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Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are found in many [[Bacteriophage|bacteriophages]] but originated in [[Bacteria|bacterial]] cells.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breitbart|first=Mya|last2=Thompson|first2=Luke|last3=Suttle|first3=Curtis|last4=Sullivan|first4=Matthew|date=2007|title=Exploring the Vast Diversity of Marine Viruses|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.58|journal=Oceanography|volume=20|issue=2|pages=135–139|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2007.58|via=}}</ref> AMGs modulate host cell [[metabolism]] during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine [[cyanobacteria]] ''[[Synechococcus]]'' and ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'' ([[cyanophages]]) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crummett|first=Lisa T.|last2=Puxty|first2=Richard J.|last3=Weihe|first3=Claudia|last4=Marston|first4=Marcia F.|last5=Martiny|first5=Jennifer B.H.|date=2016|title=The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in marine cyanomyoviruses|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016|journal=Virology|volume=499|pages=219–229|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016|via=}}</ref>
Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are found in many [[Bacteriophage|bacteriophages]] but originated in [[Bacteria|bacterial]] cells.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breitbart|first=Mya|last2=Thompson|first2=Luke|last3=Suttle|first3=Curtis|last4=Sullivan|first4=Matthew|date=2007|title=Exploring the Vast Diversity of Marine Viruses|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.58|journal=Oceanography|volume=20|issue=2|pages=135–139|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2007.58|via=}}</ref> AMGs modulate host cell [[metabolism]] during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine [[cyanobacteria]] ''[[Synechococcus]]'' and ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'' ([[cyanophages]]) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crummett|first=Lisa T.|last2=Puxty|first2=Richard J.|last3=Weihe|first3=Claudia|last4=Marston|first4=Marcia F.|last5=Martiny|first5=Jennifer B.H.|date=2016|title=The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in marine cyanomyoviruses|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016|journal=Virology|volume=499|pages=219–229|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016|via=}}</ref> Cyanophage AMGs support a variety of functions including [[photosynthesis]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mann|first=Nicholas H.|last2=Cook|first2=Annabel|last3=Millard|first3=Andrew|last4=Bailey|first4=Shaun|last5=Clokie|first5=Martha|date=2003-08-14|title=Marine ecosystems: bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917674|journal=Nature|volume=424|issue=6950|pages=741|doi=10.1038/424741a|issn=1476-4687|pmid=12917674}}</ref> carbon metabolism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Luke R.|last2=Zeng|first2=Qinglu|last3=Kelly|first3=Libusha|last4=Huang|first4=Katherine H.|last5=Singer|first5=Alexander U.|last6=Stubbe|first6=Joanne|last7=Chisholm|first7=Sallie W.|date=2011-09-27|title=Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844365|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=108|issue=39|pages=E757–764|doi=10.1073/pnas.1102164108|issn=1091-6490|pmc=PMC3182688|pmid=21844365}}</ref> nucleic acid synthesis and metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Enav|first=Hagay|last2=Mandel-Gutfreund|first2=Yael|last3=Béjà|first3=Oded|date=2014-03-26|title=Comparative metagenomic analyses reveal viral-induced shifts of host metabolism towards nucleotide biosynthesis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666644|journal=Microbiome|volume=2|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.1186/2049-2618-2-9|issn=2049-2618|pmc=PMC4022391|pmid=24666644}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:12, 26 June 2017

Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are found in many bacteriophages but originated in bacterial cells.[1] AMGs modulate host cell metabolism during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (cyanophages) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria.[2] Cyanophage AMGs support a variety of functions including photosynthesis,[3] carbon metabolism,[4] nucleic acid synthesis and metabolism.[5]

References

  1. ^ Breitbart, Mya; Thompson, Luke; Suttle, Curtis; Sullivan, Matthew (2007). "Exploring the Vast Diversity of Marine Viruses". Oceanography. 20 (2): 135–139. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2007.58.
  2. ^ Crummett, Lisa T.; Puxty, Richard J.; Weihe, Claudia; Marston, Marcia F.; Martiny, Jennifer B.H. (2016). "The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in marine cyanomyoviruses". Virology. 499: 219–229. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016.
  3. ^ Mann, Nicholas H.; Cook, Annabel; Millard, Andrew; Bailey, Shaun; Clokie, Martha (2003-08-14). "Marine ecosystems: bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus". Nature. 424 (6950): 741. doi:10.1038/424741a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12917674.
  4. ^ Thompson, Luke R.; Zeng, Qinglu; Kelly, Libusha; Huang, Katherine H.; Singer, Alexander U.; Stubbe, Joanne; Chisholm, Sallie W. (2011-09-27). "Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (39): E757–764. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102164108. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3182688. PMID 21844365.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  5. ^ Enav, Hagay; Mandel-Gutfreund, Yael; Béjà, Oded (2014-03-26). "Comparative metagenomic analyses reveal viral-induced shifts of host metabolism towards nucleotide biosynthesis". Microbiome. 2 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-9. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4022391. PMID 24666644.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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