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Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior of an expectant mother.^[1] These most often include minor weight gain, altered hormone levels, morning nausea, and disturbed sleep patterns. In more extreme cases, symptoms can include labor pains, postpartum depression, and nosebleeds.^[2] The labor pain symptom is commonly known as sympathy pain.

Couvade syndrome is not a recognized medical condition. Its source is a matter of debate. Some believe it to be a psychosomatic condition, while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes.^[3]

Symptoms

Symptoms experienced by the partner can include stomach pain, back pain, indigestion, changes in appetite, weight gain, acne, diarrhea, constipation, headache, toothache,^[4] cravings, nausea, breast augmentation, hardening of the nipple, and insomnia.^[3] A qualitative study listed 35 symptoms from Couvade literature, including gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary, respiratory, oral or dental, generalized aches and pains, and other symptoms.^[5]

Psychological theories

Psychological causes suggested have included anxiety, pseudo-sibling rivalry, identification with the fetus, ambivalence about fatherhood, or parturition envy.^[4]^[6] According to Osvlosky and Culp (1989), pregnancy causes the male counterpart to experience an emergence of ambivalence as well as a reoccurrence of Oedipal conflict.^[7] Couvade appears to be more common in conditions where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status.^[8]

Physiological theories

Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone levels,^[9] typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum.^[9]

References

^ Lack, Evonne (April 2012). "Strange but true: Couvade syndrome (sympathetic pregnancy)". Baby Center.^{[self-published source?]}
^ Counihan, Carole (1999). The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power. New York: Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-92193-0.
^ ^a ^b "Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b . doi:10.2190/FLE0-92JM-C4CN-J83T. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ . doi:10.1080/02646830601117142. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Griffiths, Mark (2012). "Things That Go Bump: A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome".^{[self-published source?]}
^ . doi:10.1080/02646830701467207. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Abensour, Léon (1921). Histoire générale du féminisme des origines à nos jours (in French). Delagrave. p. 11. OCLC 220162157. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b . doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00042-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

The Elusive Couvade Syndrome^{[dead link]}
The Making of Modern Dad^{[dead link]}
Couvade in the Modern World^{[dead link]}
Feeling Her Pain The Male Pregnancy Experience^{[dead link]}
St. George's University of London: Fathers have 'sympathy pregnancies' study shows, 14 June 2007^{[dead link]}
"Lecturer investigates hormonal link to 'sympathy pregnancies' in men" (Press release). Kingston University. 24 June 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2015.

[1] Lack, Evonne (April 2012). "Strange but true: Couvade syndrome (sympathetic pregnancy)". Baby Center.^{[self-published source?]}

[2] Counihan, Carole (1999). The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power. New York: Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-92193-0.

[BBCPhantom-3] "Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

[klein-4] . doi:10.2190/FLE0-92JM-C4CN-J83T. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

[5] . doi:10.1080/02646830601117142. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

[6] Griffiths, Mark (2012). "Things That Go Bump: A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome".^{[self-published source?]}

[7] . doi:10.1080/02646830701467207. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

[8] Abensour, Léon (1921). Histoire générale du féminisme des origines à nos jours (in French). Delagrave. p. 11. OCLC 220162157. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[Storey-9] . doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00042-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{refimprove|date=September 2012}}
-'''Couvade syndrome''', also called '''sympathetic pregnancy''', is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior of an expectant mother.<ref>Lack, E. (2012, April). Strange but true: Couvade syndrome (sympathetic pregnancy). Retrieved June 19, 2013 from Baby Center. [http://www.babycenter.com/0_strange-but-true-couvade-syndrome-sympathetic-pregnancy_10364940.bc]</ref> These most often include minor weight gain, altered hormone levels, [[Morning sickness|morning nausea]], and disturbed [[sleep]] patterns. In more extreme cases, symptoms can include [[labor pain]]s, [[postpartum depression]], and [[Epistaxis|nosebleeds]].<ref>Counihan, Carole. ''The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power.'' New York: Routledge, 1999. p.69</ref> The labor pain symptom is commonly known as ''sympathy pain''.
+'''Couvade syndrome''', also called '''sympathetic pregnancy''', is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior of an expectant mother.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lack |first=Evonne |date=April 2012 |title=Strange but true: Couvade syndrome (sympathetic pregnancy) |work=Baby Center |url=http://www.babycenter.com/0_strange-but-true-couvade-syndrome-sympathetic-pregnancy_10364940.bc}}{{self-published inline}}</ref> These most often include minor weight gain, altered hormone levels, [[Morning sickness|morning nausea]], and disturbed [[sleep]] patterns. In more extreme cases, symptoms can include [[labor pain]]s, [[postpartum depression]], and [[Epistaxis|nosebleeds]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Counihan |first=Carole |title=The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |page=69 |isbn=978-0-415-92193-0}}</ref> The labor pain symptom is commonly known as ''sympathy pain''.
-Couvade syndrome is not a recognized medical condition. Its source is a matter of debate. Some believe it to be a [[psychosomatic]] condition, while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes.<ref name=BBCPhantom>{{cite web|title=Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6751709.stm?lsm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=20 April 2012}}</ref>
+Couvade syndrome is not a recognized medical condition. Its source is a matter of debate. Some believe it to be a [[psychosomatic]] condition, while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes.<ref name=BBCPhantom>{{cite web |title=Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6751709.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=20 April 2012}}</ref>
 ==Symptoms==
-Symptoms experienced by the partner can include stomach pain, back pain, indigestion, changes in appetite, weight gain, acne, diarrhea, constipation, headache, toothache,<ref name=klein>Klein, 1991</ref> cravings, nausea, breast augmentation, hardening of the nipple, and [[insomnia]].<ref name=BBCPhantom/> A qualitative study listed 35 symptoms from Couvade literature, including gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary, respiratory, oral or dental, generalized aches and pains, and other symptoms.<ref>Brennan, A., Marshall-Lucette, S., Ayers, S., & Ahmed, H. (2007). A qualitative exploration of the Couvade syndrome in expectant fathers. ''Journal Of Reproductive And Infant Psychology'' [serial online], ''25'', 18-39.</ref>
+Symptoms experienced by the partner can include stomach pain, back pain, indigestion, changes in appetite, weight gain, acne, diarrhea, constipation, headache, toothache,<ref name=klein>{{cite journal |doi=10.2190/FLE0-92JM-C4CN-J83T }}</ref> cravings, nausea, breast augmentation, hardening of the nipple, and [[insomnia]].<ref name=BBCPhantom/> A qualitative study listed 35 symptoms from Couvade literature, including gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary, respiratory, oral or dental, generalized aches and pains, and other symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02646830601117142 }}</ref>
 ==Psychological theories==
-Psychological causes suggested have included anxiety, pseudo-sibling rivalry, identification with the fetus, ambivalence about fatherhood, or parturition envy.<ref name="klein" /> <ref>Griffiths, M., (2012)., Things That Go Bump: A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome. http://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/11/07/things-that-go-bump-a-brief-overview-of-couvade-syndrome/</ref> According to Osvlosky and Culp (1989), pregnancy causes the male counterpart to experience an emergence of ambivalence as well as a reoccurrence of Oedipal conflict.<ref>Brennan, A.,(2007), "A critical review of the Couvade syndrome: the pregnant male." ''Journal of Reproductive and Clinical Psychology.'' [serial online]. August 2007;25(3):173-189. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed July 29, 2013.from EBSCOhost</ref> Couvade appears to be more common in conditions where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Idw8NKD3zD4C&pg=PA11 |title=Histoire générale du féminisme |last=Abensour |first=Léon }}</ref>
+Psychological causes suggested have included anxiety, pseudo-sibling rivalry, identification with the fetus, ambivalence about fatherhood, or parturition envy.<ref name="klein" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |year=2012 |title=Things That Go Bump: A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome |url=https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/11/07/things-that-go-bump-a-brief-overview-of-couvade-syndrome/}}{{self-published inline}}</ref> According to Osvlosky and Culp (1989), pregnancy causes the male counterpart to experience an emergence of ambivalence as well as a reoccurrence of Oedipal conflict.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02646830701467207 }}</ref> Couvade appears to be more common in conditions where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Idw8NKD3zD4C&pg=PA11 |title=Histoire générale du féminisme des origines à nos jours |trans_title=General History of feminism origins to the present day |language=French |last=Abensour |first=Léon |publisher=Delagrave |year=1921 |page=11 |oclc=220162157}}</ref>
 ==Physiological theories==
 {{expand section |date = September 2011}}
-Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his [[prolactin]], [[cortisol]], [[estradiol]], and [[testosterone]] levels,<ref name="Storey">{{cite journal
+Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his [[prolactin]], [[cortisol]], [[estradiol]], and [[testosterone]] levels,<ref name="Storey">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00042-2 }}</ref> typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum.<ref name="Storey"/>
-|title=Hormonal Correlates of Paternal Responsiveness in new and expectant fathers
-|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior
-|year=2000
-|author=A.E. Storey
-|coauthors=C.J. Walsh, R.L. Quinton, K.E. Wynne-Edwards
-|volume=21
-|pages=79–95
-|doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00042-2
-|pmid=10785345}}</ref> typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum.<ref name="Storey"/>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 20: @@
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
-http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/couvade-syndrome/AN02137
 == Further reading ==
+*{{cite web |first=Todd B. |last=Nippoldt |date=January 15, 2014 |title=What can you tell me about Couvade syndrome? Can men really experience sympathetic pregnancy symptoms? |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/couvade-syndrome/faq-20058047}}
-*Klein, H. ''Couvade syndrome: male counterpart to pregnancy''. Int J Psychiatry Med, 21: 1, 1991, 57-69.
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1192/bjp.111.470.57 }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-509 }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(68)90016-0 }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0020-7489(93)90062-Y }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.3109/01674829409025637 }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01215.x }}
 == External links ==
-*[http://www.jiteshchawla.com/2010/12/elusive-couvade-syndrome.html The Elusive Couvade Syndrome]
+*[http://www.jiteshchawla.com/2010/12/elusive-couvade-syndrome.html The Elusive Couvade Syndrome]{{dead link}}
-*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20020301-000025.html The Making of Modern Dad]
+*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20020301-000025.html The Making of Modern Dad]{{dead link}}
-*[http://www.paternityangel.com/Articles_zone/Couvade/Couvade2.htm Couvade in the Modern World]
+*[http://www.paternityangel.com/Articles_zone/Couvade/Couvade2.htm Couvade in the Modern World]{{dead link}}
-*[http://pregnancytoday.com/reference/articles/malepg.htm Feeling Her Pain The Male Pregnancy Experience]
+*[http://pregnancytoday.com/reference/articles/malepg.htm Feeling Her Pain The Male Pregnancy Experience]{{dead link}}
+*[http://www.sgul.ac.uk/media/news-archive/2007/sympathetic-pregnancies/?searchterm=couvade%20syndrome St. George's University of London: Fathers have 'sympathy pregnancies' study shows], 14 June 2007{{dead link}}
-*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6751709.stm?lsm Men suffer from phantom pregnancy], [[BBC News]], 14 June 2007
+*{{cite press release |title=Lecturer investigates hormonal link to 'sympathy pregnancies' in men |publisher=Kingston University |date=24 June 2010 |url=http://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/article/171/24-jun-2010-lecturer-investigates-hormonal-link-to-sympathy-pregnancies-in-men/ |accessdate=March 31, 2015}}
-*[http://www.sgul.ac.uk/media/news-archive/2007/sympathetic-pregnancies/?searchterm=couvade%20syndrome St. George's University of London: Fathers have 'sympathy pregnancies' study shows], 14 June 2007
-*[http://www.sgul.ac.uk/media/news-archive/2009-1/lecturer-investigates-hormonal-link-to-2018sympathy-pregnancies2019-in-men/?searchterm=couvade%20syndrome St. George's University of London: Lecturer investigates hormonal link to ‘sympathy pregnancies’ in men], 22 June 2010
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Couvade Syndrome}}