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Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.
Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.


== Importance ==
== Introduction ==
Maize (''Zea mays'') is a major cereal crop; it is third behind rice and wheat in production. An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries. Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far north as the 65th latitude.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Insect Vectors and Their Pathogens of Maize in the Tropics|url = http://ipmworld.umn.edu/tsai-maize-tropics|website = Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook|accessdate = 2015-10-18|last = mckay024}}</ref> The importance of maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is largely economical. MDMV is the most serious virus of sweet corn.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Specialty Corns, Second Edition|last = Hallauer|first = Arnel R.|publisher = CRC Press|year = 2000|isbn = 9781420038569|location = |pages = 182}}</ref>
Maize (''Zea mays'') is a major cereal crop; it is third behind rice and wheat in production. An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries. Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far north as the 65th latitude.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Insect Vectors and Their Pathogens of Maize in the Tropics|url = http://ipmworld.umn.edu/tsai-maize-tropics|website = Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook|accessdate = 2015-10-18|last = mckay024}}</ref> MDMV is the most serious virus of sweet corn.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Specialty Corns, Second Edition|last = Hallauer|first = Arnel R.|publisher = CRC Press|year = 2000|isbn = 9781420038569|location = |pages = 182}}</ref>


If corn plants are infected with MDMV, ear formation and development are slowed leading to grain yield loss.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus|url = http://cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu/corn/maizedwarfmosaicvirus.html|website = cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The damage from MDMV can cause the halting of ear formation and development, ultimately leading to the production of barren ears.<ref name=":1" /> There can be losses of up to 42% on early planted corn.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)|url = http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=8157|website = www.plantwise.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> MDMV can cause 75% or more loss on late plated inbred and hybrid varieties.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Maize Dwarf Mosaic, Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn, AC-0024-01|url = http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0024.html|website = ohioline.osu.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> A susceptible maize line was transformed by ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' to improve resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Access Library Resource - UW Libraries|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/pii/S0168165611001702|website = www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The genus ''potyvirus'' has a subgroup with sugar cane mosaic virus (SCMV) and Johnson grass mosaic virus (JGMV).<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.maydica.org/articles/50_101.pdf|title = Detection of Maise Dward Mosaic Virus (MDMV) on Maize in Chile|last = Giolitti|first = F.|date = August 25, 2004|journal = Maydica|doi = |pmid = |access-date = October 18, 2015|last2 = Herrera|first2 = M.G.|first3 = M.|last3 = Madariaga|last4 = Lenardon|first4 = S.I.}}</ref>
If corn plants are infected with MDMV, ear formation and development are slowed leading to grain yield loss.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus|url = http://cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu/corn/maizedwarfmosaicvirus.html|website = cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The damage from MDMV can cause the halting of ear formation and development, ultimately leading to the production of barren ears.<ref name=":1" /> There can be losses of up to 42% on early planted corn.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)|url = http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=8157|website = www.plantwise.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> If corn is planted late MDMV can cause 75% or more loss on inbred and hybrid varieties.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Maize Dwarf Mosaic, Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn, AC-0024-01|url = http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0024.html|website = ohioline.osu.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref>


== Pathogenesis ==
== Pathogenesis ==
MDMV is caused by various strains.<ref name=":3" /> There are 15 aphid species that can transmit MDMV. MDMV overwinters on a host called Johnson grass. Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus. The virus can be spread through the seed or mechanically by leaf rubbing of Johnson grass and sorghum.<ref name=":0" /> Depending on the hybrid, most maize plants will show higher rates of disease when infected earlier in the growing stage.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Effect of plant age at time of inoculation with maize dwarf mosaic virus on disease development and yield in corn|last = Rosenkranz|first = E.|date = 1978|journal = Phytopathology|doi = |pmid = |access-date = October 14, 2015|last2 = Scott|first2 = G.E|volume = 68|pages = 1688-1692}}</ref> The pathogen itself is a flexuous, rod-shaped virus measuring 12 x 750 nm. There are antiserum kits that can confirm the viruses identity.<ref name=":1" />
MDMV is caused by various strains.<ref name=":3" /> There are 5 strains A, C, D, E, and F. They differ in biological, serological, and nucleotide sequences. <ref>{{Cite book|title = Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries - Springer|url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7|doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7}}</ref> There are 15 aphid species that can transmit MDMV. MDMV overwinters in alternate hosts. These hosts can be sorghum, Johnson grass, Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus. The virus can be spread through the seed or mechanically by leaf rubbing of Johnson grass and sorghum.<ref name=":0" /> Depending on the hybrid, most maize plants will show higher rates of disease when infected earlier in the growing stage.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Effect of plant age at time of inoculation with maize dwarf mosaic virus on disease development and yield in corn|last = Rosenkranz|first = E.|date = 1978|journal = Phytopathology|doi = |pmid = |access-date = October 14, 2015|last2 = Scott|first2 = G.E|volume = 68|pages = 1688-1692}}</ref> The pathogen itself is a flexuous, rod-shaped virus measuring 12 x 750 nm. There are antiserum kits that can confirm the viruses identity.<ref name=":1" />


=== Aphid - The Virus Vector ===
=== Aphid - The Virus Vector ===
MDMV is non-persistently transmitted through a vector, the aphid.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Show DPV and Refs in Frame|url = http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=341|website = www.dpvweb.net|accessdate = 2015-11-19}}</ref> The aphid acquires the virus within seconds of feeding on an infected plant, either maize or Johnson grass.<ref name=":3" /> There is no latent period for transmission to new host plants.<ref name=":1" /> After acquiring MDMV an aphid is able to transmit the virus within 15-30 minutes.<ref name=":3" /> Aphids do not retain MDMV after molting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) (extended information)|url = http://maizedoctor.org/maize-dwarf-mosaic-virus-mdmv-extended-information|website = maizedoctor.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref>
MDMV is non-persistently transmitted through a vector, the aphid.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Show DPV and Refs in Frame|url = http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=341|website = www.dpvweb.net|accessdate = 2015-11-19}}</ref> The aphids are mainly members of the ''Poaceae'' family. <ref>{{Cite journal|title = Validation of candidate genes putatively associated with resistance to SCMV and MDMV in maize (Zea mays L.) by expression profiling|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669481/|journal = BMC Plant Biology|date = 2009-02-02|issn = 1471-2229|pmc = 2669481|pmid = 19187556|pages = 15|volume = 9|doi = 10.1186/1471-2229-9-15|first = Anna|last = Użarowska|first2 = Giuseppe|last2 = Dionisio|first3 = Barbara|last3 = Sarholz|first4 = Hans-Peter|last4 = Piepho|first5 = Mingliang|last5 = Xu|first6 = Christina Rønn|last6 = Ingvardsen|first7 = Gerhard|last7 = Wenzel|first8 = Thomas|last8 = Lübberstedt}}</ref>T he aphid acquires the virus within seconds of feeding on an infected plant, either maize, Johnson grass, or sorghum.<ref name=":3" /> There is no latent period for transmission to new host plants.<ref name=":1" /> After acquiring MDMV an aphid is able to transmit the virus within 15-30 minutes.<ref name=":3" /> Aphids do not retain MDMV after molting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) (extended information)|url = http://maizedoctor.org/maize-dwarf-mosaic-virus-mdmv-extended-information|website = maizedoctor.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref>


=== Resistance ===
=== Resistance ===
There is resistance to MDMV. Maize plants can have resistance in up to 5 genes and there are commercially available hybrids that provide good resistance.<ref name=":2" /> The major gene for resistance is called mdm1 and it is found on chromosome 6.<ref name=":1" />
There is resistance to MDMV. Maize plants can have up to 5 resistance genes in their genetic make up. There are commercially available hybrids that provide good resistance.<ref name=":2" /> The major gene for resistance is called mdm1 and it is found on chromosome 6.<ref name=":1" /> A susceptible maize line was transformed by ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' to improve resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Access Library Resource - UW Libraries|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/pii/S0168165611001702|website = www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref>

[[File:MDMV Breeding for Resistance.jpeg|thumb|Breeding trials for MDMV resistance at University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station ]]
At the University of Wisconsin - Madison there are breeding trials to help create new varieties that are resistant to MDMV.


== Environment ==
== Environment ==

Revision as of 19:48, 9 December 2015

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)
Virus classification
Group:
IV: (+)sense RNA Viruses
Family:
Potyviridae
Genus:
Potyvirus
Species:
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
Synonyms

MDMV-A
MDMV-D
MDMV-E
MDMV-F

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays) is a major cereal crop; it is third behind rice and wheat in production. An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries. Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far north as the 65th latitude.[1] MDMV is the most serious virus of sweet corn.[2]

If corn plants are infected with MDMV, ear formation and development are slowed leading to grain yield loss.[3] The damage from MDMV can cause the halting of ear formation and development, ultimately leading to the production of barren ears.[4] There can be losses of up to 42% on early planted corn.[5] If corn is planted late MDMV can cause 75% or more loss on inbred and hybrid varieties.[5][6]

Pathogenesis

MDMV is caused by various strains.[6] There are 5 strains A, C, D, E, and F. They differ in biological, serological, and nucleotide sequences. [7] There are 15 aphid species that can transmit MDMV. MDMV overwinters in alternate hosts. These hosts can be sorghum, Johnson grass, Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus. The virus can be spread through the seed or mechanically by leaf rubbing of Johnson grass and sorghum.[3] Depending on the hybrid, most maize plants will show higher rates of disease when infected earlier in the growing stage.[8] The pathogen itself is a flexuous, rod-shaped virus measuring 12 x 750 nm. There are antiserum kits that can confirm the viruses identity.[4]

Aphid - The Virus Vector

MDMV is non-persistently transmitted through a vector, the aphid.[9] The aphids are mainly members of the Poaceae family. [10]T he aphid acquires the virus within seconds of feeding on an infected plant, either maize, Johnson grass, or sorghum.[6] There is no latent period for transmission to new host plants.[4] After acquiring MDMV an aphid is able to transmit the virus within 15-30 minutes.[6] Aphids do not retain MDMV after molting.[4]

Resistance

There is resistance to MDMV. Maize plants can have up to 5 resistance genes in their genetic make up. There are commercially available hybrids that provide good resistance.[2] The major gene for resistance is called mdm1 and it is found on chromosome 6.[4] A susceptible maize line was transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to improve resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus.[11]

Breeding trials for MDMV resistance at University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station

At the University of Wisconsin - Madison there are breeding trials to help create new varieties that are resistant to MDMV.

Environment

MDMV prefers warm to average temperatures. Johnson grass infected with MDMV in the surrounding environment can increase the disease on maize.[3] MDMV is a cultivated virus that mainly occurs in the United States and Australia.[4] MDMV does not overwinter in Minnesota and Wisconsin, which makes the source of inoculum in these northern states unclear.[2] During infection after periods of cool night temperatures, about 60°F, the plants may exhibit signs of the disease such as blotches or streaks of red.[6]

Transmission

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus is spread by seed, by infected leaves rubbing on non-infected leaves and perhaps most commonly, via aphids (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). These aphids become carriers after they feed on plants such as Johnson grass, corn or sorghum, or other grass species that are infected with MDMV. Broadleaf plants do not become infected with MDMV (The CIMMYT Maize Program). Aphids transmit Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus disease effectively fifteen to thirty minutes after feeding on infected plants when by spreading the virus to the susceptible plants after they have flown or are blown onto a nearby corn crop and will start to feed (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.).

Symptoms

When looking for symptoms of MDMV in corn, one must also be aware of the plant’s growth stage as symptoms may affect the plant differently at various stages. Young leaves, may experience chlorotic spotting which may eventually turn into a mosaic or mottle pattern (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.). Later in the growing season, the mosaic pattern may bleed into a general yellowing of the leaf and eventually areas of red streaks or blotches may appear if night time temperatures are consistently around 60 degrees Fahrenheit (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). Plants affected later in their reproductive cycle may experience a slowing in ear development (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.), while some plants may even become barren (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). It is not uncommon for plants to have shortened upper internodes or an increase in tiller number (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.).

Control

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus can be managed in several ways. One way is the removal of the local population of Johnson grass as this can harbor the disease. It is best if all producers (farmers) in the area participate in this practice or the disease can remain in sporadic plant populations and be spread in the ways described above (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). Another way to help avoid MDMV is by selecting corn varieties that are tolerant of the virus and by planting corn crops earlier in the season to help seedlings avoid key aphid population times (Lipps & Mills, n.d.).

References

  1. ^ mckay024. "Insect Vectors and Their Pathogens of Maize in the Tropics". Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook. Retrieved 2015-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c Hallauer, Arnel R. (2000). Specialty Corns, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 9781420038569.
  3. ^ a b c "Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus". cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) (extended information)". maizedoctor.org. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  5. ^ a b "dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Maize Dwarf Mosaic, Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn, AC-0024-01". ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  7. ^ Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7.
  8. ^ Rosenkranz, E.; Scott, G.E (1978). "Effect of plant age at time of inoculation with maize dwarf mosaic virus on disease development and yield in corn". Phytopathology. 68: 1688–1692. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ^ "Show DPV and Refs in Frame". www.dpvweb.net. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  10. ^ Użarowska, Anna; Dionisio, Giuseppe; Sarholz, Barbara; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Xu, Mingliang; Ingvardsen, Christina Rønn; Wenzel, Gerhard; Lübberstedt, Thomas (2009-02-02). "Validation of candidate genes putatively associated with resistance to SCMV and MDMV in maize (Zea mays L.) by expression profiling". BMC Plant Biology. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-9-15. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 2669481. PMID 19187556.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ "Access Library Resource - UW Libraries". www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.

External links

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