|page=79|pages=93|accessdate=9/17/13}}</ref> . Longnose Butterflyfish primarily display the later territorial defense strategy, display or advertisement, by patrolling their patch of coral with a monogamous partner. However, instances of overt aggression among Longnose Butterflyfish have been observed between territory holders and individuals of the same sex. Chasing is rare, but when it does occur, males chase males and females chase females <ref name="Monogamy in Marine fishes" />. Female Longnose Butterflyfish defend food resources from other females, while males defend territories containing a female from other males <ref name="Environmental determinants of social systems">{{cite journal|title=Environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|year=1989|month=May|volume=25|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00002201|accessdate=9/17/13}}</ref>. Territoriality is a favorable strategy for a species to adopt primarily when resources are temporally stable, predictable, and evenly distributed throughout a territory (4). Territoriality is commonly displayed by benthic-feeding Longnose Butterflyfish, therefore, because their main dietary resource fulfills the aforementioned characteristics <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review" />. The monogamous pairing of Longnose Butterflyfish appears to be closely linked to their territorial behavior <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review" />. Although there are several reasons a species could have evolved monogamous behavior, the necessity for biparental care is not one that applies to Longnose Butterfly fish because they lay pelagic, or freely floating, eggs. One source of selective pressure responsible for the monogamous pairs observed in Longnose Butterflyfish could be the advantage to territorial defense that it provides. Monogamy is favored when a pair makes the defense of one or more resources more efficient than defense by a solitary individual. As stated before, Longnose Butterflyfish tend to patrol their territory together. For this reason, they do not increase the effectiveness of sharing the responsibilities of territorial defense by reducing the cost of energetic expense. Instead, efficiency is increased through the non-aggressive advertisements that come about from the pared patrol method <ref name="Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review" />. Longnose Butterflyfish pairs have been confirmed by studies to be heterosexual and pair fidelity has been observed for periods of up to seven or more years <ref name="Monogamy in Marine fishes" />. Besides the advertisement displays accomplished through monogamous pairing, territorial domination by Longnose Butterflyfish has also been observed by means of acoustic behaviors, which provide important cues and social signals during fish communication <ref name="Sound Production">{{cite journal|coauthors=Kelly S. Boyle and Timothy C. Tricas|title=Sound production in the longnose butterflyfishes (genus Forcipiger): cranial kinematics, muscle activity and honest signals|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|year=2011|month=November|doi=10.1242/jeb.062554|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/22/3829.short|accessdate=9/17/13}}</ref>. Emitting sounds through complicated body movements is another technique the Longnose Butterflyfish use to advertise territorial boundaries. Potential rivals are able to assess body size of a competitor based on the duration and intensity of the sound that a Longnose Butterflyfish produces<ref name="Sound Production" />. The duration and intensity of the sounds emitted during agnostic behaviors, such as the defense of one’s territory, often predict the ability of an individual to secure that territory<ref name="Sound Production" /> . A sound of long duration and high intensity is, therefore, often an indicator that an individual is in possession of a large territory. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 02:08, 18 September 2013
| (Yellow) Longnose Butterflyfish | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | F. flavissimus
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| Binomial name | |
| Forcipiger flavissimus D. S. Jordan & E. A. McGregor, 1898
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Forcipiger flavissimus, the Yellow Longnose Butterflyfish or Forcepfish, is a species of butterflyfish native to the Indo-Pacific. It is similar in appearance to and found in much the same range as the less common Forcipiger longirostris.[1] Together, the two species are collectively known in the Hawaiian language as lauwiliwilinukunukuʻoiʻoi, or "long-snouted (sharp-beaked) fish shaped like a wiliwili leaf". This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. This fish is also found in Finding Nemo, a Disney Movie, as Tad, one of Nemo's schoolmates.[2]
Territoriality of Longnose Butterflyfish
A territory is a defended area and a territorial animal is characterized as having exclusive access to a resource or multiple resources in that area [3] . Early definitions of territoriality emphasized a required active defense mechanism, however, studies have shown that territorial displays or advertisements may also aid in protecting a specific area [3] . Longnose Butterflyfish primarily display the later territorial defense strategy, display or advertisement, by patrolling their patch of coral with a monogamous partner. However, instances of overt aggression among Longnose Butterflyfish have been observed between territory holders and individuals of the same sex. Chasing is rare, but when it does occur, males chase males and females chase females [4]. Female Longnose Butterflyfish defend food resources from other females, while males defend territories containing a female from other males [5]. Territoriality is a favorable strategy for a species to adopt primarily when resources are temporally stable, predictable, and evenly distributed throughout a territory (4). Territoriality is commonly displayed by benthic-feeding Longnose Butterflyfish, therefore, because their main dietary resource fulfills the aforementioned characteristics [3]. The monogamous pairing of Longnose Butterflyfish appears to be closely linked to their territorial behavior [3]. Although there are several reasons a species could have evolved monogamous behavior, the necessity for biparental care is not one that applies to Longnose Butterfly fish because they lay pelagic, or freely floating, eggs. One source of selective pressure responsible for the monogamous pairs observed in Longnose Butterflyfish could be the advantage to territorial defense that it provides. Monogamy is favored when a pair makes the defense of one or more resources more efficient than defense by a solitary individual. As stated before, Longnose Butterflyfish tend to patrol their territory together. For this reason, they do not increase the effectiveness of sharing the responsibilities of territorial defense by reducing the cost of energetic expense. Instead, efficiency is increased through the non-aggressive advertisements that come about from the pared patrol method [3]. Longnose Butterflyfish pairs have been confirmed by studies to be heterosexual and pair fidelity has been observed for periods of up to seven or more years [4]. Besides the advertisement displays accomplished through monogamous pairing, territorial domination by Longnose Butterflyfish has also been observed by means of acoustic behaviors, which provide important cues and social signals during fish communication [6]. Emitting sounds through complicated body movements is another technique the Longnose Butterflyfish use to advertise territorial boundaries. Potential rivals are able to assess body size of a competitor based on the duration and intensity of the sound that a Longnose Butterflyfish produces[6]. The duration and intensity of the sounds emitted during agnostic behaviors, such as the defense of one’s territory, often predict the ability of an individual to secure that territory[6] . A sound of long duration and high intensity is, therefore, often an indicator that an individual is in possession of a large territory.
References
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Forcipiger flavissimus" in FishBase. February 2013 version.
- ^ http://disney.wikia.com/wiki/Tad
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Monogamy in Marine fisheswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c "Sound production in the longnose butterflyfishes (genus Forcipiger): cranial kinematics, muscle activity and honest signals". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011. doi:10.1242/jeb.062554. Retrieved 9/17/13.
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