Medical uses of magnesium sulfate: Difference between revisions

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It is on the [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], the most important medications needed in a basic [[health system]].<ref name=WHO19th>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015}}</ref> The wholesale cost in the [[developing world]] is about 0.35 to 8.73 USD per 10 ml of 50% solution.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Magnesium Sulfate|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=MGS500A&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=50%25&desc=Magnesium%20Sulfate&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=05%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2805%2E%29Anticonvulsants%2Fantiepileptics%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref> In the United States a course of medication typically costs less than 25 USD.<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=X}}</ref>
It is on the [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], the most important medications needed in a basic [[health system]].<ref name=WHO19th>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015}}</ref> The wholesale cost in the [[developing world]] is about 0.35 to 8.73 USD per 10 ml of 50% solution.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Magnesium Sulfate|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=MGS500A&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=50%25&desc=Magnesium%20Sulfate&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=05%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2805%2E%29Anticonvulsants%2Fantiepileptics%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref> In the United States a course of medication typically costs less than 25 USD.<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=220}}</ref>

==Medical uses==
===Early delivery===
Magnesium sulphate was once used as a [[tocolytic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/baby/magnesium-sulfate-for-preterm-labor |title=Magnesium sulfate for preterm labor|publisher=Webmd.com |date=2007-01-19 |accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid16125045">{{cite journal |author=Lewis DF |title=Magnesium sulfate: the first-line tocolytic |journal=Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. |volume=32 |issue=3|pages=485–500 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16125045 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2005.03.002|url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0889-8545(05)00010-0}}</ref> but meta-analyses have failed to support it as an anti-contraction medication.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simhan HN, Caritis SN |year=2007 |title=Prevention of Preterm Delivery |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=357 |pages=477–487 |pmid=17671256 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050435 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first1=K|last1=Nanda|first2=DA|last2=Grimes|year=2006|pages=986–989|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|title=Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: Time to quit|volume=108|issue=4|pmid=17012463|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000236445.18265.93}}</ref> Usage for prolonged periods (more than five to seven days) may result in health problems for the baby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm354603.htm |title=Magnesium Sulfate: Drug Safety Communication – Recommendation Against Prolonged Use in Pre-term Labor |work=FDA |accessdate=2 June 2013}}</ref>

In those at risk of an early delivery, magnesium sulfate appears to decrease the risk of [[cerebral palsy]].<ref name=doyle_2009>{{cite journal|last=Doyle|first=LW|author2=Crowther, CA |author3=Middleton, P |author4=Marret, S |author5= Rouse, D |title=Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Jan 21, 2009|issue=1|pages=CD004661|pmid=19160238 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub3}}</ref><ref name=wolf_2012>{{cite journal|last=Wolf|first=HT|author2=Hegaard, HK |author3=Greisen, G |author4=Huusom, L |author5= Hedegaard, M |title=Treatment with magnesium sulphate in pre-term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.|journal=Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=135–40|pmid=22296422|doi=10.3109/01443615.2011.638999}}</ref> It is unclear if it helps those who are born at term.<ref name=Ngu2013>{{cite journal|last=Nguyen|first=TM|author2=Crowther, CA |author3=Wilkinson, D |author4= Bain, E |title=Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Feb 28, 2013|volume=2|pages=CD009395|pmid=23450601|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd009395.pub2}}</ref>

===Bath salts===
Magnesium sulfate is used in [[bath salts]], particularly in [[Isolation tank|flotation therapy]], where high concentrations raise the bath water's [[specific gravity]], effectively making the body more buoyant. Traditionally, it is also used to prepare foot baths, intended to soothe sore feet. The reason for the inclusion of the salt is partially cosmetic: the increase in ionic strength prevents some of the temporary skin wrinkling (partial maceration) which is caused by prolonged immersion of extremities in pure water. Magnesium and sulfate ions are naturally present in some [[mineral water]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bath - Hot Springs|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027140014/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environmentandplanning/hotsprings/|accessdate=16 October 2016}}</ref> The claimed health benefits of Epsom Salt baths have not been proven.<ref name="Ingraham">{{cite web|last1=Ingraham|first1=Paul|title=Does Epsom Salt Work? The science of Epsom salt bathing for recovery from muscle pain, soreness, or injury|url=https://www.painscience.com/articles/epsom-salts.php|website=Pain Science|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 13:07, 16 January 2017

Medical uses of magnesium sulfate
Magnesium sulfate powder
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
Chemical and physical data
FormulaMgSO4
Molar mass120.366

Magnesium sulfate as a medication is used to treat and prevent low blood magnesium and seizures in women with eclampsia.[2] It is also used in the treat of torsades de pointes, severe asthma exacerbations, and barium poisoning.[2] It is given by injection into a vein or muscle.[2]

Common side effects include low blood pressure, skin flushing, and low blood calcium.[2] Other side effects may include vomiting, muscle weakness, and decreased breathing.[3] While there is evidence that use during pregnancy may harm the baby, the benefits in certain conditions are greater than the risks.[4] Its used during breastfeeding is deemed to be safe.[4] The way it works is not completely known but is believed to involve depression the action of some neurons.[2]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.35 to 8.73 USD per 10 ml of 50% solution.[6] In the United States a course of medication typically costs less than 25 USD.[1]

Medical uses

Early delivery

Magnesium sulphate was once used as a tocolytic,[7][8] but meta-analyses have failed to support it as an anti-contraction medication.[9][10] Usage for prolonged periods (more than five to seven days) may result in health problems for the baby.[11]

In those at risk of an early delivery, magnesium sulfate appears to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy.[12][13] It is unclear if it helps those who are born at term.[14]

Bath salts

Magnesium sulfate is used in bath salts, particularly in flotation therapy, where high concentrations raise the bath water's specific gravity, effectively making the body more buoyant. Traditionally, it is also used to prepare foot baths, intended to soothe sore feet. The reason for the inclusion of the salt is partially cosmetic: the increase in ionic strength prevents some of the temporary skin wrinkling (partial maceration) which is caused by prolonged immersion of extremities in pure water. Magnesium and sulfate ions are naturally present in some mineral waters.[15] The claimed health benefits of Epsom Salt baths have not been proven.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 220. ISBN 9781284057560.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Magnesium Sulfate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  3. ^ WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. p. 75. ISBN 9789241547659. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Magnesium sulfate Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com". www.drugs.com.
  5. ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  6. ^ "Magnesium Sulfate". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  7. ^ "Magnesium sulfate for preterm labor". Webmd.com. 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  8. ^ Lewis DF (September 2005). "Magnesium sulfate: the first-line tocolytic". Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 32 (3): 485–500. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2005.03.002. PMID 16125045.
  9. ^ Simhan HN, Caritis SN (2007). "Prevention of Preterm Delivery". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (5): 477–487. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050435. PMID 17671256.
  10. ^ Nanda, K; Grimes, DA (2006). "Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: Time to quit". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 108 (4): 986–989. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000236445.18265.93. PMID 17012463.
  11. ^ "Magnesium Sulfate: Drug Safety Communication – Recommendation Against Prolonged Use in Pre-term Labor". FDA. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  12. ^ Doyle, LW; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P; Marret, S; Rouse, D (Jan 21, 2009). "Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD004661. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub3. PMID 19160238.
  13. ^ Wolf, HT; Hegaard, HK; Greisen, G; Huusom, L; Hedegaard, M (Feb 2012). "Treatment with magnesium sulphate in pre-term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 32 (2): 135–40. doi:10.3109/01443615.2011.638999. PMID 22296422.
  14. ^ Nguyen, TM; Crowther, CA; Wilkinson, D; Bain, E (Feb 28, 2013). "Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2: CD009395. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009395.pub2. PMID 23450601.
  15. ^ "Bath - Hot Springs". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  16. ^ Ingraham, Paul. "Does Epsom Salt Work? The science of Epsom salt bathing for recovery from muscle pain, soreness, or injury". Pain Science. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
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