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The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is a [[mobile genetic element]] of ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' [[bacteria]]l species. This genetic element provides for several immune modulating functions, including resistance to polyamines which serve as a non-specific immune response both on intact skin and following the inflammatory response in wound healing<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.007}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Gauri S.|coauthors=Spontak, Jeffrey S.; Klapper, David G.; Richardson, Anthony R.|title=Arginine catabolic mobile element encoded speG abrogates the unique hypersensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to exogenous polyamines|journal=Molecular Microbiology|year=2011|month=October|volume=82|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07809.x}}</ref>. Diverse ACME are present in several species of ''Staphylococcus'', including ''S. epidermidis''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barbier|first=F.|coauthors=Lebeaux, D.; Hernandez, D.; Delannoy, A.-S.; Caro, V.; Francois, P.; Schrenzel, J.; Ruppe, E.; Gaillard, K.; Wolff, M.; Brisse, S.; Andremont, A.; Ruimy, R.|title=High prevalence of the arginine catabolic mobile element in carriage isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|date=9 November 2010|volume=66|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1093/jac/dkq410}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Miragaia|first=Maria|coauthors=de Lencastre, Herminia; Perdreau-Remington, Francoise; Chambers, Henry F.; Higashi, Julie; Sullam, Paul M.; Lin, Jessica; Wong, Kester I.; King, Katherine A.; Otto, Michael; Sensabaugh, George F.; Diep, Binh An; DeLeo, Frank R.|title=Genetic Diversity of Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element in Staphylococcus epidermidis|journal=PLoS ONE|date=6 November 2009|volume=4|issue=11|pages=e7722|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007722}}</ref>.
The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is a [[mobile genetic element]] of ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' [[bacteria]]l species. This genetic sequence provides for resistance to polyamines which serve as a non-specific immune response both on intact skin and following the inflammatory response in wound healing.


==Association with virulent [[MRSA]]==
The elements of ACME are found in native skin ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' species (such as ''S. epidermidis'') and appear to have assembled recently into ACME which was then transferred to ''S. aureus'' during the evolution of the epidemic USA300 [[MRSA]] strain. This strain is able to persist on intact skin and is spread rapidly person-to-person. As a result, the ACME is a particularly important element of MRSA pathogenesis.
ACME are not common among antibiotic sensitive ''S. aureus'' (MSSA) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Goering|first=R. V.|coauthors=McDougal, L. K.; Fosheim, G. E.; Bonnstetter, K. K.; Wolter, D. J.; Tenover, F. C.|title=Epidemiologic Distribution of the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element among Selected Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=4 April 2007|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1981–1984|doi=10.1128/JCM.00273-07}}</ref>. The elements for the most prominent MRSA ACME appear to have assembled recently in ''S. epidermidis'' into the speG-positive ACME which was transferred to virulent ''S. aureus'' during the evolution of the epidemic USA300 [[MRSA]] strain<ref>{{cite journal|last=Planet|first=P. J.|coauthors=LaRussa, S. J.; Dana, A.; Smith, H.; Xu, A.; Ryan, C.; Uhlemann, A.-C.; Boundy, S.; Goldberg, J.; Narechania, A.; Kulkarni, R.; Ratner, A. J.; Geoghegan, J. A.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Prince, A.|title=Emergence of the Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA300 Coincides with Horizontal Transfer of the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element and speG-mediated Adaptations for Survival on Skin|journal=mBio|date=17 December 2013|volume=4|issue=6|pages=e00889-13–e00889-13|doi=10.1128/mBio.00889-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Diep|first=Binh An|coauthors=Stone, Gregory G.; Basuino, Li; Graber, Christopher J.; Miller, Alita; Etages, Shelley‐Ann des; Jones, Alison; Palazzolo‐Ballance, Amy M.; Perdreau‐Remington, Françoise; Sensabaugh, George F.; DeLeo, Frank R.; Chambers, Henry F.|title=The Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element and Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette Linkage: Convergence of Virulence and Resistance in the USA300 Clone of Methicillin‐Resistant|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|year=2008|month=June|volume=197|issue=11|pages=1523–1530|doi=10.1086/587907}}</ref> . This broadened the ability of S. aureus to colonize sites other than a specific part of the nose<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yan|first=Miling|coauthors=Pamp, Sünje J.; Fukuyama, Julia; Hwang, Peter H.; Cho, Do-Yeon; Holmes, Susan; Relman, David A.|title=Nasal Microenvironments and Interspecific Interactions Influence Nasal Microbiota Complexity and S. aureus Carriage|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|year=2013|month=December|volume=14|issue=6|pages=631–640|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2013.11.005}}</ref>. This strain is able to persist on intact skin and is spread rapidly person-to-person. As a result, the speG-positive ACME is a particularly important element of MRSA pathogenesis.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 7: Line 8:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Genetics]]

Revision as of 16:52, 2 January 2014

The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is a mobile genetic element of Staphylococcus bacterial species. This genetic element provides for several immune modulating functions, including resistance to polyamines which serve as a non-specific immune response both on intact skin and following the inflammatory response in wound healing[1] [2]. Diverse ACME are present in several species of Staphylococcus, including S. epidermidis[3][4].

Association with virulent MRSA

ACME are not common among antibiotic sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) [5]. The elements for the most prominent MRSA ACME appear to have assembled recently in S. epidermidis into the speG-positive ACME which was transferred to virulent S. aureus during the evolution of the epidemic USA300 MRSA strain[6][7] . This broadened the ability of S. aureus to colonize sites other than a specific part of the nose[8]. This strain is able to persist on intact skin and is spread rapidly person-to-person. As a result, the speG-positive ACME is a particularly important element of MRSA pathogenesis.

See also

References

  1. ^ . doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ Joshi, Gauri S. (2011). "Arginine catabolic mobile element encoded speG abrogates the unique hypersensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to exogenous polyamines". Molecular Microbiology. 82 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07809.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Barbier, F. (9 November 2010). "High prevalence of the arginine catabolic mobile element in carriage isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 66 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1093/jac/dkq410. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Miragaia, Maria (6 November 2009). "Genetic Diversity of Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element in Staphylococcus epidermidis". PLoS ONE. 4 (11): e7722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007722. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Goering, R. V. (4 April 2007). "Epidemiologic Distribution of the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element among Selected Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (6): 1981–1984. doi:10.1128/JCM.00273-07. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Planet, P. J. (17 December 2013). "Emergence of the Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA300 Coincides with Horizontal Transfer of the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element and speG-mediated Adaptations for Survival on Skin". mBio. 4 (6): e00889-13–e00889-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00889-13. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Diep, Binh An (2008). "The Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element and Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette Linkage: Convergence of Virulence and Resistance in the USA300 Clone of Methicillin‐Resistant". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 197 (11): 1523–1530. doi:10.1086/587907. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); no-break space character in |coauthors= at position 15 (help); no-break space character in |first= at position 5 (help)
  8. ^ Yan, Miling (2013). "Nasal Microenvironments and Interspecific Interactions Influence Nasal Microbiota Complexity and S. aureus Carriage". Cell Host & Microbe. 14 (6): 631–640. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.11.005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); no-break space character in |coauthors= at position 12 (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 100 (help)


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