Black-bellied fruit bat: Difference between revisions
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The '''black-bellied fruit bat''' (''Melonycteris melanops'') is a species of [[ |
The '''black-bellied fruit bat''' (''Melonycteris melanops'') is a species of order [[chiroptera]] in the family [[Pteropodidae]]. |
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==Ecology== |
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===Distribution, Habitat, and Diet=== |
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Black-bellied fruit bats are endemic to the subtropical or tropical Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea.<ref name=Home-Range>{{cite journal|last1=BONACCORSO|first1=FRANK J.|title=HOME RANGE, TERRITORIALITY, AND FLIGHT TIME BUDGETS IN THE BLACK-BELLIED FRUIT BAT, MELONYCTERIS MELANOPS (PTEROPODIDAE)|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=October 2005|volume=86:5|page=931-936|url=http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/content/86/5/931}}</ref>.<ref name=energetics>{{cite journal|last1=Bonaccorsp|first1=Frank|title=EVOPLASTICITY OF ENERGETICS IN BLOSSOM BATS (PTEROPODIDAE): IMPACT ON DISTRIBUTION|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=November 1997|url=http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/4/1073.explore}}</ref> They range from sea level up to 1,600 m.<ref name="energetics" /> Adult bats maintain a home range between 0.5 and 9.2 ha, and a core feeding area of 1 to 9 trees with active florescence.<ref name="Home-Range" /> These bats enjoy the rare advantage of thriving in the changes that humans have brought to its habitat. Most of these bats now live and eat in the banana trees of the privately owned traditional gardens and the cocoa plantations.<ref name="energetics" /><ref name="Home-Range" /> |
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Black-bellied fruit bats feed on the fruit and nectar of giant native bananas, [[Musa]], and cocoa.<ref name=giannini>{{cite journal|last1=Giannini|first1=Norberto|title=A phylogenyof megechiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes|journal=Cladistics|date=September 2003|volume=19|pages=496-511|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> They collect nectar by rapidly pumping their long tong into the flowers.<ref name="Home-Range" /> |
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==Description== |
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Black-bellied fruit bats can weigh up to 63 grams, average 94.13 mm in length and have a forelimb average measurement of of 59.99 mm.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Kate|title=Ecological Archives|url=http://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E090/184/|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="energetics" /> They have a unique counter shading pattern of a black underside and burnt orange backs.<ref name="Home-Range" /> Research has determined that the black-bellied fruit bat is "strongly indicated as a sister taxon to all megachiropterans"<ref name="giannini" /> and that they are likely a primitive form of the pteropodidae family.<ref name="evolution" /> |
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==Behavior== |
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Both males and females are resource defenders and strictly control their home range. The only crossover in home ranges is between consort pairs. Adults of the same gender are never allowed to invade a home range.<ref name="Home-Range" /> |
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===Flight=== |
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Black-bellied bats spend less than 36% of their time flying while actively foraging. By feeding at the flower instead of carrying fruit back to their roost they are able to spend less time flying then other fruit bats. Mean flight time of individual flights ranges from 20.8 to 30.7 seconds, with up to 99 flights in 2 hours.<ref name="Home-Range" /> |
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===Roosting=== |
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During the day, this flying fox usually roosts among dry banana leaves, a perfect camouflage given its burnt orange and black fur pattern.<ref name="Home-Range" /> They roost alone, primarily within 100 m of their core-use feeding area, except for sub-adult bats who roost more than 400 m from their most frequented foraging grounds. Sub-adult bats often have not established a territory yet and have to wait for a home range to become available or fight to claim one.<ref name="Home-Range" /> |
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==Physiology== |
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===Thermal Regulation=== |
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Black-bellied fruit bats are endothermic but are poor thermoregulators. Ambient temperature plays a roll in determining their body temperature. They are thermalyneutral from 28 to 33 degrees Celsius, from 28 to 16 degrees Celsius the bats body temperature drops about 3 degrees and oxygen consumption increases by 2cm^3/(g.hr). They have a basal rate metabolism of only 74% of what is expected for a mammal of its size.<ref name="energetics" /> |
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Black-bellied fruit bats may enter torpid below 20 degrees Celsius, but the percentage is small.<ref name="energetics" /> |
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==Phylogeny== |
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The black-bellied fruit bat (Melonycteris melanops) is most closely related to [[Melonycteris fardoulisi]], and then to [[Macrogrrossus minimus]] and [[Sycarycteris australis]].<ref name="giannini" /><ref name=evolution>{{cite journal|last1=HAIDUK|first1=MICHAEL|title=EVOLUTION IN THE FAMILY PTEROPODIDAE (CHIROPTERA: MEGACHIROPTERA) AS INDICATED BY CHROMOSOMAL AND IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSES|date=August 1983|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Giannini|first1=Norberto|title=Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|date=March 2007|doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3559[1:EHATEO]2.0.CO;2|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/ full/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293559%5B1%3AEHATEO%5D2.0.CO %3B2|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> The black-bellied back has been shown through research to be "strongly indicated as sister taxon to all other megachiropterians"<ref name="giannini" /> and to be a primitive form of the pteropodidae family.<ref name="evolution" /> |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 22:26, 17 November 2016
| Black-bellied fruit bat | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | M. melanops
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| Binomial name | |
| Melonycteris melanops Dobson, 1877
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| Black-bellied fruit bat range | |
The black-bellied fruit bat (Melonycteris melanops) is a species of order chiroptera in the family Pteropodidae.
Ecology
Distribution, Habitat, and Diet
Black-bellied fruit bats are endemic to the subtropical or tropical Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea.[1].[2] They range from sea level up to 1,600 m.[2] Adult bats maintain a home range between 0.5 and 9.2 ha, and a core feeding area of 1 to 9 trees with active florescence.[1] These bats enjoy the rare advantage of thriving in the changes that humans have brought to its habitat. Most of these bats now live and eat in the banana trees of the privately owned traditional gardens and the cocoa plantations.[2][1]
Black-bellied fruit bats feed on the fruit and nectar of giant native bananas, Musa, and cocoa.[3] They collect nectar by rapidly pumping their long tong into the flowers.[1]
Description
Black-bellied fruit bats can weigh up to 63 grams, average 94.13 mm in length and have a forelimb average measurement of of 59.99 mm.[4][2] They have a unique counter shading pattern of a black underside and burnt orange backs.[1] Research has determined that the black-bellied fruit bat is "strongly indicated as a sister taxon to all megachiropterans"[3] and that they are likely a primitive form of the pteropodidae family.[5]
Behavior
Both males and females are resource defenders and strictly control their home range. The only crossover in home ranges is between consort pairs. Adults of the same gender are never allowed to invade a home range.[1]
Flight
Black-bellied bats spend less than 36% of their time flying while actively foraging. By feeding at the flower instead of carrying fruit back to their roost they are able to spend less time flying then other fruit bats. Mean flight time of individual flights ranges from 20.8 to 30.7 seconds, with up to 99 flights in 2 hours.[1]
Roosting
During the day, this flying fox usually roosts among dry banana leaves, a perfect camouflage given its burnt orange and black fur pattern.[1] They roost alone, primarily within 100 m of their core-use feeding area, except for sub-adult bats who roost more than 400 m from their most frequented foraging grounds. Sub-adult bats often have not established a territory yet and have to wait for a home range to become available or fight to claim one.[1]
Physiology
Thermal Regulation
Black-bellied fruit bats are endothermic but are poor thermoregulators. Ambient temperature plays a roll in determining their body temperature. They are thermalyneutral from 28 to 33 degrees Celsius, from 28 to 16 degrees Celsius the bats body temperature drops about 3 degrees and oxygen consumption increases by 2cm^3/(g.hr). They have a basal rate metabolism of only 74% of what is expected for a mammal of its size.[2]
Black-bellied fruit bats may enter torpid below 20 degrees Celsius, but the percentage is small.[2]
Phylogeny
The black-bellied fruit bat (Melonycteris melanops) is most closely related to Melonycteris fardoulisi, and then to Macrogrrossus minimus and Sycarycteris australis.[3][5][6] The black-bellied back has been shown through research to be "strongly indicated as sister taxon to all other megachiropterians"[3] and to be a primitive form of the pteropodidae family.[5]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i BONACCORSO, FRANK J. (October 2005). "HOME RANGE, TERRITORIALITY, AND FLIGHT TIME BUDGETS IN THE BLACK-BELLIED FRUIT BAT, MELONYCTERIS MELANOPS (PTEROPODIDAE)". Journal of Mammalogy. 86:5: 931-936.
- ^ a b c d e f Bonaccorsp, Frank (November 1997). "EVOPLASTICITY OF ENERGETICS IN BLOSSOM BATS (PTEROPODIDAE): IMPACT ON DISTRIBUTION". Journal of Mammalogy.
- ^ a b c d Giannini, Norberto (September 2003). "A phylogenyof megechiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes". Cladistics. 19: 496–511.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Jones, Kate. "Ecological Archives". Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ a b c HAIDUK, MICHAEL (August 1983). "EVOLUTION IN THE FAMILY PTEROPODIDAE (CHIROPTERA: MEGACHIROPTERA) AS INDICATED BY CHROMOSOMAL AND IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSES".
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Giannini, Norberto (March 2007). full/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293559%5B1%3AEHATEO%5D2.0.CO %3B2 "Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". American Museum Novitates. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3559[1:EHATEO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); Check|url=value (help); External link in|doi=
References
- Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. Melonycteris melanops. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
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