Amphicarpy: Difference between revisions
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'''Amphicarpy''' is a [[reproductive strategy]] that is expressed mostly in annual plant species.<ref>{{cite book|title= Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith|first1= Paul J.|last1= Greenwood|first2= Paul H.|last2= Harvey|first3= Montgomery|last3= Slatkin|publisher= CUP Archive|year= 1985|isbn= 9780521257343 |page= 149 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=nQw5AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> It is characterized by two types of fruit being produced,<ref>{{citation |authors=Beentje, H. and Williamson, J. |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref><ref>{{citation |authors=Hickey, M. and King, C. |year=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name=dictionary.com/> or sometimes by more than two types. It is sometimes restricted to the situation where one fruit type is aerial and the other subterranean (hypogeous),<ref>{{citation |title=The Heterodiaspory of ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' (Brassicaceae) |author=Herwig Teppner |pages=381–391 |journal=Phyton |volume=43 |issue=2 |year=2003}}</ref> and distinguished from '''heterocarpy'''. The word amphicarp is the contraction of the Greek words ''ἀμφί'' meaning "of both kinds" and ''καρπός'' meaning fruit.<!---The concept of amphicarpy was probably coined by Ernst HUTH 1890 in hiw Ueber Geokarpe, Amphikarpe, und Heterokarpe Pflanzen, but I have not been able to see it---><ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web|website= Dictionary.com |title= Amphicarpous |url= http://www.dictionary.com/browse/amphicarpous|accessdate= 2016-12-25}}</ref> |
'''Amphicarpy''' is a [[reproductive strategy]] that is expressed mostly in annual plant species.<ref>{{cite book|title= Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith|first1= Paul J.|last1= Greenwood|first2= Paul H.|last2= Harvey|first3= Montgomery|last3= Slatkin|publisher= CUP Archive|year= 1985|isbn= 9780521257343 |page= 149 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=nQw5AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> It is characterized by two types of fruit being produced,<ref>{{citation |authors=Beentje, H. and Williamson, J. |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref><ref>{{citation |authors=Hickey, M. and King, C. |year=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name=dictionary.com/> or sometimes by more than two types<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swift|first=Joel F.|last2=Smith|first2=Stacy A.|last3=Menges|first3=Eric S.|last4=Bassüner|first4=Burgund|last5=Edwards|first5=Christine E.|date=2016-12-01|title=Analysis of mating system and genetic structure in the endangered, amphicarpic plant, Lewton’s polygala (Polygala lewtonii)|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-016-0860-3|journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1269–1284|doi=10.1007/s10592-016-0860-3|issn=1566-0621}}</ref>. It is sometimes restricted to the situation where one fruit type is aerial and the other subterranean (hypogeous),<ref>{{citation |title=The Heterodiaspory of ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' (Brassicaceae) |author=Herwig Teppner |pages=381–391 |journal=Phyton |volume=43 |issue=2 |year=2003}}</ref> and distinguished from '''heterocarpy'''. The word amphicarp is the contraction of the Greek words ''ἀμφί'' meaning "of both kinds" and ''καρπός'' meaning fruit.<!---The concept of amphicarpy was probably coined by Ernst HUTH 1890 in hiw Ueber Geokarpe, Amphikarpe, und Heterokarpe Pflanzen, but I have not been able to see it---><ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web|website= Dictionary.com |title= Amphicarpous |url= http://www.dictionary.com/browse/amphicarpous|accessdate= 2016-12-25}}</ref> |
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In a typical plant with amphicarpy, one fruit type is underground. These [[Geocarpy|underground fruits]] usually develop from [[Self-pollination|self-pollinating]] flowers. The fruits that develop from the aerial flowers may |
In a typical plant with amphicarpy, one fruit type is underground. These [[Geocarpy|underground fruits]] usually develop from [[Self-pollination|self-pollinating]] flowers. The fruits that develop from the aerial flowers may often be the result of [[Pollination#Mechanism|cross-pollination]].<ref>{{cite book|first= Focko|last= Weberling|year= 1992|title= Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences|publisher= CUP Archive|isbn= 9780521438322|page= 345 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?redir_esc=y&id=-ZlOAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> |
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Plants use this strategy to increase the chance that their genetic material is passed on. It can be referred to as [[Bet-hedging (biology)|bet hedging]] in which an organism produces several different [[phenotypes]]. Seeds from the underground flowers have low genetic variability (due to their selfing), tend to be larger, and may germinate from within the tissues of the flower, so ensuring that the annual can remain at the site that was suitable to it in the preceding year. Seeds from aerial flowers usually have greater genetic variability, tend to be smaller, and may be spread further. This assists the colonization of new territory, but also helps the exchange of genetic material between populations.<ref name=RdC>{{cite journal|first= E.|last= Ruiz de Clavijo|year= 1995|title= The Ecological Significance of Fruit Heteromorphism in the Amphicarpic Species ''Catananche lutea'' (Asteraceae)|journal= International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume= 156|issue= 6|pages= 824–833|url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/2475114?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate= 2016-12-20}}</ref> |
Plants use this strategy to increase the chance that their genetic material is passed on. It can be referred to as [[Bet-hedging (biology)|bet hedging]] in which an organism produces several different [[phenotypes]]. Seeds from the underground flowers have low genetic variability (due to their selfing), tend to be larger, and may germinate from within the tissues of the flower, so ensuring that the annual can remain at the site that was suitable to it in the preceding year. Seeds from aerial flowers usually have greater genetic variability, tend to be smaller, and may be spread further. This assists the colonization of new territory, but also helps the exchange of genetic material between populations.<ref name=RdC>{{cite journal|first= E.|last= Ruiz de Clavijo|year= 1995|title= The Ecological Significance of Fruit Heteromorphism in the Amphicarpic Species ''Catananche lutea'' (Asteraceae)|journal= International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume= 156|issue= 6|pages= 824–833|url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/2475114?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate= 2016-12-20}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:20, 8 November 2017
Amphicarpy is a reproductive strategy that is expressed mostly in annual plant species.[1] It is characterized by two types of fruit being produced,[2][3][4] or sometimes by more than two types[5]. It is sometimes restricted to the situation where one fruit type is aerial and the other subterranean (hypogeous),[6] and distinguished from heterocarpy. The word amphicarp is the contraction of the Greek words ἀμφί meaning "of both kinds" and καρπός meaning fruit.[4]
In a typical plant with amphicarpy, one fruit type is underground. These underground fruits usually develop from self-pollinating flowers. The fruits that develop from the aerial flowers may often be the result of cross-pollination.[7]
Plants use this strategy to increase the chance that their genetic material is passed on. It can be referred to as bet hedging in which an organism produces several different phenotypes. Seeds from the underground flowers have low genetic variability (due to their selfing), tend to be larger, and may germinate from within the tissues of the flower, so ensuring that the annual can remain at the site that was suitable to it in the preceding year. Seeds from aerial flowers usually have greater genetic variability, tend to be smaller, and may be spread further. This assists the colonization of new territory, but also helps the exchange of genetic material between populations.[8]
Worldwide, approximately fifty species exhibit amphicarpy, or 0.02% of the known species of flowering plants. Most of these fifty species occur in often disturbed or very stressful circumstances. In Israel, a country that harbors many disturbed habitats, with eight out of a total flora of twenty five hundred species, a much higher percentage of 0.32% is amphicarpic.[9] Species that use amphicarpy include Catananche lutea, Gymnarrhena micrantha and Polygala lewtonii.[8][10][11] Trifolium polymorphum is a perennial, that combines amphicarpy with vegetative reproduction through stolons. It grows in grasslands where its aerial flowers may not come into seed due to herbivores.[12]
References
- ^ Greenwood, Paul J.; Harvey, Paul H.; Slatkin, Montgomery (1985). Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith. CUP Archive. p. 149. ISBN 9780521257343.
- ^ The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing, 2010
{{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=(help) - ^ The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms, Cambridge University Press, 2001
{{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=(help) - ^ a b "Amphicarpous". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
- ^ Swift, Joel F.; Smith, Stacy A.; Menges, Eric S.; Bassüner, Burgund; Edwards, Christine E. (2016-12-01). "Analysis of mating system and genetic structure in the endangered, amphicarpic plant, Lewton's polygala (Polygala lewtonii)". Conservation Genetics. 17 (6): 1269–1284. doi:10.1007/s10592-016-0860-3. ISSN 1566-0621.
- ^ Herwig Teppner (2003), "The Heterodiaspory of Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae)", Phyton, 43 (2): 381–391
- ^ Weberling, Focko (1992). Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. CUP Archive. p. 345. ISBN 9780521438322.
- ^ a b Ruiz de Clavijo, E. (1995). "The Ecological Significance of Fruit Heteromorphism in the Amphicarpic Species Catananche lutea (Asteraceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 156 (6): 824–833. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
- ^ Funk, Vicki A.; Fragman-Sapir, Ori (2009). "22. Gymnarrheneae (Gymnarrhenoideae)". Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae (PDF). Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. pp. 327–332. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ Koller, Dov; Roth, Nurit (1964). "Studies on the Ecological and Physiological Significance of Amphicarpy in Gymnarrhena micrantha (Compositae)". American Journal of Botany. 51 (1): 26–35. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lewton’s polygala (Polygala lewtonii), 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation (PDF), retrieved 2016-12-25
- ^ Speroni, G.; Izaguirre, P.; Bernardello, G.; Franco, J. (2014). "Reproductive versatility in legumes: the case of amphicarpy in Trifolium polymorphum". Plant Biology. 16 (3). Stuttg: 690–6. doi:10.1111/plb.12113.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)