Lumbricus terrestris: Difference between revisions
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== As an invasive species in North America == |
== As an invasive species in North America == |
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{{Main|Invasive earthworms of North America}} |
{{Main|Invasive earthworms of North America}} |
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''L. terrestris'' is considered invasive in the north central United States. It does not do well in tilled fields because of a lack of nutrients, pesticide exposure, and physical injuries from farm equipment.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kladivko EJ, Akhouri NM, Weesies G | year = 1997 | title = Earthworm populations and species distributions under no-till and conventional tillage in Indiana and Illinois | journal = Soil Biol Biochem | volume = 29 | pages = 613–615}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Butt KR, Shipitalo MJ, Bohlen PJ, Edwards WM, Parmelee RW | year = 1999 | title = Long-term trends in earthworm populations of cropped experimental watersheds in Ohio, USA | journal = Pedobiologia | volume = 43 | pages = 713–719}}</ref> The species, however, thrives in fence rows and woodlots and can lead to reductions in native herbaceous and tree regrowth.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Frelich LE, Hale CM, Scheu S, Holdsworth AR, Heneghan L, Bohlen PJ, Reich PB | year = 2006 | title = Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests | journal = Biol Invasions | volume = 8 | pages = 1235–1245}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | author = Hale CM, Frelich LE, Reich PB | year = 2005 | title = Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA | journal = Ecol Appl | volume = 15 | pages = 848–860}}</ref> |
''L. terrestris'' is considered invasive in the north central United States. It does not do well in tilled fields because of a lack of nutrients, pesticide exposure, and physical injuries from farm equipment.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kladivko EJ, Akhouri NM, Weesies G | year = 1997 | title = Earthworm populations and species distributions under no-till and conventional tillage in Indiana and Illinois | journal = Soil Biol Biochem | volume = 29 | pages = 613–615 | doi=10.1016/s0038-0717(96)00187-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Butt KR, Shipitalo MJ, Bohlen PJ, Edwards WM, Parmelee RW | year = 1999 | title = Long-term trends in earthworm populations of cropped experimental watersheds in Ohio, USA | journal = Pedobiologia | volume = 43 | pages = 713–719}}</ref> The species, however, thrives in fence rows and woodlots and can lead to reductions in native herbaceous and tree regrowth.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Frelich LE, Hale CM, Scheu S, Holdsworth AR, Heneghan L, Bohlen PJ, Reich PB | year = 2006 | title = Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests | journal = Biol Invasions | volume = 8 | pages = 1235–1245 | doi=10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | author = Hale CM, Frelich LE, Reich PB | year = 2005 | title = Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA | journal = Ecol Appl | volume = 15 | pages = 848–860 | doi=10.1890/03-5345}}</ref> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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Revision as of 15:06, 27 April 2014
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| Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758
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Lumbricus terrestris is a large, reddish worm species native to Europe[citation needed], but now also widely distributed elsewhere around the world (along with several other lumbricids) due to human introductions. In some areas where it has been introduced, some people consider it to be a serious pest species since it is outcompeting native worms.
Through much of Europe, it is the largest naturally occurring species of earthworm, typically reaching 20 - 25 cm in length when extended (though in parts of southern Europe, the native species are much larger). In September 2012, a specimen was found in SW China measuring roughly 50 cm in length. It has an unusual habit of copulating on the surface at night, which makes it more visible than most other earthworms.
Common names
Because it is widely known, Lumbricus terrestris goes under a variety of common names. In Britain, it is primarily called the common earthworm or lob worm (though that name is also applied to a marine polychaete). In North America, the term nightcrawler (or vitalis) is also used. In Canada, it is also called the dew worm, or "Grandaddy Earthworm". In the rest of the world, most references are just to the scientific name, though with occasional reference to the above names.
Although this is not the most abundant earthworm, even in its native range, it is a very conspicuous and familiar earthworm species in garden and agricultural soils of the temperate zone, and is frequently seen on the surface, unlike most other earthworms. It is also used as the example earthworm for millions of biology students around the world, even in areas where the species does not exist. However, 'earthworm' can be a source of confusion, since in most of the world, other species are more typical. For example, through much of the unirrigated temperate areas of the world, the "common earthworm" is actually Aporrectodea (=Allolobophora) trapezoides, which in those areas is a similar size and dark color to L. terrestris.
Biology
L. terrestris is an anecic worm. That is, it forms temporary deep burrows and comes to the surface to feed, as opposed to burrowing through the soil for its food as most other earthworms do. An unusual habit of this species is to pull leaves into the mouth of its burrow where they partially decay before being eaten. While they generally feed on plant material, they have been observed feeding on dead insects and feces.
The potential life span of L. terrestris is unknown, though it has lived up to the age of six years in captivity. The most widely accepted approximation is around four to eight years in the wild. The world record is 69 years according to the National zoo located in Washington D.C.
In parts of Europe, notably the Atlantic fringe of northwestern Europe, it is now locally endangered due to predation by the New Zealand flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) and the Australian flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea), two predatory flatworms accidentally introduced from New Zealand and Australia. These predators are very efficient earthworm eaters, being able to survive for lengthy periods with no food, so still persist even when their prey has dropped to unsustainably low populations. In some areas, this is having a seriously adverse effect on the soil structure and quality. The soil aeration and organic material mixing previously done by the earthworms has ceased in some areas.
As an invasive species in North America
L. terrestris is considered invasive in the north central United States. It does not do well in tilled fields because of a lack of nutrients, pesticide exposure, and physical injuries from farm equipment.[1][2] The species, however, thrives in fence rows and woodlots and can lead to reductions in native herbaceous and tree regrowth.[3][4]
External links
- ^ Kladivko EJ, Akhouri NM, Weesies G (1997). "Earthworm populations and species distributions under no-till and conventional tillage in Indiana and Illinois". Soil Biol Biochem. 29: 613–615. doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(96)00187-3.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Butt KR, Shipitalo MJ, Bohlen PJ, Edwards WM, Parmelee RW (1999). "Long-term trends in earthworm populations of cropped experimental watersheds in Ohio, USA". Pedobiologia. 43: 713–719.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Frelich LE, Hale CM, Scheu S, Holdsworth AR, Heneghan L, Bohlen PJ, Reich PB (2006). "Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests". Biol Invasions. 8: 1235–1245. doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hale CM, Frelich LE, Reich PB (2005). "Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA". Ecol Appl. 15: 848–860. doi:10.1890/03-5345.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Types of Earthworms - New Zealand
- Earthworm Research Group (at the University of Central Lancashire):Frequently Asked Questions
- NNZ-Nightcrawler
- The microfungal community of Lumbricus terrestris middens in a Linden (Tilia cordata) forest (PDF)
- Exotic Earthworms in Minnesota Hardwood Forests (PDF)
- Wise, Scott (2 September 2012). "Biologists trying to figure why giant earthworm grew so big". CBS 6, WTVR-TV. Retrieved 15 May 2013.