Bdellovibrio: Difference between revisions
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| binomial_authority = [[Heinz Stolp|Stolp]] & [[Mortimer Paul Starr|Starr]] 1963 |
| binomial_authority = [[Heinz Stolp|Stolp]] & [[Mortimer Paul Starr|Starr]] 1963 |
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'''''Bdellovibrio''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]], [[obligate aerobe|obligate aerobic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. One of the more notable characteristics of this genus is that members [[parasitism|parasitize]] other Gram-negative bacteria |
'''''Bdellovibrio''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]], [[obligate aerobe|obligate aerobic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. One of the more notable characteristics of this genus is that members can [[parasitism|parasitize]] other Gram-negative bacteria(and feeding on the [[biopolymer]]s , e.g. proteins and nucleic acids, of their hosts. They are not obligate predators however, and have two life styles, a host dependent highly mobile phase "attack phase", which form "bdelloplasts" in host bacteria, and a slow growth, irregularly shaped host independent life style. |
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''Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus'' was first described by [[Heinz Stolp|Stolp]] and [[H Petzold|Petzold]] in 1962. Two other species, ''Bdellovibrio starrii'' and ''[[Bacteriovorax stolpii|Bdellovibrio stolpii]]'', have been moved to a separate genus ''[[Bacteriovorax]]''. |
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The most well studied of these is Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, which is found almost exclusively in attack phase in nature. After searching for prey using it's pili, and burrowing through their outer membrane/ peptidoglycan cell wall, ''Bdellovibrio'' enters the [[periplasmic space]] of its host, the ''Bdellovibrio'' bacterium then forms a structure called a [[bdelloplast]]. This bdelloplast is created as the host cell is modified to become spherical, and the large flagella of the Bdellovibrio is lost. The host cell is then rapidly (within 15-20mins) killed allowing the passage of molecules from the interior of the host cytoplasm through to the periplasm freely, and the periplasm dwelling ''Bdellovibrio'' to feed<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rittenberg|first=S.C|date=1970|title=Early host damage in the infection cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus|url=|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=102|pages=149-160|via=}}</ref>. Using some of these molecules the ''Bdellovibrio'' creates a protective environment by reinforcing the [[peptidoglycan]] cell wall of the host it now dwells using [[Amidase|amidases]] and [[Transpeptidase|transpeptidases]]. After around 4hrs, depending on ambient temperature, the ''Bdellovibrio'' has increased in size dramatically through this nourishment. It divides to replicate and then leaves via a final lysis of the host's cell wall and membranes. The newly emerging ''Bdellovibrio'' use their newly grown powerful flagellar to swim away and find the next suitable host. Because of this intermittent bdelloplast stage, and momentary parasitic phase (15-20mins), ''Bdellovibrio'' could be considered bacterial predators or parasites. |
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''Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus'' was first described by [[Heinz Stolp|Stolp]] and [[H Petzold|Petzold]] in 1962. In 2012 another member of the Bdellovibrio species was identified "''Bdellovibrio tiberius"'' of the River tiber<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hobley|first=Laura|last2=Lerner|first2=Thomas R.|last3=Williams|first3=Laura E.|last4=Lambert|first4=Carey|last5=Till|first5=Rob|last6=Milner|first6=David S.|last7=Basford|first7=Sarah M.|last8=Capeness|first8=Michael J.|last9=Fenton|first9=Andrew K.|date=2012-11-27|title=Genome analysis of a simultaneously predatory and prey-independent, novel Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus from the River Tiber, supports in silico predictions of both ancient and recent lateral gene transfer from diverse bacteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181807|journal=BMC genomics|volume=13|pages=670|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-670|issn=1471-2164|pmc=PMC3539863|pmid=23181807}}</ref>. This species is more capable of host-independent growth. |
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Little is known of ''Bdellovibrio exovorus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koval|first=Susan F.|last2=Hynes|first2=Sandra H.|last3=Flannagan|first3=Ronald S.|last4=Pasternak|first4=Zohar|last5=Davidov|first5=Yaacov|last6=Jurkevitch|first6=Edouard|date=January 2013|title=Bdellovibrio exovorus sp. nov., a novel predator of Caulobacter crescentus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22368169|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=63|issue=Pt 1|pages=146–151|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.039701-0|issn=1466-5034|pmid=22368169}}</ref>, an extra-parastic bdellovibrio, which cannot enter its prey, and does not form Bdelloplasts. |
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| ⚫ | Another notable feature of ''Bdellovibrio'' is the sheath that covers its flagellum. This is a rare characteristic among bacteria. Flagellar motility stops after ''Bdellovibrio'' penetrates its prey |
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Host independent Bdellovibrio appear amorphous, and larger than their predatory phase. |
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== Culture conditions == |
== Culture conditions == |
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''B. bacteriovorus'' seems to be pretty ubiquitous in nature and manmade habitats. They have been found in soil samples, rhizosphere of plant roots, rivers, oceans, sewage, intestines and feces of birds and mammals, and even in oyster shells and the gills of crabs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shemesh|first=Y|date=2003|title=Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions|url=|journal=Agronomie|volume=23|pages=433-439|via=}}</ref> ''B. bacteriovorus'' are able to thrive in almost any habitat, the general requirements are that there needs to be oxygen and some other Gram-negative bacteria present in its environment. Its optimal temperature is between 28-30C, making ''B. bacteriovorus'' a mesophile. ''Bdellovibrio'' is grown in the laboratory in its stationary HI (host indepdent) phase at 29°C on [[Peptide agar|yeast peptone broth agar]]. Host dependent (predatory) cultures are grown with a population of ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' S-17 at 29 °C for 16hrs.<ref name=":0" /> they may also be cultured using YPSC(yeast extract, peptone, sodium acetate, calcium chloride) overlays or [[prey lysates]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} |
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== Life cycle and parasitism == |
== Life cycle and parasitism == |
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''Bdellovibrio'' cells can swim as fast as 160 µm/s, or over 100 times their length per second. It swims using a [[single sheathed]] [[polar flagellum]] with a characteristic [[dampened filament waveform]]. ''Bdellovibrio'' attacks other Gram-negative bacteria by attaching itself to the prey cell's outer membrane and [[peptidoglycan]] layer, after which it creates a small hole in the outer membrane. The ''Bdellovibrio'' cell then enters the host [[periplasmic space]]. It remains reversibly attached to it for a short "recognition" period. After the recognition period, it becomes irreversibly attached via the pole opposite the flagellum. Once inside the periplasm, the ''Bdellovibrio'' cell seals the membrane hole and converts the host cell to a |
''Bdellovibrio'' cells can swim as fast as 160 µm/s, or over 100 times their length per second. It swims using a [[single sheathed]] [[polar flagellum]] with a characteristic [[dampened filament waveform]]. ''Bdellovibrio'' attacks other Gram-negative bacteria by attaching itself to the prey cell's outer membrane and [[peptidoglycan]] layer, after which it creates a small hole in the outer membrane. The ''Bdellovibrio'' cell then enters the host [[periplasmic space]]. It remains reversibly attached to it for a short "recognition" period. After the recognition period, it becomes irreversibly attached via the pole opposite the flagellum. Once inside the periplasm, the ''Bdellovibrio'' cell seals the membrane hole and converts the host cell to a spherical morphology, this is due to secretion of L,D transpeptidases which breaks the peptidoglycan apart, and therefore causes the cell to become amorphous. The two-cell complex formed is called a bdelloplast. The ''Bdellovibrio'' cell uses [[hydrolysis|hydrolytic]] [[enzyme]]s to break down the host cell molecules, which it uses to grow filamentously. When the host cell nutrients are exhausted, the filament [[Septation|septates]] to form progeny ''Bdellovibrios''. The progeny become motile before they lyse the host cell and are released into the environment. The entire life cycle takes three to four hours, and produces an average of 3–6 progeny cells from a single ''E. coli'', or up to 90 from larger prey such as filamentous ''E. coli''.<ref name="strauch">{{Cite book | last1 = Strauch | first1 = E. | last2 = Beck | first2 = S. | last3 = Appel | first3 = B. | doi = 10.1007/7171_2006_055 | chapter = Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms: Potential Sources for New Biochemicals and Therapeutic Agents? | title = Predatory Prokaryotes | series = Microbiology Monographs | volume = 4 | pages = 131 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-3-540-38577-6 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Targets of ''Bdellovibrio'' species, including ''Vibrio vulnificus'', may undergo co-infection by ''Bdellovibrio'' and [[bacteriophage]].<ref name="chen2012">{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=H|author2=Williams, HN|title=Sharing of prey: coinfection of a bacterium by a virus and a prokaryotic predator.|journal=mBio|year=2012|volume=3|issue=2|pages=e00051-12|pmid=22511350|doi=10.1128/mBio.00051-12|pmc=3345577}}</ref> however two or more intitial bdellovibrio cannot co-infect a single host. |
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Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus |
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| ⚫ | Targets of ''Bdellovibrio'' species, including ''Vibrio vulnificus'', may undergo |
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== Genomics == |
== Genomics == |
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The genome of ''Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus'' HD100 was sequenced in |
The genome of ''Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus'' HD100 was sequenced in 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rendulic | first1 = S. | last2 = Jagtap | first2 = P. | last3 = Rosinus | first3 = A. | last4 = Eppinger | first4 = M. | last5 = Baar | first5 = C. | last6 = Lanz | first6 = C. | last7 = Keller | first7 = H. | last8 = Lambert | first8 = C. | last9 = Evans | first9 = K. J. | last10 = Goesmann | first10 = A. | last11 = Meyer | first11 = F. | last12 = Sockett | first12 = R. E. | last13 = Schuster | first13 = S. C. | title = A Predator Unmasked: Life Cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus from a Genomic Perspective | doi = 10.1126/science.1093027 | journal = Science | volume = 303 | issue = 5658 | pages = 689–692 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14752164| pmc = }}</ref> The HD100 genome is {{gaps|3|782|950}} [[nucleotide]]s long, larger than expected given its small size.<ref name="Tudor">{{Cite book | last1 = Tudor | first1 = J. J. | last2 = McCann | first2 = M. P. | chapter = Genomic Analysis and Molecular Biology of Predatory Prokaryotes | doi = 10.1007/7171_056 | title = Predatory Prokaryotes | series = Microbiology Monographs | volume = 4 | pages = 153 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-3-540-38577-6 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 15:39, 7 February 2018
| Bdellovibrio | |
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| Central slice through a cryotomogram of an intact Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus cell. Scale bar 200 nm | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Genus: | Bdellovibrio
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| Species: | B. bacteriovorus
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| Binomial name | |
| Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus | |
Bdellovibrio is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate aerobic bacteria. One of the more notable characteristics of this genus is that members can parasitize other Gram-negative bacteria(and feeding on the biopolymers , e.g. proteins and nucleic acids, of their hosts. They are not obligate predators however, and have two life styles, a host dependent highly mobile phase "attack phase", which form "bdelloplasts" in host bacteria, and a slow growth, irregularly shaped host independent life style.
The most well studied of these is Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, which is found almost exclusively in attack phase in nature. After searching for prey using it's pili, and burrowing through their outer membrane/ peptidoglycan cell wall, Bdellovibrio enters the periplasmic space of its host, the Bdellovibrio bacterium then forms a structure called a bdelloplast. This bdelloplast is created as the host cell is modified to become spherical, and the large flagella of the Bdellovibrio is lost. The host cell is then rapidly (within 15-20mins) killed allowing the passage of molecules from the interior of the host cytoplasm through to the periplasm freely, and the periplasm dwelling Bdellovibrio to feed[1]. Using some of these molecules the Bdellovibrio creates a protective environment by reinforcing the peptidoglycan cell wall of the host it now dwells using amidases and transpeptidases. After around 4hrs, depending on ambient temperature, the Bdellovibrio has increased in size dramatically through this nourishment. It divides to replicate and then leaves via a final lysis of the host's cell wall and membranes. The newly emerging Bdellovibrio use their newly grown powerful flagellar to swim away and find the next suitable host. Because of this intermittent bdelloplast stage, and momentary parasitic phase (15-20mins), Bdellovibrio could be considered bacterial predators or parasites. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was first described by Stolp and Petzold in 1962. In 2012 another member of the Bdellovibrio species was identified "Bdellovibrio tiberius" of the River tiber[2]. This species is more capable of host-independent growth.
Little is known of Bdellovibrio exovorus[3], an extra-parastic bdellovibrio, which cannot enter its prey, and does not form Bdelloplasts.
Appearance
Under a light microscope, a host dependent Bdellovibrio appears to be a comma-shaped motile rod that is about 0.3–0.5 by 0.5–1.4 µm in size with a barely discernible flagellum. Bdellovibrio show up as a growing clear plaque in an E. coli lawn.
Another notable feature of Bdellovibrio is the sheath that covers its flagellum. This is a rare characteristic among bacteria. Flagellar motility stops after Bdellovibrio penetrates its prey, and the flagella is shed.
Host independent Bdellovibrio appear amorphous, and larger than their predatory phase.
Culture conditions
B. bacteriovorus seems to be pretty ubiquitous in nature and manmade habitats. They have been found in soil samples, rhizosphere of plant roots, rivers, oceans, sewage, intestines and feces of birds and mammals, and even in oyster shells and the gills of crabs.[4] B. bacteriovorus are able to thrive in almost any habitat, the general requirements are that there needs to be oxygen and some other Gram-negative bacteria present in its environment. Its optimal temperature is between 28-30C, making B. bacteriovorus a mesophile. Bdellovibrio is grown in the laboratory in its stationary HI (host indepdent) phase at 29°C on yeast peptone broth agar. Host dependent (predatory) cultures are grown with a population of E. coli S-17 at 29 °C for 16hrs.[2] they may also be cultured using YPSC(yeast extract, peptone, sodium acetate, calcium chloride) overlays or prey lysates.[citation needed]
Life cycle and parasitism
Bdellovibrio cells can swim as fast as 160 µm/s, or over 100 times their length per second. It swims using a single sheathed polar flagellum with a characteristic dampened filament waveform. Bdellovibrio attacks other Gram-negative bacteria by attaching itself to the prey cell's outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer, after which it creates a small hole in the outer membrane. The Bdellovibrio cell then enters the host periplasmic space. It remains reversibly attached to it for a short "recognition" period. After the recognition period, it becomes irreversibly attached via the pole opposite the flagellum. Once inside the periplasm, the Bdellovibrio cell seals the membrane hole and converts the host cell to a spherical morphology, this is due to secretion of L,D transpeptidases which breaks the peptidoglycan apart, and therefore causes the cell to become amorphous. The two-cell complex formed is called a bdelloplast. The Bdellovibrio cell uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down the host cell molecules, which it uses to grow filamentously. When the host cell nutrients are exhausted, the filament septates to form progeny Bdellovibrios. The progeny become motile before they lyse the host cell and are released into the environment. The entire life cycle takes three to four hours, and produces an average of 3–6 progeny cells from a single E. coli, or up to 90 from larger prey such as filamentous E. coli.[6]
Targets of Bdellovibrio species, including Vibrio vulnificus, may undergo co-infection by Bdellovibrio and bacteriophage.[7] however two or more intitial bdellovibrio cannot co-infect a single host.
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
Genomics
The genome of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 was sequenced in 2004.[8] The HD100 genome is 3782950 nucleotides long, larger than expected given its small size.[9]
References
- ^ Rittenberg, S.C (1970). "Early host damage in the infection cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus". Journal of Bacteriology. 102: 149–160.
- ^ a b Hobley, Laura; Lerner, Thomas R.; Williams, Laura E.; Lambert, Carey; Till, Rob; Milner, David S.; Basford, Sarah M.; Capeness, Michael J.; Fenton, Andrew K. (2012-11-27). "Genome analysis of a simultaneously predatory and prey-independent, novel Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus from the River Tiber, supports in silico predictions of both ancient and recent lateral gene transfer from diverse bacteria". BMC genomics. 13: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-670. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3539863. PMID 23181807.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Koval, Susan F.; Hynes, Sandra H.; Flannagan, Ronald S.; Pasternak, Zohar; Davidov, Yaacov; Jurkevitch, Edouard (January 2013). "Bdellovibrio exovorus sp. nov., a novel predator of Caulobacter crescentus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 1): 146–151. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.039701-0. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 22368169.
- ^ Shemesh, Y (2003). "Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions". Agronomie. 23: 433–439.
- ^ Madigan, Michael T. (2011-01-07). Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Global Edition. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-73551-5.
- ^ Strauch, E.; Beck, S.; Appel, B. (2007). "Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms: Potential Sources for New Biochemicals and Therapeutic Agents?". Predatory Prokaryotes. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 4. p. 131. doi:10.1007/7171_2006_055. ISBN 978-3-540-38577-6.
- ^ Chen, H; Williams, HN (2012). "Sharing of prey: coinfection of a bacterium by a virus and a prokaryotic predator". mBio. 3 (2): e00051-12. doi:10.1128/mBio.00051-12. PMC 3345577. PMID 22511350.
- ^ Rendulic, S.; Jagtap, P.; Rosinus, A.; Eppinger, M.; Baar, C.; Lanz, C.; Keller, H.; Lambert, C.; Evans, K. J.; Goesmann, A.; Meyer, F.; Sockett, R. E.; Schuster, S. C. (2004). "A Predator Unmasked: Life Cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus from a Genomic Perspective". Science. 303 (5658): 689–692. doi:10.1126/science.1093027. PMID 14752164.
- ^ Tudor, J. J.; McCann, M. P. (2007). "Genomic Analysis and Molecular Biology of Predatory Prokaryotes". Predatory Prokaryotes. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 4. p. 153. doi:10.1007/7171_056. ISBN 978-3-540-38577-6.
External links
