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This article is about tooth development in animals. For tooth development in humans, see [[Human tooth development]].
#redirect [[Tooth development]]


In [[fish]] [[hox gene]] expression regulates mechanisms for [[teeth]] initiation.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fraser GJ, Hulsey CD, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman JT |title=An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws |journal=PloS Biology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e31 |date=February 2009|pmid=19215146 |pmc=2637924|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031|editor1-last=Jernvall|editor1-first=Jukka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fraser GJ, Bloomquist RF, Streelman JT |title=A periodic pattern generator for dental diversity|journal=BMC Biology |volume=6 |issue= |page=32 |year=2008 |pmid=18625062 |pmc=2496899|doi=10.1186/1741-7007-6-32}}</ref>

In [[mouse]] [[Wnt signaling pathway|WNT]] signals are required for the initiation of teeth development.<ref name=pmid11044393>{{Cite journal|author=Dassule HR, Lewis P, Bei M, Maas R, McMahon AP |title=Sonic hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth |journal=Development |volume=127 |issue=22 |pages=4775–85 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11044393 |url=http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11044393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Järvinen E, Salazar-Ciudad I, Birchmeier W, Taketo MM, Jernvall J, Thesleff I |title=Continuous tooth generation in mouse is induced by activated epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=49 |pages=18627–32 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17121988 |pmc=1693713 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0607289103}}</ref>

== Invertebrate "teeth" ==

True teeth are unique to [[vertebrates]],<ref name="kardong">{{cite book|last=Kardong|first=Kenneth V.|title=Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution|year=1995|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-697-21991-7|pages=55, 57}}</ref> although some invertebrates have structures have [[Analogy (biology)|analogous structures]] sometimes called "teeth" - the [[organism]] with the simplest [[genome]] bearing such "[[teeth]]" is probably the [[worm]] genus [[Ancylostoma]] ([[Ancylostoma duodenale]], [[Necator americanus]]).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nematode.net/Species.Summaries/Ancylostoma.duodenale/index.php|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080516010133/http://www.nematode.net/Species.Summaries/Ancylostoma.duodenale/index.php|archivedate = 2008-05-16|title = Ancylostoma duodenale|publisher = Nematode.net Genome Sequencing Center |accessdate = 2009-10-27}}</ref> Molluscs have a structure called a [[radula]] which bears a ribbon of [[chitin]]ous "teeth". However, these are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth, and are unlikely to be [[Homology (biology)|homologous]]. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a [[neural crest]] mesenchyme-derived [[dental papilla]], and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as [[Tooth enamel|enamel]].<ref name="kardong"/>

== Tooth development in vertebrates ==

[[Teeth]] is atavic structure and their development is similar in many [[vertebrate]]s.<ref name="Nakatomi M, Morita I, Eto K, Ota MS 2006 427–31"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=James WW, Wellings AW |title=The Dental Epithelium and its Significance in Tooth Development |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–6.12 |date=November 1943 |pmid=19992735 |pmc=2180846}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL |title=A Curriculum Vitae of Teeth: Evolution, Generation, Regeneration |journal=International Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=226–43 |year=2009 |pmid=19266065 |pmc=2651620 |url=http://www.biolsci.org/v05p0226.htm |doi=10.7150/ijbs.5.226}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J |title=A gene network model accounting for development and evolution of mammalian teeth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=8116–20 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12048258 |pmc=123030 |doi=10.1073/pnas.132069499}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gregory W.K. |title=The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition : A Palaeontological Review. Part I |journal=J Dent Res |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=89–183 |year=1920 |doi=10.1177/00220345200020011101|url=http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/2/1/89.citation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gregory W.K. |title=The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition : A Palaeontological Review. Part II |journal=J Dent Res |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=87–228|year=1921|doi=10.1177/00220345210030011101|url=http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/3/1/87.citation}}</ref>

[[Fish]] have many specialized bony structures,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ezo.wur.nl/UK/MSc+projects/Skeletal+tissue+differentiation+in+fish/ | title = Skeletal tissue differentiation in fish | accessdate = 2009-10-24 | publisher = Wageninger University | author = Sander Kranenbarg}}</ref> it exist with ([[Archosargus probatocephalus]] order Perciformes, family Sparidae) and without teeth ([[Manefish|Caristiidae]] order Perciformes, family Caristiidae, teeth in traces present in juveniles).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SAYAAAAAQAAJ |title=The principal forms of the skeleton and the teeth as the basis for a system of natural history and comparativa anatomy |publisher=Houlston and Wright |year=1859 |first=Richard |last=Owen |accessdate=24 October 2009}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

Unlike most animals, [[shark]]s continuously produce new teeth throughout life<ref>Dave Abbott, ''Sharks'', found here [http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/sharks.htm].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/00220345700490031501 |author=Boyne PJ |title=Study of the chronologic development and eruption of teeth in elasmobranchs |journal=Journal of Dental Research |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=556–60 |year=1970 |pmid=5269110 |url=http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5269110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sasagawa I |title=The fine structure of initial mineralisation during tooth development in the gummy shark, Mustelus manazo, Elasmobranchia |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=164 |issue= |pages=175–87 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2606790 |pmc=1256608}}</ref> via a drastically different mechanism. Because shark teeth have no roots, sharks easily lose teeth when they feed (zoologists estimate that a single shark can lose up to 2,400 teeth in one year<ref>Jason Buchheim, ''A Quick Course in Ichthyology'', found here [http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm].</ref>)—they must therefore be continually replaced. Shark teeth form from modified [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s near the tongue and move outward on the jaw in rows until they fully develop, are used, and are eventually dislodged.<ref>Michael E. Williams, ''Jaws: The early years'', found here [http://www.cmnh.org/collections/vertpaleo/jaws/jaws.html].</ref>

[[Snake]]s generally have teeth, with some exception ([[Dasypeltis|African Egg-eating Snake]]).

Today, [[birds]] do not have [[teeth]], though it is speculated that prehistoric birds, such as [[archaeopteryx]], did.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sire JY, Delgado SC, Girondot M |title=Hen's teeth with enamel cap: from dream to impossibility |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |issue= |page=246 |year=2008 |pmid=18775069 |pmc=2542379 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-246}}</ref>

In [[order (biology)|order]] [[Tubulidentata]] ([[class (biology)|Class]] [[Mammalia]]) teeth are without enamel, they lack incisors and canines and the molars are growing continuously from the root.<ref>"[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/anatomical_images/family_pages/tubulidentata/tubulidentata.jpg/view.html Class Mammalia, Order Tubulidentata, Family Orycteropodidae, Species Orycteropus afer]," University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Page accessed November 16, 2009.</ref>

Generally, tooth development in non-human [[mammal]]s is similar to human tooth development. The variations lie in the morphology, [[Dentition#Dental formula|number]], development timeline, and types of teeth, not usually in the actual development of the teeth.

Enamel formation in non-human mammals is almost identical to that in humans. The ameloblasts and enamel organ, including the dental papilla, function similarly.<ref>Frandson and Spurgeon, ''Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.'', p. 305.</ref> Nonetheless, while ameloblasts die in humans and most other animals—making further enamel formation impossible—[[rodent]]s continually produce enamel, forcing them to wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials.<ref>Caceci. ''Veterinary Histology'' with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found here [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab17/Lab17.htm].</ref> If rodents are prevented from gnawing, their teeth eventually puncture the roofs of their mouths. In addition, rodent incisors consist of two halves, known as the crown and root analogues. The labial half is covered with enamel and resembles a crown, while the lingual half is covered with dentin and resembles a root. Both root and crown develop simultaneously in the rodent incisor and continue to grow for the life of the rodent.

The mineral distribution in [[rodent]] enamel is different from that of [[monkey]]s, [[dog]]s, [[pig]]s, and humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/002203457905800224011 |author=Fejerskov O |title=Human dentition and experimental animals |journal=Journal of Dental Research |volume=58 |issue=Spec Issue B |pages=725–34 |date=March 1979 |pmid=105027 |url=http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=105027}}</ref> In [[horse teeth]], the enamel and dentin layers are intertwined, which increases the strength and decreases the wear rate of the teeth.<ref>Randall-Bowman's April 2004 "Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says." See reference here [http://vpr.tamu.edu/remarkable/sciencenews.html]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}.</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091029215043/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761561931__1/Teeth.html Encarta]</ref>

Supporting structures that create a "socket" are found exclusively in [[Mammal]]ia and [[Crocodylia]].<ref name="OH2" /> In [[manatee]]s, mandibular molars develop separately from the jaw, and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue. This also occurs in [[elephant]]s' successional teeth, which erupt to replace lost teeth.

==References==

==Additional references==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Abbott, Dave. [http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/sharks.htm "Sharks"]. 2000. Page accessed January 7, 2006.

Revision as of 04:36, 19 December 2014

This article is about tooth development in animals. For tooth development in humans, see Human tooth development.


In fish hox gene expression regulates mechanisms for teeth initiation.[1][2]

In mouse WNT signals are required for the initiation of teeth development.[3][4]

Invertebrate "teeth"

True teeth are unique to vertebrates,[5] although some invertebrates have structures have analogous structures sometimes called "teeth" - the organism with the simplest genome bearing such "teeth" is probably the worm genus Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus).[6] Molluscs have a structure called a radula which bears a ribbon of chitinous "teeth". However, these are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth, and are unlikely to be homologous. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel.[5]

Tooth development in vertebrates

Teeth is atavic structure and their development is similar in many vertebrates.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Fish have many specialized bony structures,[13] it exist with (Archosargus probatocephalus order Perciformes, family Sparidae) and without teeth (Caristiidae order Perciformes, family Caristiidae, teeth in traces present in juveniles).[14]

Unlike most animals, sharks continuously produce new teeth throughout life[15][16][17] via a drastically different mechanism. Because shark teeth have no roots, sharks easily lose teeth when they feed (zoologists estimate that a single shark can lose up to 2,400 teeth in one year[18])—they must therefore be continually replaced. Shark teeth form from modified scales near the tongue and move outward on the jaw in rows until they fully develop, are used, and are eventually dislodged.[19]

Snakes generally have teeth, with some exception (African Egg-eating Snake).

Today, birds do not have teeth, though it is speculated that prehistoric birds, such as archaeopteryx, did.[20]

In order Tubulidentata (Class Mammalia) teeth are without enamel, they lack incisors and canines and the molars are growing continuously from the root.[21]

Generally, tooth development in non-human mammals is similar to human tooth development. The variations lie in the morphology, number, development timeline, and types of teeth, not usually in the actual development of the teeth.

Enamel formation in non-human mammals is almost identical to that in humans. The ameloblasts and enamel organ, including the dental papilla, function similarly.[22] Nonetheless, while ameloblasts die in humans and most other animals—making further enamel formation impossible—rodents continually produce enamel, forcing them to wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials.[23] If rodents are prevented from gnawing, their teeth eventually puncture the roofs of their mouths. In addition, rodent incisors consist of two halves, known as the crown and root analogues. The labial half is covered with enamel and resembles a crown, while the lingual half is covered with dentin and resembles a root. Both root and crown develop simultaneously in the rodent incisor and continue to grow for the life of the rodent.

The mineral distribution in rodent enamel is different from that of monkeys, dogs, pigs, and humans.[24] In horse teeth, the enamel and dentin layers are intertwined, which increases the strength and decreases the wear rate of the teeth.[25][26]

Supporting structures that create a "socket" are found exclusively in Mammalia and Crocodylia.[27] In manatees, mandibular molars develop separately from the jaw, and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue. This also occurs in elephants' successional teeth, which erupt to replace lost teeth.

References

Additional references

  • Abbott, Dave. "Sharks". 2000. Page accessed January 7, 2006.
  1. ^ Fraser GJ, Hulsey CD, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman JT (February 2009). Jernvall, Jukka (ed.). "An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws". PloS Biology. 7 (2): e31. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031. PMC 2637924. PMID 19215146.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Fraser GJ, Bloomquist RF, Streelman JT (2008). "A periodic pattern generator for dental diversity". BMC Biology. 6: 32. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-32. PMC 2496899. PMID 18625062.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Dassule HR, Lewis P, Bei M, Maas R, McMahon AP (November 2000). "Sonic hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth". Development. 127 (22): 4775–85. PMID 11044393.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Järvinen E, Salazar-Ciudad I, Birchmeier W, Taketo MM, Jernvall J, Thesleff I (December 2006). "Continuous tooth generation in mouse is induced by activated epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (49): 18627–32. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607289103. PMC 1693713. PMID 17121988.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.
  6. ^ "Ancylostoma duodenale". Nematode.net Genome Sequencing Center. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nakatomi M, Morita I, Eto K, Ota MS 2006 427–31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ James WW, Wellings AW (November 1943). "The Dental Epithelium and its Significance in Tooth Development". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 37 (1): 1–6.12. PMC 2180846. PMID 19992735.
  9. ^ Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL (2009). "A Curriculum Vitae of Teeth: Evolution, Generation, Regeneration". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 5 (3): 226–43. doi:10.7150/ijbs.5.226. PMC 2651620. PMID 19266065.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J (June 2002). "A gene network model accounting for development and evolution of mammalian teeth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (12): 8116–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.132069499. PMC 123030. PMID 12048258.
  11. ^ Gregory W.K. (1920). "The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition : A Palaeontological Review. Part I". J Dent Res. 2 (1): 89–183. doi:10.1177/00220345200020011101.
  12. ^ Gregory W.K. (1921). "The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition : A Palaeontological Review. Part II". J Dent Res. 3 (1): 87–228. doi:10.1177/00220345210030011101.
  13. ^ Sander Kranenbarg. "Skeletal tissue differentiation in fish". Wageninger University. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  14. ^ Owen, Richard (1859). The principal forms of the skeleton and the teeth as the basis for a system of natural history and comparativa anatomy. Houlston and Wright. Retrieved 24 October 2009.[page needed]
  15. ^ Dave Abbott, Sharks, found here [1].
  16. ^ Boyne PJ (1970). "Study of the chronologic development and eruption of teeth in elasmobranchs". Journal of Dental Research. 49 (3): 556–60. doi:10.1177/00220345700490031501. PMID 5269110.
  17. ^ Sasagawa I (June 1989). "The fine structure of initial mineralisation during tooth development in the gummy shark, Mustelus manazo, Elasmobranchia". Journal of Anatomy. 164: 175–87. PMC 1256608. PMID 2606790.
  18. ^ Jason Buchheim, A Quick Course in Ichthyology, found here [2].
  19. ^ Michael E. Williams, Jaws: The early years, found here [3].
  20. ^ Sire JY, Delgado SC, Girondot M (2008). "Hen's teeth with enamel cap: from dream to impossibility". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 246. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-246. PMC 2542379. PMID 18775069.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ "Class Mammalia, Order Tubulidentata, Family Orycteropodidae, Species Orycteropus afer," University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Page accessed November 16, 2009.
  22. ^ Frandson and Spurgeon, Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals., p. 305.
  23. ^ Caceci. Veterinary Histology with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found here [4].
  24. ^ Fejerskov O (March 1979). "Human dentition and experimental animals". Journal of Dental Research. 58 (Spec Issue B): 725–34. doi:10.1177/002203457905800224011. PMID 105027.
  25. ^ Randall-Bowman's April 2004 "Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says." See reference here [5][dead link].
  26. ^ Encarta
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference OH2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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