Jump to content

Major royal jelly protein: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
spelling
trim content based on primary sources or poor quality reviews
Line 26: Line 26:
| LocusSupplementaryData =
| LocusSupplementaryData =
}}
}}
'''Major royal jelly proteins''' ('''MRJPs''') are a family of [[Secretory protein|proteins secreted]] by honey bee. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the [[royal jelly]] secreted by [[worker bees]]. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 82-90% of the total proteins in a royal jelly.<ref name="albert99">{{cite journal|last1=Albert|first1=S|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=D|last3=Klaudiny|first3=J|last4=Schmitzová|first4=J|last5=Simúth|first5=J|title=The family of major royal jelly proteins and its evolution|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|date=1999|volume=49|issue=2|pages=290-297|pmid=10441680}}</ref> [Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich mixture of vitamins, sugars, fats, proteins and enzymes. It is used for feeding the larvae.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Viuda-Martos|first1=M.|last2=Ruiz-Navajas|first2=Y.|last3=Fernández-López|first3=J.|last4=Pérez-Álvarez|first4=J.A.|title=Functional Properties of Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2008|volume=73|issue=9|pages=R117–R124|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00966.x|pmid=19021816}}</ref>] Royal jelly has been used in [[traditional medicine]] since ancient times, and the MRJPs are shown to be the main medicinal components. They are [[Transcription (biology)|synthesised]] by a family of nine genes (''mrjp'' genes), which are in turn members of the ''yellow'' family of genes such as in the fruitfly (''[[Drosophila]]'') and bacteria.<ref name="cornara">{{cite journal|last1=Cornara|first1=Laura|last2=Biagi|first2=Marco|last3=Xiao|first3=Jianbo|last4=Burlando|first4=Bruno|title=Therapeutic Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Different Honeybee Products|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|date=2017|volume=8|page=42|doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00412|pmid=28701955|pmc=5487425}}</ref> They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing [[Western honey bee#social caste|division of labour in the bee colony]].
'''Major royal jelly proteins''' ('''MRJPs''') are a family of [[Secretory protein|proteins secreted]] by honey bee. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the [[royal jelly]] secreted by [[worker bees]]. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 82-90% of the total proteins in a royal jelly.<ref name=Buttstedt2014>{{cite journal|last1=Buttstedt|first1=A|last2=Moritz|first2=RF|last3=Erler|first3=S|title=Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family.|journal=Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|date=May 2014|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255-69|doi=10.1111/brv.12052|pmid=23855350}}</ref><ref name="albert99">{{cite journal|last1=Albert|first1=S|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=D|last3=Klaudiny|first3=J|last4=Schmitzová|first4=J|last5=Simúth|first5=J|title=The family of major royal jelly proteins and its evolution|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|date=1999|volume=49|issue=2|pages=290-297|pmid=10441680}}</ref> Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich mixture of vitamins, sugars, fats, proteins and enzymes. It is used for feeding the larvae.<ref name=Buttstedt2014/> Royal jelly has been used in [[traditional medicine]] since ancient times, and the MRJPs are shown to be the main medicinal components. They are [[Transcription (biology)|synthesised]] by a family of nine genes (''mrjp'' genes), which are in turn members of the ''yellow'' family of genes such as in the fruitfly (''[[Drosophila]]'') and bacteria. They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing [[Western honey bee#social caste|division of labour in the bee colony]].<ref name=Buttstedt2014/>


==Discovery==
==Discovery==
Line 46: Line 46:
==Use==
==Use==


MRJPs (as whole royal jelly) are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, and are commercialised as an over-the-counter food supplements. They influence the growth of liver cells ([[hepatocytes]]) and white blood cells ([[monocytes]]).<ref name="cornara"/> They can activate different immune cells. They also enhance bile acid and cholesterol metabolism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kashima|first1=Yuri|last2=Kanematsu|first2=Satoshi|last3=Asai|first3=Saori|last4=Kusada|first4=Mio|last5=Watanabe|first5=Suzuyo|last6=Kawashima|first6=Takuji|last7=Nakamura|first7=Tadashi|last8=Shimada|first8=Masaya|last9=Goto|first9=Tsuyoshi|last10=Nagaoka|first10=Satoshi|last11=Moschetta|first11=Antonio|title=Identification of a Novel Hypocholesterolemic Protein, Major Royal Jelly Protein 1, Derived from Royal Jelly|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2014|volume=9|issue=8|page=e105073|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0105073|pmid=25144734|display-authors=8|pmc=4140749}}</ref> They have antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They also show an ability to [[Hypotension|lower blood pressure]], fats in the blood ([[hypercholesterolemia]]), stop tumour growth, and [[anti-inflammation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramadan|first1=Mohamed Fawzy|last2=Al-Ghamdi|first2=Ahmed|title=Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of royal jelly: A review|journal=Journal of Functional Foods|date=2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=39–52|doi=10.1016/j.jff.2011.12.007}}</ref> Clinical trials in 2015 and 2016 have confirmed their health benefits on symptoms of diabetes mellitus.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Siavash|first1=Mansour|last2=Shokri|first2=Saeideh|last3=Haghighi|first3=Sepehr|last4=Shahtalebi|first4=Mohammad Ali|last5=Farajzadehgan|first5=Ziba|title=The efficacy of topical royal jelly on healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial|journal=International Wound Journal|date=2015|volume=12|issue=2|pages=137–142|doi=10.1111/iwj.12063|pmid=23566071}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khoshpey|first1=Basemeh|last2=Djazayeri|first2=Shima|last3=Amiri|first3=Fatemehsadat|last4=Malek|first4=Mojtaba|last5=Hosseini|first5=Agha Fateme|last6=Hosseini|first6=Sharieh|last7=Shidfar|first7=Shahrzad|last8=Shidfar|first8=Farzad|title=Effect of Royal Jelly Intake on Serum Glucose, Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and ApoB/ApoA-I Ratios in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Study|journal=Canadian Journal of Diabetes|date=2016|volume=40|issue=4|pages=324–328|doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.01.003|pmid=27026221}}</ref> Jelleins 1, 2, and 4 of MRJP1 are the main antibacterial components of honey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brudzynski|first1=Katrina|last2=Sjaarda|first2=Calvin|last3=Harder|first3=Jürgen|title=Honey glycoproteins containing antimicrobial peptides, Jelleins of the Major Royal Jelly Protein 1, are responsible for the cell wall lytic and bactericidal activities of honey|journal=PLoS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0120238|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120238|pmid=25830314|pmc=4382210}}</ref>
MRJPs (as whole royal jelly) are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, and are commercialised as an over-the-counter food supplements. They have antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They also show an ability to [[Hypotension|lower blood pressure]], fats in the blood ([[hypercholesterolemia]]), stop tumour growth in vitro, and [[anti-inflammation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramadan|first1=Mohamed Fawzy|last2=Al-Ghamdi|first2=Ahmed|title=Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of royal jelly: A review|journal=Journal of Functional Foods|date=2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=39–52|doi=10.1016/j.jff.2011.12.007}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 04:26, 30 October 2017

Major royal jelly proteins
Identifiers
SymbolMRJP
Alt. namesBee-milk protein
NCBI gene406090
PDBO18330
UniProtO18330
Other data
LocusChr. LG11 [1]
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are a family of proteins secreted by honey bee. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the royal jelly secreted by worker bees. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 82-90% of the total proteins in a royal jelly.[1][2] Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich mixture of vitamins, sugars, fats, proteins and enzymes. It is used for feeding the larvae.[1] Royal jelly has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, and the MRJPs are shown to be the main medicinal components. They are synthesised by a family of nine genes (mrjp genes), which are in turn members of the yellow family of genes such as in the fruitfly (Drosophila) and bacteria. They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony.[1]

Discovery

The chemical investigation on royal jelly started in the 1960s.[3] Jozef Hanes and Jozef Šimuth, of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, were the first to identify major royal jelly protein from the hypopharyngeal glands. In 1992 they isolated the protein as a complex of two molecules.[4]

MRJP1 as a single molecule (monomer) was first isolated by Masaki Kamakura and his team at the Toyama Prefectural University in 2001. He found two proteins as potential markers for freshness of royal jelly protein and named them royal jelly proteins (RJP-1 and RJP-2). RJP-1 was a 57-kDa monomer which is a subunit of a larger complex (oligomer).[5] In 2011, Kamakura discovered that RJP-1 is the main protein for controlling larval development that distinguishes the queen from workers. He gave a new name royalactin.[6]

In 1994, Hanes and Šimuth's team identified genes called pRJP57–1 and pRJP57–2 from the bee head and found that these genes produce similar protein to the first MRJP.[7] By 1999, several independent scientists confirmed the existence of five MRJPs.[3] The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium reported in 2006 that there are nine genes for nine MRJPs.[8]

Structure

MRJP1 is the most abundant protein in royal jelly. It can exists in two forms, as monomer (single structure) and as oligomer (combined structure). The molecular size of the oligomer is 290-350 kDa. The oligomer is a combination of five monomers.[5] The monomers are associated with another protein apimisin. The monomer is 55 kDa in size, while apimisin is 5 kDa. The monomer contains 432 amino acids, and is divisible (can be cleaved) into three chains, such as jellein-1, jellein-2, and jellein-4. The monomers in the ologomer are held together by apimisin using noncovaletn bonds. The oligomer is resistant to high temperature. MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4 and MRJP5 are smaller and their size range between 49 and 80 kDa.[9]

Synthesis

All MRJPs are synthesised from the hypopharyngeal glands, except for MRJP8. MRJP8 is produced in the head of nurse bees, specifically by the Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies.[10] It was earlier established that MRJP1 to 5 are produced only by young female workers (nurses); hence the genes mrjp1 to 5 are exclusively active in nurses.[11] But later research showed that mrjp genes are expressed also in forager and the queen, not only in their hypopharynx, but also in their brains and abdomen. mrjp1-7 are expressed in the heads of worker bees, with a higher activity of mrjp1-4 and mrjp7 in nurse bees compared to foragers. In contrast, mrjp5 and mrjp6 are more active in foragers compared. mrjp9 is active in the heads, thoraces and abdomen of all female bees. This indicates that mrjp9 is the oldest gene in the family.[12] The mrjp1 gene covers 3038 bp and contains six exons separated by five introns.[13]

Function

As a major component of the royal jelly, MRJPs are the primary proteins in the diet of bee larvae.[14] Other than their nutritional value, their exact biological function is yet to be confirmed. The first important discovery was made by Masaki Kamakura in 2011, who found that MRJP1 controls division of labour (called polyethism).[6] Kamakura showed that MRJP1 is the main factor for differentiation of the queen larva from worker larvae. In the queen larva, MRJP1 induces faster growth, juvenile hormone secretion and development of ovary, while reducing the maturation period. Under experimental condition, fruitfly larvae are similarly affected by MRJP1.[15] MRJP1 acts through signalling pathways such as p70-S6 kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and epidermal growth factor.[6] But researchers at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg reported in 2016 that MRJP1 alone is not the main protein, but MRJP2, MRJP3, and MRJP5 are equally important in the larval development of the queen.[16]

Use

MRJPs (as whole royal jelly) are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, and are commercialised as an over-the-counter food supplements. They have antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They also show an ability to lower blood pressure, fats in the blood (hypercholesterolemia), stop tumour growth in vitro, and anti-inflammation.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c Buttstedt, A; Moritz, RF; Erler, S (May 2014). "Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family". Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 89 (2): 255–69. doi:10.1111/brv.12052. PMID 23855350.
  2. ^ Albert, S; Bhattacharya, D; Klaudiny, J; Schmitzová, J; Simúth, J (1999). "The family of major royal jelly proteins and its evolution". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (2): 290–297. PMID 10441680.
  3. ^ a b Buttstedt, Anja; Moritz, Robin F. A.; Erler, Silvio (2014). "Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family". Biological Reviews. 89 (2): 255–269. doi:10.1111/brv.12052. PMID 23855350.
  4. ^ Hanes, Jozef; Šimuth, Jozef (2015). "Identification and partial characterization of the major royal jelly protein of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)". Journal of Apicultural Research. 31 (1): 22–26. doi:10.1080/00218839.1992.11101256.
  5. ^ a b Kamakura, Masaki; Fukuda, Toshiyuki; Fukushima, Makoto; Yonekura, Masami (2001). "Storage-dependent degradation of 57-kDa protein in royal jelly: a possible marker for freshness". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 65 (2): 277–284. doi:10.1271/bbb.65.277. PMID 11302159.
  6. ^ a b c Kamakura, Masaki (2011). "Royalactin induces queen differentiation in honeybees". Nature. 473 (7348): 478–483. doi:10.1038/nature10093. PMID 21516106.
  7. ^ Klaudiny, J; Hanes, J; Kulifajová, J; Albert, Š; Šimúth, J (1994). "Molecular cloning of two cDNAs from the head of the nurse honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) for coding related proteins of royal jelly". Journal of Apicultural Research. 33 (2): 105–111. doi:10.1080/00218839.1994.11100857.
  8. ^ Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium (2006). "Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera". Nature. 443 (7114): 931–949. doi:10.1038/nature05260. PMC 2048586. PMID 17073008.
  9. ^ Tamura, Shougo; Amano, Shizuka; Kono, Toru; Kondoh, Jun; Yamaguchi, Kikuji; Kobayashi, Seiichi; Ayabe, Tokiyoshi; Moriyama, Takanori (2009). "Molecular characteristics and physiological functions of major royal jelly protein 1 oligomer". Proteomics. 9 (24): 5534–5543. doi:10.1002/pmic.200900541. PMID 20017154.
  10. ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, R.; Hayward, D. C.; Ball, E. E. (1998). "A Royal Jelly Protein Is Expressed in a Subset of Kenyon Cells in the Mushroom Bodies of the Honey Bee Brain". Naturwissenschaften. 85 (7): 343–346. doi:10.1007/s001140050512. PMID 9722965.
  11. ^ Ueno, Takayuki; Nakaoka, Takayoshi; Takeuchi, Hideaki; Kubo, Takeo (2009). "Differential Gene Expression in the Hypopharyngeal Glands of Worker Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) Associated with an Age-Dependent Role Change". Zoological Science. 26 (8): 557–563. doi:10.2108/zsj.26.557. PMID 19719408.
  12. ^ Buttstedt, Anja; Moritz, Robin FA; Erler, Silvio (2013). "More than royal food - Major royal jelly protein genes in sexuals and workers of the honeybee Apis mellifera". Frontiers in Zoology. 10 (1): 72. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-10-72. PMID 24279675.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Malecová, B; Ramser, J; O'Brien, JK; Janitz, M; Júdová, J; Lehrach, H; Simúth, J (2003). "Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) mrjp gene family: computational analysis of putative promoters and genomic structure of mrjp1, the gene coding for the most abundant protein of larval food". Gene. 303 (16): 165–175. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)01174-5. PMID 12559578.
  14. ^ Fujita, Toshiyuki; Kozuka-Hata, Hiroko; Ao-Kondo, Hiroko; Kunieda, Takekazu; Oyama, Masaaki; Kubo, Takeo (2013). "Proteomic Analysis of the Royal Jelly and Characterization of the Functions of its Derivation Glands in the Honeybee". Journal of Proteome Research. 12 (1): 404–411. doi:10.1021/pr300700e. PMID 23157659.
  15. ^ Yamanaka, Naoki; O'Connor, Michael B. (2011). "Apiology: Royal Secrets in the Queen's Fat Body". Current Biology. 21 (13): R510–R512. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.037. PMID 21741589.
  16. ^ Buttstedt, Anja; Ihling, Christian H.; Pietzsch, Markus; Moritz, Robin F. A. (2016). "Royalactin is not a royal making of a queen". Nature. 537 (7621): E10–E12. doi:10.1038/nature19349. PMID 27652566.
  17. ^ Ramadan, Mohamed Fawzy; Al-Ghamdi, Ahmed (2012). "Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of royal jelly: A review". Journal of Functional Foods. 4 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2011.12.007.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_royal_jelly_protein&oldid=807795589"