Bipolaris cactivora: Difference between revisions
Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases |
Added Hosts and Symptoms, Disease Management, and Environment tabs to the page with details on each |
||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Bipolaris cactivora''''' is a plant pathogen [[cactus]] [[stem rot]] and [[pitaya]] [[Fruit rot (disambiguation)|fruit rot]]. |
'''''Bipolaris cactivora''''' is a plant pathogen [[cactus]] [[stem rot]] and [[pitaya]] [[Fruit rot (disambiguation)|fruit rot]]. |
||
== Hosts and Symptoms == |
|||
''Bipolaris cactivora'' is an ascomycete, causing cactus stem rot and pitahaya (dragon fruit) rot. Also known as ''Drechslera cactivora'', this fungus has been reported causing fruit rot on ''Hylocereus undatus'' (white-fleshed pitahaya). This specific cactus is both used decoratively as well as commercially in production of pitahaya fruit. The initial symptoms of the disease, appearing two to three days after inoculation, are yellowish lesions that are water soaked, which progress to a brown color<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mee|first=Chang|last2=Republic)|first2=Hyun Ik-Hwa Overseas Pest Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, RDA, Suwon (Korea|date=1998-01-01|title=Bipolaris Stem Rot of Cactus Caused by Bipolaris cactivora (Petrak) Alcorn|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=KR2001000135|journal=Korean J. Plant Pathol.|language=Korean|issn=0256-8608}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plantpathologyquarantine.org/pdf/PPQ_2_1_5.pdf|title=Bipolaris cactivora causing fruit rot of dragon fruit imported from Vietnam|last=He|first=PF|date=10 April 2012|website=plantpathologyquarantine.org|publisher=|access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref>.Seven to ten days after initial appearance of lesions, the rot expands to form large areas of rot which grow dark colored spores<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/2010/December/Pages/94_12_1506.2.aspx|title=First Report of Fruit Rot on Hylocereus undatus Caused by Bipolaris cactivora in South Florida|website=www.apsnet.org|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>. The rot then dries, and the plant dies<ref name=":0" />. |
|||
== Disease Management == |
|||
There are currently no fungicides labeled for use to combat ''B. cactivora'' in the United States, though difenoconazole has been shown to be effective against the fungus<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Bae|first=Sooil|last2=Kim|first2=Sang Gyu|last3=Kim|first3=Young Ho|date=2016-12-07|title=Biocontrol Characteristics of Bacillus Species in Suppressing Stem Rot of Grafted Cactus Caused by Bipolaris cactivora|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174789/|journal=The Plant Pathology Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=42–51|doi=10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2012.0116|issn=1598-2254|pmc=4174789|pmid=25288927}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://ucanr.edu/sites/sdsmallfarms/files/197435.pdf|title=Pitahaya Diseases|last=Bender|first=Gary|date=26 August 2014|website=ucanr.edu|publisher=|access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref>. The recommended cultural practices to combat Bipolaris rot are to limit canopy wetness and to maintain a sanitized field. Irrigating in the morning to allow for the plants to dry throughout the day as well as proper spacing of the plants to allow airflow through the canopy will aid in drying and prevention of conditions suitable for the fungus. Similarly, field sanitation will interfere with the fungus’ ability to overwinter as conidia in plant debris, limiting exposure to the fungus during the following season. ''Bacillus subtilis'' and ''Bacillus amyloliquefaciens'' have been shown to be effective biocontrol methods for fungus prevention<ref name=":2" />. |
|||
== Environment == |
|||
''B. cactivora'' grows fastest in warm, damp, humid environments. It is most severe between 75-91° F<ref name=":3" />. This is reflected in the countries and regions where ''B. cactivora'' is reportedly found, namely Florida, Vietnam, Japan, Korea, Israel, and China <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ben-Ze’ev|first=Israel S.|last2=Assouline|first2=Isaac|last3=Levy|first3=Edna|last4=Elkind|first4=Genya|date=2011-01-27|title=First report of Bipolaris cactivora causing fruit blotch and stem rot of dragon fruit (pitaya) in Israel|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12600-011-0143-y|journal=Phytoparasitica|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=195–197|doi=10.1007/s12600-011-0143-y|issn=0334-2123}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taba|first=Satoshi|last2=Miyahira|first2=Nao|last3=Nasu|first3=Kanami|last4=Takushi|first4=Tetsuya|last5=Moromizato|first5=Zen-ichi|date=2007-07-26|title=Fruit rot of Strawberry pear (pitaya) caused by Bipolaris cactivora|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10327-007-0032-x|journal=Journal of General Plant Pathology|language=en|volume=73|issue=5|pages=374–376|doi=10.1007/s10327-007-0032-x|issn=1345-2630}}</ref>. These tropical and subtropical areas are high in both humidity and temperature, making them very conducive to the growth of the pathogen. As cactus for pitahaya fruit is often grown in warm, humid greenhouses in Korea, the pathogen is often found in cactus farms<ref name=":2" />. Spread of the fungus is mediated by wind, irrigation, and rain<ref name=":3" />, so these conditions are helpful but not entirely necessary for fungal growth. Plants that are grown very closely together may similarly have issues with this fungus, as they will make a wet, humid microclimate that is conducive to the growth of ''B. cactivora''. |
|||
== External links == |
== External links == |
||
Revision as of 23:41, 7 December 2016
| Bipolaris cactivora | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | B. cactivora
|
| Binomial name | |
| Bipolaris cactivora (Petr.) Alcorn, (1983)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Drechslera cactivora (Petr.) M.B. Ellis, (1971) | |
Bipolaris cactivora is a plant pathogen cactus stem rot and pitaya fruit rot.
Hosts and Symptoms
Bipolaris cactivora is an ascomycete, causing cactus stem rot and pitahaya (dragon fruit) rot. Also known as Drechslera cactivora, this fungus has been reported causing fruit rot on Hylocereus undatus (white-fleshed pitahaya). This specific cactus is both used decoratively as well as commercially in production of pitahaya fruit. The initial symptoms of the disease, appearing two to three days after inoculation, are yellowish lesions that are water soaked, which progress to a brown color[1][2].Seven to ten days after initial appearance of lesions, the rot expands to form large areas of rot which grow dark colored spores[3]. The rot then dries, and the plant dies[1].
Disease Management
There are currently no fungicides labeled for use to combat B. cactivora in the United States, though difenoconazole has been shown to be effective against the fungus[4][5]. The recommended cultural practices to combat Bipolaris rot are to limit canopy wetness and to maintain a sanitized field. Irrigating in the morning to allow for the plants to dry throughout the day as well as proper spacing of the plants to allow airflow through the canopy will aid in drying and prevention of conditions suitable for the fungus. Similarly, field sanitation will interfere with the fungus’ ability to overwinter as conidia in plant debris, limiting exposure to the fungus during the following season. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have been shown to be effective biocontrol methods for fungus prevention[4].
Environment
B. cactivora grows fastest in warm, damp, humid environments. It is most severe between 75-91° F[5]. This is reflected in the countries and regions where B. cactivora is reportedly found, namely Florida, Vietnam, Japan, Korea, Israel, and China [6][3][7]. These tropical and subtropical areas are high in both humidity and temperature, making them very conducive to the growth of the pathogen. As cactus for pitahaya fruit is often grown in warm, humid greenhouses in Korea, the pathogen is often found in cactus farms[4]. Spread of the fungus is mediated by wind, irrigation, and rain[5], so these conditions are helpful but not entirely necessary for fungal growth. Plants that are grown very closely together may similarly have issues with this fungus, as they will make a wet, humid microclimate that is conducive to the growth of B. cactivora.
External links
References
- ^ a b Mee, Chang; Republic), Hyun Ik-Hwa Overseas Pest Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, RDA, Suwon (Korea (1998-01-01). "Bipolaris Stem Rot of Cactus Caused by Bipolaris cactivora (Petrak) Alcorn". Korean J. Plant Pathol. (in Korean). ISSN 0256-8608.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ He, PF (10 April 2012). "Bipolaris cactivora causing fruit rot of dragon fruit imported from Vietnam" (PDF). plantpathologyquarantine.org. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
- ^ a b "First Report of Fruit Rot on Hylocereus undatus Caused by Bipolaris cactivora in South Florida". www.apsnet.org. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
- ^ a b c Bae, Sooil; Kim, Sang Gyu; Kim, Young Ho (2016-12-07). "Biocontrol Characteristics of Bacillus Species in Suppressing Stem Rot of Grafted Cactus Caused by Bipolaris cactivora". The Plant Pathology Journal. 29 (1): 42–51. doi:10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2012.0116. ISSN 1598-2254. PMC 4174789. PMID 25288927.
- ^ a b c Bender, Gary (26 August 2014). "Pitahaya Diseases" (PDF). ucanr.edu. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
- ^ Ben-Ze’ev, Israel S.; Assouline, Isaac; Levy, Edna; Elkind, Genya (2011-01-27). "First report of Bipolaris cactivora causing fruit blotch and stem rot of dragon fruit (pitaya) in Israel". Phytoparasitica. 39 (2): 195–197. doi:10.1007/s12600-011-0143-y. ISSN 0334-2123.
- ^ Taba, Satoshi; Miyahira, Nao; Nasu, Kanami; Takushi, Tetsuya; Moromizato, Zen-ichi (2007-07-26). "Fruit rot of Strawberry pear (pitaya) caused by Bipolaris cactivora". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 73 (5): 374–376. doi:10.1007/s10327-007-0032-x. ISSN 1345-2630.
 | This Pleosporales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This plant disease article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |