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|familia = '''Polygalaceae'''
|familia = '''Polygalaceae'''
|familia_authority = [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmanns.]] & [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
|familia_authority = [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmanns.]] & [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
|type_genus = ''[[Polygala]]''
|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753
|subdivision_ranks = Tribes and Genera
|subdivision_ranks = Tribes and Genera
|subdivision =
|subdivision =
*[[Carpolobieae]] <small>Eriksen</small>
* [[Carpolobieae]] <small>Eriksen</small>
* [[Moutabeae]] <small>Chodat</small>
**''[[Atroxima]]''
* [[Polygaleae]] <small>Chodat</small>
**''[[Carpolobia]]''
*[[Moutabeae]] <small>Chodat</small>
* [[Xanthophylleae]] <small>Chodat</small>
**''[[Balgoya]]''
**''[[Barnhartia]]''
**''[[Diclidanthera]]''
**''[[Eriandra]]''
**''[[Moutabea]]''
*[[Polygaleae]] <small>Chodat</small>
**''[[Acanthocladus]]''
**''[[Ancylotropis]]''
**''[[Badiera]]''
**''[[Bredemeyera]]''
**''[[Comesperma]]''
**''[[Epirixanthes]]''
**''[[Monnina]]''
**''[[Muraltia]]''
**''[[Polygala]]''
**''[[Salomonia]]''
**''[[Securidaca]]''
*[[Xanthophylleae]] <small>Chodat</small>
**''[[Xanthophyllum]]''
*[[Incertae Sedis]]
**''[[Monrosia]]''
**''[[Nylandtia]]''
**[[extinction|†]]''[[Paleosecuridaca]]''
|range_map = Polygaleae distribution.svg
|range_map = Polygaleae distribution.svg
|range_map_caption = Distribution of the Polygalaceae.
|range_map_caption = Distribution of the Polygalaceae.
|synonyms =
|}}
* Diclidantheraceae <small>J. Agardh</small>
{{wikispecies}}
* Moutabeaceae <small>Pfeiffer</small>
* Xanthophyllaceae <small>Reveal & Hoogland</small>
}}


The '''Polygalaceae''' ([[synonymy|syn.]] Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, Xanthophyllaceae) or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 21 genera and ca 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.
The '''Polygalaceae''' or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 21 genera and ''ca''. 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.


Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the APG, the family belongs in Fabales.
Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the APG, the family belongs in Fabales.

==Tribes and Genera==
The Polygalaceae comprises the following genera:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Abbott JR. | year = 2011 | title = Notes on the disintegration of ''Polygala'' (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal = Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 125–137 | jstor = 41972495}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Pastore JFB. | year = 2012 | title = ''Caamembeca'': Generic status and new name for ''Polygala'' subgenus ''Ligustrina'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–442 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12225-012-9360-x | doi = 10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Pastore JFB, Rodrigues de Moraes PL. | year = 2013 | title = Generic status and lectotypifications for ''Gymnospora'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Novon]] | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–306 | url = http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi = 10.3417/2010113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Abbott JR, Pastore JFB | year = 2015 | title = Preliminary synopsis of the genus ''Hebecarpa'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume = 70 | pages = 39 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2 | doi = 10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type = Ph.D. | author = Freire-Fierro A. | date = 2015 | title = Systematics of ''Monnina'' (Polygalaceae) | publisher = Drexel University | url = http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html}}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca">{{cite journal | author = Pastore JFB, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C. | year = 2017 | title = A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in ''Caamembeca'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–62 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/036364417X694935 | doi = 10.1600/036364417X694935}}</ref>

===Carpolobieae===
*''[[Atroxima]]'' <small>Stapf 1905</small>
*''[[Carpolobia]]'' <small>G. Don 1831</small>

===Moutabeae===
*''[[Balgoya]]'' <small>Morat & Meijden 1991</small>
*''[[Barnhartia]]'' <small>Gleason 1926</small>
*''[[Diclidanthera]]'' <small>Mart. 1827</small>
*''[[Eriandra]]'' <small>P. Royen & Steenis 1852</small>
*''[[Moutabea]]'' <small>Aubl. 1775</small>

===Polygaleae===
*''[[Acanthocladus]]'' <small>Klotzsch ex Hassk. 1864</small>
*''[[Ancylotropis]]'' <small>B. Eriksen 1993</small>
*''[[Asemeia]]'' <small>Raf. 1833</small>
*''[[Badiera]]'' <small>DC. 1824</small>
*''[[Bredemeyera]]'' <small>Willd. 1801</small>
*''[[Caamembeca]]'' <small>J.F.B. Pastore 2012</small>
*''[[Comesperma]]'' <small>Labill. 1807</small>
*''[[Epirixanthes]]'' <small>Blume 1823</small>
*''[[Gymnospora]]'' <small>(Chodat) J.F.B. Pastore 2013</small>
*''[[Hebecarpa]]'' <small>(Chodat) J.R. Abbott 2011</small>
*''[[Heterosamara]]'' <small>Kuntze 1891</small>
*''[[Hualania]]'' <small>Phil. 1862</small>
*''[[Monnina]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav. 1798</small>
*''[[Muraltia]]'' <small>DC. 1815</small>
*''[[Phlebotaenia]]'' <small>Griseb. 1860</small>
*''[[Polygala]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>
*''[[Polygaloides]]'' <small>Haller 1768</small>
*''[[Rhinotropis]]'' <small>(S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott 2011</small>
*''[[Salomonia]]'' <small>Lour. 1790</small>
*''[[Securidaca]]'' <small>L. 1759</small>

===Xanthophylleae===
*''[[Xanthophyllum]]'' <small>Roxb. 1820</small>

===Fossils===
*[[extinction|†]]''[[Deviacer]]'' <small>Manchester</small>
*†''[[Paleosecuridaca]]'' <small>Pigg, Kathleen B., M.L. DeVore & M.F. Wojc. 2008</small>

==Systematics==
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Persson C. | year = 2001 | title = Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the ''trnL''–''F'' region | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 50 | issue = 3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5) | pages = 763–779 | doi = 10.2307/1223706 | jstor = 1223706}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA. | year = 2007 | title = The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 1675–1694 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x/abstract | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA. | year = 2009 | title = Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using ''matK'' and ''rbcL'' sequence data | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 102–114 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/036364409787602348 | doi = 10.1600/036364409787602348}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type = Ph.D. | author = Abbott JR. | date = 2009 | title = Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of ''Badiera'' | publisher = University of Florida | url = http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041138/abbott_j.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VSFT. | year = 2015 | title = Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of ''Epirixanthes'' | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 102 | issue = 4 | pages = 598-608 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/4/598.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1400549}}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca"/>

{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
|1=[[Surianaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
|label2=Polygalaceae
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Xanthophylleae]]
|1=''[[Xanthophyllum]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Moutabeae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Moutabea]]''
|2=''[[Balgoya]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eriandra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Barnhartia]]''
|2=''[[Diclidanthera]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Carpolobieae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Atroxima]]''
|2=''[[Carpolobia]]''
}}
|label2=[[Polygaleae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bredemeyera]]'' <!-- formerly Bredemeyera sect. Bredemeyera -->
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Acanthocladus]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Acanthocladus -->
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gymnospora]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Gymnospora -->
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hebecarpa]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Hebecarpa -->
|2=''[[Badiera]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Badiera -->
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Securidaca]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Phlebotaenia]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Phlebotaenia -->
|2=''[[Rhinotropis]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Rhinotropis -->
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Comesperma]]'' <!-- formerly Bredemeyera subgen. Comesperma -->
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ancylotropis]]'' <!-- formerly Monnina subgen. Monninopsis -->
|2=''[[Monnina]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Asemeia]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Hebeclada -->
|2=''[[Caamembeca]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Ligustrina -->
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hualania]]'' <!-- formerly Bredemeyera subgen. Hualania -->
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Heterosamara]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Polygaloides]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Chamaebuxus -->
|2=''Polygala''&nbsp;subgen.&nbsp;''Chodatia''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Salomonia]]''
|2=''[[Epirixanthes]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Polygala]]''&nbsp;subgen.&nbsp;''Polygala''&nbsp;(Old&nbsp;World&nbsp;Clade) <!-- includes Polygala subgen. Brachytropis -->
|2=''[[Polygala]]''&nbsp;subgen.&nbsp;''Polygala''&nbsp;(New&nbsp;World&nbsp;Clade)
}}
|3=''[[Muraltia]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|3}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikispecies}}
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{commonscat-inline}}
* {{ITIS |id=29301 |taxon=Polygalaceae}}
* {{ITIS |id=29301 |taxon=Polygalaceae}}

Revision as of 03:56, 19 March 2017

Polygalaceae
Securidaca longipedunculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Polygalaceae

Type genus
Polygala
L. 1753
Tribes and Genera
Distribution of the Polygalaceae.
Synonyms
  • Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh
  • Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer
  • Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland

The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 21 genera and ca. 900 known species[2] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.

Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the APG, the family belongs in Fabales.

Tribes and Genera

The Polygalaceae comprises the following genera:[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Carpolobieae

Moutabeae

Polygaleae

Xanthophylleae

Fossils

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[9][10][11][12][13][8]

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 125–137. JSTOR 41972495.
  4. ^ Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 67 (3): 435–442. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x.
  5. ^ Pastore JFB, Rodrigues de Moraes PL. (2013). "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon. 22 (3): 304–306. doi:10.3417/2010113.
  6. ^ Abbott JR, Pastore JFB (2015). "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 70: 39. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2.
  7. ^ Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University.
  8. ^ a b Pastore JFB, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C. (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot. 42 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon. 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. doi:10.2307/1223706. JSTOR 1223706.
  10. ^ Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA. (2007). "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution. 61 (7): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA. (2009). "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot. 34 (1): 102–114. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.
  13. ^ Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VSFT. (2015). "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot. 102 (4): 598–608. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400549.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Polygalaceae.

Media related to Polygalaceae at Wikimedia Commons


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