Phragmosis: Difference between revisions
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'''Phragmosis''' is any method by which an animal defends itself in its [[burrow]], by using its own body as a barrier.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Diana E.|last2=Hölldobler|first2=Bert|title=Cryptic Phragmosis: The Structural Modifications|url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1985/076848/abs/|journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology|language=en|volume=92|issue=4|pages=337–353|doi=10.1155/1985/76848|issn=0033-2615}}</ref> This term was originally coined by W.M. Wheeler (1927), while describing the defensive technique exhibited by [[Insect|insects]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Brandão|first=C. R. F.|last2=Diniz|first2=J. L. M.|last3=Silva|first3=P. R.|last4=Albuquerque|first4=N. L.|last5=Silvestre|first5=R.|title=The first case of intranidal phragmosis in ants. The ergatoid queen of Blepharidatta conops (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) blocks the entrance of the brood chamber|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/PL00001774|journal=Insectes Sociaux|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=251–258|doi=10.1007/pl00001774|issn=0020-1812}}</ref> Wheeler observed the positioning of specially modified body structures to block nest entrances, as exhibited in various insect species.<ref name=":1" /> The term phragmosis has since been further extended beyond just insects. An example of the behaviour can be seen in the order [[Anura (frog)|Anura]], more specifically in [[Lowland burrowing tree frog|''Pternohyla fodiens'']] and [[Corythomantis greeningi|''Corythomantis greeningi'']], in which a peculiar casqued head is used to protect the animal as it enters a hole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jared|first=C.|last2=Antoniazzi|first2=M. M.|last3=Navas|first3=C. A.|last4=Katchburian|first4=E.|last5=Freymüller|first5=E.|last6=Tambourgi|first6=D. V.|last7=Rodrigues|first7=M. T.|date=2005-01-01|title=Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog Corythomantis greeningi|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1017/S0952836904005953/abstract|journal=Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=265|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1017/s0952836904005953|issn=1469-7998}}</ref> Another example is the head-plug defense as observed in the [[aphid]] ''Astegopteryx'' sp., in which a banana-bunch shaped [[gall]] consisting of several subgalls is formed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kurosu|first=U.|last2=Narukawa|first2=J.|last3=Buranapanichpan|first3=S.|last4=Aoki|first4=S.|date=2006-02-01|title=Head-plug defense in a gall aphid|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00040-005-0839-4|journal=Insectes Sociaux|language=en|volume=53|issue=1|pages=86–91|doi=10.1007/s00040-005-0839-4|issn=0020-1812}}</ref> Perhaps the most commonly observed is phragmosis within the [[ant]] genera. The behaviour is displayed in numerous species such as ''[[Camponotus]]'', [[Colobostruma|''Colobostruma'']], [[Crematogaster|''Crematogaster'']], [[Pheidole|''Pheidole'']], [[Blepharidatta|''Blepharidatta'']], ''[[Cephalotes pusillus]]'', [[Carebara|''Carebara elmenteitae'']], [[Stenamma expolitum|''Stenamma expolitum'']], in which the soldiers have unusually large, disc-shaped heads, which are used to block nest entrances against intruders.<ref name=":0" /> |
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'''Phragmosis''' is any method by which an animal defends itself in its burrow by using its own body as a barrier. An example can be seen in the [[mygalomorph]] [[spider]] ''[[Idiosoma nigrum]]'' (Black Rugose Trapdoor Spider), which protects itself in its burrow by positioning itself so as to block the burrow with its [[abdomen]], which is unusually hard. Another example is the shield of ''[[Cyclocosmia]]'' species ([[Ctenizidae]]). It is also commonly seen in some [[ant]] genera, such as ''[[Cephalotes]]'', in which the soldiers have unusually large, disc-shaped heads, which are used to block nest entrances against intruders. |
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==References== |
== References == |
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<references /> |
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* {{cite book | author = [[Barbara York Main|Main, Barbara York]] | year = 1976 | title = Spiders | publisher = Collins | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-00-211443-7}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite journal | author = Hölldobler, Bert and Diana E. Wheeler | year = 1985 | title = Cryptic phragmosis: the structural modifications | journal = Psyche | volume = 92 | pages = 337–354 | url = http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1985/076848/citations/ | accessdate = 2015-06-07 | doi = 10.1155/1985/76848 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020454/http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/92/92-337.pdf |archivedate = 2007-09-27 | issue = 4}} |
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[[Category:Ethology]] |
[[Category:Ethology]] |
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{{ethology-stub}} |
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Revision as of 23:28, 17 November 2017
Phragmosis is any method by which an animal defends itself in its burrow, by using its own body as a barrier.[1] This term was originally coined by W.M. Wheeler (1927), while describing the defensive technique exhibited by insects.[2] Wheeler observed the positioning of specially modified body structures to block nest entrances, as exhibited in various insect species.[2] The term phragmosis has since been further extended beyond just insects. An example of the behaviour can be seen in the order Anura, more specifically in Pternohyla fodiens and Corythomantis greeningi, in which a peculiar casqued head is used to protect the animal as it enters a hole.[3] Another example is the head-plug defense as observed in the aphid Astegopteryx sp., in which a banana-bunch shaped gall consisting of several subgalls is formed.[4] Perhaps the most commonly observed is phragmosis within the ant genera. The behaviour is displayed in numerous species such as Camponotus, Colobostruma, Crematogaster, Pheidole, Blepharidatta, Cephalotes pusillus, Carebara elmenteitae, Stenamma expolitum, in which the soldiers have unusually large, disc-shaped heads, which are used to block nest entrances against intruders.[1]
References
- ^ a b Wheeler, Diana E.; Hölldobler, Bert. "Cryptic Phragmosis: The Structural Modifications". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 92 (4): 337–353. doi:10.1155/1985/76848. ISSN 0033-2615.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Brandão, C. R. F.; Diniz, J. L. M.; Silva, P. R.; Albuquerque, N. L.; Silvestre, R. "The first case of intranidal phragmosis in ants. The ergatoid queen of Blepharidatta conops (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) blocks the entrance of the brood chamber". Insectes Sociaux. 48 (3): 251–258. doi:10.1007/pl00001774. ISSN 0020-1812.
- ^ Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Navas, C. A.; Katchburian, E.; Freymüller, E.; Tambourgi, D. V.; Rodrigues, M. T. (2005-01-01). "Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog Corythomantis greeningi". Journal of Zoology. 265 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1017/s0952836904005953. ISSN 1469-7998.
- ^ Kurosu, U.; Narukawa, J.; Buranapanichpan, S.; Aoki, S. (2006-02-01). "Head-plug defense in a gall aphid". Insectes Sociaux. 53 (1): 86–91. doi:10.1007/s00040-005-0839-4. ISSN 0020-1812.