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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Gray woolly monkey<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=151-152|id=12100412}}</ref>
| name = Gray woolly monkey<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=151–152|id=12100412}}</ref>
| status = EN
| status = EN
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = iucn3.1
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}}
}}


The '''gray woolly monkey''', ''Lagothrix cana'', is a [[woolly monkey]] [[species]] from [[South America]]. It is found in [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]]. ''Lagothrix cana'' gets its common name, gray woolly monkey, from its thick gray coat. Its hands, feet, face and the inside of the arms are dark in color.<ref name="Rowe, N. 1996">Rowe, N. (1996)''The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates.'' Pogonias Press, Rhode Island.</ref> Two subspecies of ''Lagothrix cana'' are known: ''L. c. cana'' and ''L. c. tschudii''. ''L. c. cana'' is found in both [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] and ''L. c. tschudii'' is found only in southeastern [[Peru]].<ref name=iucn/> An isolated population was discovered by Wallace and Painter in the [[Madidi National Park]] in [[Bolivia]]. This population is distinctively darker and could soon be a new subspecies.<ref name="Wallace, R.B 1999">Wallace, R.B. and Painter, R.L.E. (1999) A new primate record for Bolivia: an apparently isolated population of common woolly monkeys representing a southern range extension for the genus ''Lagothrix''. ''Neotropical Primates'', 7(4): 111-112.</ref> The gray woolly monkey has been considered [[endangered]] by [[IUCN]] since 2008. The species is listed as [[endangered]] because the it suffered a 50% decrease in population over the past 45 years due to deforestation and hunting.<ref name=iucn/>
The '''gray woolly monkey''' (''Lagothrix cana'') is a [[woolly monkey]] [[species]] from [[South America]]. It is found in [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]]. ''Lagothrix cana'' gets its common name, gray woolly monkey, from its thick gray coat. Its hands, feet, face and the inside of the arms are dark in color.<ref name="Rowe, N. 1996">Rowe, N. (1996) ''The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates.'' Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. ISBN 0964882515.</ref> Two subspecies of ''Lagothrix cana'' are known: ''L. c. cana'' and ''L. c. tschudii''. ''L. c. cana'' is found in both [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] and ''L. c. tschudii'' is found only in southeastern [[Peru]].<ref name=iucn/> An isolated population was discovered by Wallace and Painter in the [[Madidi National Park]] in [[Bolivia]]. This population is distinctively darker and could soon be a new subspecies.<ref name="Wallace, R.B 1999">{{cite journal|author=Wallace, R.B. and Painter, R.L.E. |year=1999|title= A new primate record for Bolivia: an apparently isolated population of common woolly monkeys representing a southern range extension for the genus ''Lagothrix''|journal=Neotropical Primates|volume= 7|issue=4|pages=111–112|url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/news/journals/NeotropicalPrimates/7%284%29.pdf}}</ref> The gray woolly monkey has been considered [[endangered]] by [[IUCN]] since 2008. The species is listed as [[endangered]] because the it suffered a 50% decrease in population over the past 45 years due to deforestation and hunting.<ref name=iucn/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
''Lagothrix cana'' or the gray woolly monkey predominantly lives in [[cloud forest]], a type of forest under cloud cover for most of the year. They can be found anywhere from 1,000 to 2,500 metres above sea level. The population of gray woolly monkeys in [[Bolivia]] have been reported to be found as low as 700 metres above sea level.<ref name="Wallace, R.B 1999"/> They spend the majority of their time high in the tree tops in search of food.<ref name="Peres, C.A. 1994">Peres, C.A. (1994) Diet and feeding ecology of gray woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) in central Amazonia: comparisons with other atelines. ''International Journal of Primatololgy'', 15: 333-372.</ref> They move through the trees using their large prehensile tails, which is a common trait seen in the family Atelidae.<ref name="Fiore, A 2007">Di Fiore, A. and Campbell, C.J. (2007) The atelines: variation in ecology, behavior, and social organization. In: Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K.C., Panger, M. and Bearder, S.K. (Eds.) ''Primates in Perspective''. Oxford University Press, New York.</ref> They are capable of hanging from their tails and often use them to bridge gaps between trees when travelling in them.<ref>Rosenberger, A.L. and Strier, K.B. (1989) Adaptive radiation of the ateline primates. ''Journal of Human Evolution'', 18(7): 717-750.</ref>
''Lagothrix cana'' or the gray woolly monkey predominantly lives in [[cloud forest]], a type of forest under cloud cover for most of the year. They can be found anywhere from 1,000 to 2,500 metres above sea level. The population of gray woolly monkeys in [[Bolivia]] have been reported to be found as low as 700 metres above sea level.<ref name="Wallace, R.B 1999"/> They spend the majority of their time high in the tree tops in search of food.<ref name="Peres, C.A. 1994">{{cite doi|10.1007/BF02696098}}</ref> They move through the trees using their large prehensile tails, which is a common trait seen in the family Atelidae.<ref name="Fiore, A 2007">Di Fiore, A. and Campbell, C.J. (2007) The atelines: variation in ecology, behavior, and social organization. In: Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K.C., Panger, M. and Bearder, S.K. (Eds.) ''Primates in Perspective''. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0195171349.</ref> They are capable of hanging from their tails and often use them to bridge gaps between trees when travelling in them.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rosenberger, A.L. and Strier, K.B. |year=1989|title= Adaptive radiation of the ateline primates|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume= 18|issue=7|pages= 717–750}}</ref>


==Diet==
==Diet==
Line 32: Line 32:


==Size==
==Size==
In general, males are larger than females. A male's head-body length ranges from 46 to 65 cm in length. A female's head-body length ranges from 46 to 58 cm in length. The tail length of the gray woolly monkey is on average from 66 to 68 cm in length.<ref name="Rowe, N. 1996"/> The male gray woolly monkey weighs an average of 9.5 kg. The female gray woolly monkey weighs an average of 7.7 kg.<ref>Ford, S.M. and Davis, L.C. (1992) Systematics and body size: implications for feeding adaptations in New World monkeys. ''American Journal of Physical Anthropolology'', 88: 415-468.</ref>
In general, males are larger than females. A male's head-body length ranges from 46 to 65 cm in length. A female's head-body length ranges from 46 to 58 cm in length. The tail length of the gray woolly monkey is on average from 66 to 68 cm in length.<ref name="Rowe, N. 1996"/> The male gray woolly monkey weighs an average of 9.5 kg. The female gray woolly monkey weighs an average of 7.7 kg.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajpa.1330880403 }}</ref>


==Threats==
==Threats==
The main threat the species faces is hunting. They are hunted for food and pets. The females are often targeted for hunting as they are shot and then their offspring are taken and sold as pets. One story from the western Amazon reported several hunters who killed over 200 woolly monkeys in less than two years, which led to their local extinction. Deforestation is another major threat. Mining for [[cassiterite]], a mineral used to make tin, is also a threat for both losing habitat and hunting.<ref>Peres, C.A. (1990) Effects of hunting on western Amazonian primate communities. ''Biological Conservation'', 54(1): 47-59.</ref>
The main threat the species faces is hunting. They are hunted for food and pets. The females are often targeted for hunting as they are shot and then their offspring are taken and sold as pets. One story from the western Amazon reported several hunters who killed over 200 woolly monkeys in less than two years, which led to their local extinction. Deforestation is another major threat. Mining for [[cassiterite]], a mineral used to make tin, is also a threat for both losing habitat and hunting.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Peres, C.A. |year=1990|title= Effects of hunting on western Amazonian primate communities|journal=Biological Conservation|volume= 54|issue=1|pages=47–59|url=http://www.academia.edu/4904832/Effects_of_Hunting_on_Western_Amazonian_Primate_Communities}}</ref>


==Conservation==
==Conservation==

Revision as of 06:45, 19 April 2014

Gray woolly monkey[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Family:
Atelidae
Genus:
Lagothrix
Species:
L. cana
Binomial name
Lagothrix cana
(É. Geoffroy, 1812)
Geographic range

The gray woolly monkey (Lagothrix cana) is a woolly monkey species from South America. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. Lagothrix cana gets its common name, gray woolly monkey, from its thick gray coat. Its hands, feet, face and the inside of the arms are dark in color.[3] Two subspecies of Lagothrix cana are known: L. c. cana and L. c. tschudii. L. c. cana is found in both Brazil and Peru and L. c. tschudii is found only in southeastern Peru.[2] An isolated population was discovered by Wallace and Painter in the Madidi National Park in Bolivia. This population is distinctively darker and could soon be a new subspecies.[4] The gray woolly monkey has been considered endangered by IUCN since 2008. The species is listed as endangered because the it suffered a 50% decrease in population over the past 45 years due to deforestation and hunting.[2]

Habitat

Lagothrix cana or the gray woolly monkey predominantly lives in cloud forest, a type of forest under cloud cover for most of the year. They can be found anywhere from 1,000 to 2,500 metres above sea level. The population of gray woolly monkeys in Bolivia have been reported to be found as low as 700 metres above sea level.[4] They spend the majority of their time high in the tree tops in search of food.[5] They move through the trees using their large prehensile tails, which is a common trait seen in the family Atelidae.[6] They are capable of hanging from their tails and often use them to bridge gaps between trees when travelling in them.[7]

Diet

The gray woolly monkey predominantly eats fruit, but occasionally when fruit is scarce will eat young leaves and sometimes seeds.[5]

Groups

Gray woolly monkeys live in groups of 11 to 25 members. These groups are of both mixed ages and sexes.[6] The group will move together and show little aggression towards other groups, and will often share the best feeding spots with other groups.[3]

Size

In general, males are larger than females. A male's head-body length ranges from 46 to 65 cm in length. A female's head-body length ranges from 46 to 58 cm in length. The tail length of the gray woolly monkey is on average from 66 to 68 cm in length.[3] The male gray woolly monkey weighs an average of 9.5 kg. The female gray woolly monkey weighs an average of 7.7 kg.[8]

Threats

The main threat the species faces is hunting. They are hunted for food and pets. The females are often targeted for hunting as they are shot and then their offspring are taken and sold as pets. One story from the western Amazon reported several hunters who killed over 200 woolly monkeys in less than two years, which led to their local extinction. Deforestation is another major threat. Mining for cassiterite, a mineral used to make tin, is also a threat for both losing habitat and hunting.[9]

Conservation

The gray woolly monkey is currently protected in many national parks.[2] They are also listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade of Endagenered Species (CITES).[10] The following is a list of protected areas in Brazil where the gray woolly monkey occurs or may occur.[2]

The entire known population of these monkeys in Bolivia are found in the Apolobamba Natural Area of Integrated Management and the Madidi National Park and Natural Area of Integrated Management.[2]

References

Wikispecies has information related to Gray Woolly Monkey.
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Template:IUCN2011.2
  3. ^ a b c Rowe, N. (1996) The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. ISBN 0964882515.
  4. ^ a b Wallace, R.B. and Painter, R.L.E. (1999). "A new primate record for Bolivia: an apparently isolated population of common woolly monkeys representing a southern range extension for the genus Lagothrix" (PDF). Neotropical Primates. 7 (4): 111–112.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/BF02696098, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/BF02696098 instead.
  6. ^ a b Di Fiore, A. and Campbell, C.J. (2007) The atelines: variation in ecology, behavior, and social organization. In: Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K.C., Panger, M. and Bearder, S.K. (Eds.) Primates in Perspective. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0195171349.
  7. ^ Rosenberger, A.L. and Strier, K.B. (1989). "Adaptive radiation of the ateline primates". Journal of Human Evolution. 18 (7): 717–750.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880403 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330880403 instead.
  9. ^ Peres, C.A. (1990). "Effects of hunting on western Amazonian primate communities". Biological Conservation. 54 (1): 47–59.
  10. ^ CITES (December, 2011) http://www.cites.org/
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