Default mode network: Difference between revisions

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The default mode network (DMN) may be modulated by the following interventions:
The default mode network (DMN) may be modulated by the following interventions:

* '''[[Acupuncture]]''' - Deactivation of the limbic brain areas and the DMN.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Wenjing|last2=Pach|first2=Daniel|last3=Napadow|first3=Vitaly|last4=Park|first4=Kyungmo|last5=Long|first5=Xiangyu|last6=Neumann|first6=Jane|last7=Maeda|first7=Yumi|last8=Nierhaus|first8=Till|last9=Liang|first9=Fanrong|last10=Witt|first10=Claudia M.|last11=Harrison|first11=Ben J.|title=Characterizing Acupuncture Stimuli Using Brain Imaging with fMRI - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|date=9 April 2012|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e32960|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032960|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032960#pone-0032960-g004}}</ref>


* '''[[Meditation]]''' - Changes in brain areas of the DMN such as the [[temporoparietal junction]], [[posterior cingulate cortex]], and [[precuneus]] have been found in meditation practitioners.<ref name="metaanalysis"/> There is reduced activation and reduced functional connectivity of the DMN in long-term practitioners.<ref name="metaanalysis">{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Kieran C.R.|last2=Nijeboer|first2=Savannah|last3=Dixon|first3=Matthew L.|last4=Floman|first4=James L.|last5=Ellamil|first5=Melissa|last6=Rumak|first6=Samuel P.|last7=Sedlmeier|first7=Peter|last8=Christoff|first8=Kalina|title=Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners|journal=[[Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews]]|volume=43|pages=48–73|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763414000724}}</ref>
* '''[[Meditation]]''' - Changes in brain areas of the DMN such as the [[temporoparietal junction]], [[posterior cingulate cortex]], and [[precuneus]] have been found in meditation practitioners.<ref name="metaanalysis"/> There is reduced activation and reduced functional connectivity of the DMN in long-term practitioners.<ref name="metaanalysis">{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Kieran C.R.|last2=Nijeboer|first2=Savannah|last3=Dixon|first3=Matthew L.|last4=Floman|first4=James L.|last5=Ellamil|first5=Melissa|last6=Rumak|first6=Samuel P.|last7=Sedlmeier|first7=Peter|last8=Christoff|first8=Kalina|title=Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners|journal=[[Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews]]|volume=43|pages=48–73|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763414000724}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:19, 30 July 2014

Graphs of the dynamic development of correlations between brain networks. (A) In children the regions are largely local and are organized by their physical location; the frontal regions are highlighted in light blue. (B) In adults the networks become highly correlated despite their physical distance; the default network is highlighted in light red.[1]
Default Mode Network Connectivity. This image shows main regions of the default mode network (yellow) and connectivity between the regions color-coded by structural traversing direction (xyz -> rgb).[2] [3]

In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN) is a network of brain regions that are active when the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest. Also called the default network, default state network, or task-negative network, the DMS is characterized by coherent neuronal oscillations at a rate lower than 0.1 Hz (one every ten seconds). During goal-oriented activity, the DMN is deactivated and another network, the task-positive network (TPN) is activated. The DMN may correspond to task-independent introspection, or self-referential thought, while the TPN corresponds to action, and thus perhaps the DMN and TPN may be "considered elements of a single default network with anti-correlated components".[4]

Anatomy

The default mode network is an interconnected and anatomically defined[5] brain system that preferentially activates when individuals engage in internal tasks such as daydreaming, envisioning the future, retrieving memories, and gauging others' perspectives.[5] It is negatively correlated with brain systems that focus on external visual signals. Its subsystems include part of the medial temporal lobe for memory, part of the medial prefrontal cortex for theory of mind, and the posterior cingulate cortex for integration,[5] along with the adjacent ventral precuneus [6] and the medial, lateral and inferior parietal cortex. It has been shown that the default mode network exhibits the highest overlap in its structural and functional connectivity, which suggests that the structural architecture of the brain may be built in such a way that this particular network is activated (by default) as long as no other mental activities are in process (i.e. in a task-absent state).[7] In the infant brain, there is limited evidence of the default network, but default network connectivity is more consistent in children aged 9–12 years, suggesting that the default network undergoes developmental change.[4]

Function

In humans, the default mode network has been hypothesized to generate spontaneous thoughts during mind-wandering and may relate to creativity.[5][8] Alternatively, default mode activity may represent underlying physiological processes going on in the brain that are unrelated to any particular thought or thoughts.[9] The posterior cingulate gyrus discerns emotional and self-relevant information; this interacts with the anterior cingulate gyrus, which integrates emotional information with cognition; and the medial prefrontal cortex, which allows for self-reflection and the regulation of emotion and arousal. This appears to correlate with the experience of people who have experienced long-term trauma and describe feeling 'dead inside' or have a fragmented sense of self or enter dissociative states.[citation needed] Children who have been traumatised often lack an inner world of imagination and show little symbolic play, this too is likely to be due to interruptions across the default network.[citation needed]

Pathophysiology

It has been hypothesized to be relevant to disorders including Alzheimer's disease, autism, and schizophrenia.[5] In particular, reduced default network activity has been associated with autism,[10] overactivity with schizophrenia,[11] and the default network is preferentially attacked by the buildup of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease.[12] Lower connectivity was found across the default network in people who have experienced long term trauma, such as childhood abuse. Among people experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder, lower activation was found in the posterior cingulate gyrus compared to controls (Dr. Ruth Lanius, Brain Mapping conference, London, November 2010).

Modulation

The default mode network (DMN) may be modulated by the following interventions:

Criticism

The idea of a "default network" is not universally accepted.[15] In 2007 the concept of the default mode was criticized as not being useful for understanding brain function, on the grounds that a simpler hypothesis is that a resting brain actually does more processing than a brain doing certain "demanding" tasks, and that there is no special significance to the intrinsic activity of the resting brain.

History

Hans Berger, the inventor of the electroencephalogram, was the first to propose the idea that the brain is constantly busy. In a series of papers published in 1929 he showed that the electrical oscillations detected by his device do not cease even when the subject is at rest. However, his ideas were not taken seriously, and a general perception formed among neurologists that only when a focused activity is performed does the brain (or a part of the brain) become active.[16]

Later, experiments by neurologist Marcus E. Raichle's lab at Washington University School of Medicine and other groups showed that the brain's energy consumption is increased by less than 5% of its baseline energy consumption while performing a focused mental task. These experiments showed that the brain is constantly active with a high level of activity even when the person is not engaged in focused mental work. Research thereafter focused on finding the regions responsible for this constant background activity level.[16]

Raichle coined the term "default mode" in 2001 to describe resting state brain function;[17] the concept rapidly became a central theme in neuroscience.[9] The brain has other Resting State Networks (RSNs), such as visual and auditory networks.[4]

References

  1. ^ Fair, Damien A.; Cohen, Alexander L.; Power, Jonathan D.; Dosenbach, Nico U. F.; Church, Jessica A.; Miezin, Francis M.; Schlaggar, Bradley L.; Petersen, Steven E. (2009). Sporns, Olaf (ed.). "Functional Brain Networks Develop from a 'Local to Distributed' Organization". PLoS Computational Biology. 5 (5): e1000381. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381. PMC 2671306. PMID 19412534.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Horn, Andreas; Ostwald, Dirk; Reisert, Marco; Blankenburg, Felix (2013). "The structural-functional connectome and the default mode network of the human brain". NeuroImage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.069. PMID 24099851.
  3. ^ Garrity, A.; Pearlson, G. D.; McKiernan, K.; Lloyd, D.; Kiehl, K. A.; Calhoun, V. D. (2007). "berrant default mode functional connectivity in schizophrenia". Am.J.Psychiatry. 164: 450–457. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 21 (help)
  4. ^ a b c Broyd, Samantha J.; Demanuele, Charmaine; Debener, Stefan; Helps, Suzannah K.; James, Christopher J.; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J.S. (2009). "Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (3): 279–96. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002. PMID 18824195.
  5. ^ a b c d e Buckner, R. L.; Andrews-Hanna, J. R.; Schacter, D. L. (2008). "The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1124 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011. PMID 18400922.
  6. ^ Zhang S, Li CS; Li (February 2012). "Functional connectivity mapping of the human precuneus by resting state fMRI". NeuroImage. 59 (4): 3548–3562. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.023. PMC 3288461. PMID 22116037.
  7. ^ Horn A, Ostwald D, Reisert M, Blankenburg F; Blankenburg (2013). "The structural-functional connectome and the default mode network of the human brain". NeuroImage. 13: 1053–8119. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.069. PMID 24099851.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 22941876, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=22941876 instead.
  9. ^ a b Raichle, Marcus E.; Snyder, Abraham Z. (2007). "A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea". NeuroImage. 37 (4): 1083–90. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.041. PMID 17719799.
  10. ^ Kennedy, DP; Redcay, E; Courchesne, E (2006). "Failing to deactivate: resting functional abnormalities in autism". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 103 (21): 8275–8280. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600674103. PMC 1472462. PMID 16702548.
  11. ^ Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.; Thermenos, H. W.; Milanovic, S.; Tsuang, M. T.; Faraone, S. V.; McCarley, R. W.; Shenton, M. E.; Green, A. I.; et al. (2009). "Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (4): 1279–84. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809141106. PMC 2633557. PMID 19164577.
  12. ^ Kolata G (2010-12-13). "Insights give hope for new attack on Alzheimer's". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
  13. ^ Huang, Wenjing; Pach, Daniel; Napadow, Vitaly; Park, Kyungmo; Long, Xiangyu; Neumann, Jane; Maeda, Yumi; Nierhaus, Till; Liang, Fanrong; Witt, Claudia M.; Harrison, Ben J. (9 April 2012). "Characterizing Acupuncture Stimuli Using Brain Imaging with fMRI - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e32960. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032960.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ a b Fox, Kieran C.R.; Nijeboer, Savannah; Dixon, Matthew L.; Floman, James L.; Ellamil, Melissa; Rumak, Samuel P.; Sedlmeier, Peter; Christoff, Kalina. "Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 43: 48–73. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016.
  15. ^ Fair, D. A.; Cohen, A. L.; Dosenbach, N. U. F.; Church, J. A.; Miezin, F. M.; Barch, D. M.; Raichle, M. E.; Petersen, S. E.; Schlaggar, B. L. (2008). "The maturing architecture of the brain's default network". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (10): 4028–32. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800376105. PMC 2268790. PMID 18322013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=9 (help)
  16. ^ a b Raichle, Marcus (March 2010). "The Brain's Dark Energy". Scientific American: 44–49.
  17. ^ Raichle, M. E.; MacLeod, AM; Snyder, AZ; Powers, WJ; Gusnard, DA; Shulman, GL (2001). "Inaugural Article: A default mode of brain function". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (2): 676–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676. PMC 14647. PMID 11209064.

External links

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