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== Health effects ==
== Health effects ==
Research has demonstrated some benefits of forest therapy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=I|last2=Choi|first2=H|last3=Bang|first3=KS|last4=Kim|first4=S|last5=Song|first5=M|last6=Lee|first6=B|title=Effects of Forest Therapy on Depressive Symptoms among Adults: A Systematic Review.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=20 March 2017|volume=14|issue=3|doi=10.3390/ijerph14030321|pmid=28335541}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Q|last2=Kawada|first2=T|title=[Effect of forest therapy on the human psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune network].|journal=Nihon eiseigaku zasshi. Japanese journal of hygiene|date=September 2011|volume=66|issue=4|pages=645-50|pmid=21996762}}</ref> This benefits may include decreased stress and improved blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=MM|last2=Jones|first2=R|last3=Tocchini|first3=K|title=Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=28 July 2017|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.3390/ijerph14080851|pmid=28788101}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=27527193}}</ref>
A 2012 and 2017 review found the evidence was not of sufficient quality to determine effects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamioka|first1=H|last2=Tsutani|first2=K|last3=Mutoh|first3=Y|last4=Honda|first4=T|last5=Shiozawa|first5=N|last6=Okada|first6=S|last7=Park|first7=SJ|last8=Kitayuguchi|first8=J|last9=Kamada|first9=M|last10=Okuizumi|first10=H|last11=Handa|first11=S|title=A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on curative and health enhancement effects of forest therapy.|journal=Psychology research and behavior management|date=2012|volume=5|pages=85-95|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S32402|pmid=22888281}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oh|first1=B|last2=Lee|first2=KJ|last3=Zaslawski|first3=C|last4=Yeung|first4=A|last5=Rosenthal|first5=D|last6=Larkey|first6=L|last7=Back|first7=M|title=Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: systematic review.|journal=Environmental health and preventive medicine|date=18 October 2017|volume=22|issue=1|pages=71|doi=10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9|pmid=29165173}}</ref>

Other research has demonstrated some benefits of forest therapy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=I|last2=Choi|first2=H|last3=Bang|first3=KS|last4=Kim|first4=S|last5=Song|first5=M|last6=Lee|first6=B|title=Effects of Forest Therapy on Depressive Symptoms among Adults: A Systematic Review.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=20 March 2017|volume=14|issue=3|doi=10.3390/ijerph14030321|pmid=28335541}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Q|last2=Kawada|first2=T|title=[Effect of forest therapy on the human psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune network].|journal=Nihon eiseigaku zasshi. Japanese journal of hygiene|date=September 2011|volume=66|issue=4|pages=645-50|pmid=21996762}}</ref> A 2017 review found that it may decrease blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ideno|first1=Y|last2=Hayashi|first2=K|last3=Abe|first3=Y|last4=Ueda|first4=K|last5=Iso|first5=H|last6=Noda|first6=M|last7=Lee|first7=JS|last8=Suzuki|first8=S|title=Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMC complementary and alternative medicine|date=16 August 2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=409|doi=10.1186/s12906-017-1912-z|pmid=28814305}}</ref> Other reviews found it may decreased stress.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=MM|last2=Jones|first2=R|last3=Tocchini|first3=K|title=Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=28 July 2017|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.3390/ijerph14080851|pmid=28788101}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Song|first1=C|last2=Ikei|first2=H|last3=Miyazaki|first3=Y|title=Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=3 August 2016|volume=13|issue=8|doi=10.3390/ijerph13080781|pmid=27527193}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 12:17, 15 February 2018

Nature therapy
Walking through a bamboo forest in Arashiyama, Kyoto

Nature therapy, also known as forest therapy and forest bathing, is practice that combines a range of pre-defined, guided exercises and tasks in an outdoor environment, typically a forested area.

Health effects

A 2012 and 2017 review found the evidence was not of sufficient quality to determine effects.[1][2]

Other research has demonstrated some benefits of forest therapy.[3][4] A 2017 review found that it may decrease blood pressure.[5] Other reviews found it may decreased stress.[6][7]

History

Shinrin Yoku Samurai Spain 侍

The concept of Shinrin-yoku (森林浴) was introduced in Japan since the early 1980s.[8][9][10] In Japan, Shinrin-yoku has become established across all prefectures with more than 60 Forest Therapy Camps established by the end of 2016.[11]

Following the implementation of forest-based recreation in Japan, the Korea Forest Service became the responsible agency to adopt the concept in South Korea. There it is known as Sanlimyok (산림욕). Forest Therapy is also widely recognized in Taiwan.[12]

In September 2017, with funds provided by the Ministry of Agriculture in the North-German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the first International Congress "Forest and Its Potential for Health” was held in Heringsdorf, Germany. Some 150 Public health specialists, government representatives, forestry experts and other stakeholders from 15 countries participated in the event. The key outcome was a general consensus that Forest Therapy (in German; Waldtherapie) provides essential health benefits and that it should be promoted as an approach for Public health and preventive medicine.[13]

Terminology

The international research cooperation between the not-for-profit organisation Australian Nature and Forest Therapy Alliance (ANFTA) in Melbourne, Australia, a regional body for Forest Therapy in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region, and the Ludwig-Maximilian University (Chair of Public Health and Health Research Services) in Munich arrived at a definition for Forest Therapy based on the evaluation of the International Core Curriculum by Public health experts from more than 20 countries in late 2017.[14]

Outlook

Forest Therapy is an evidence-based Public health approach which may be useful for health professionals but also political stakeholders[15][16]. With increasing stress levels in the population of most industrialized countries, an increase in population and life expectancy, rising health costs for governments require to seek affordable strategies and alternatives in preventive and curative medicine, the relatively low-cost approach of the standardized Forest Therapy may offer an alternative solution.[17]

References

  1. ^ Kamioka, H; Tsutani, K; Mutoh, Y; Honda, T; Shiozawa, N; Okada, S; Park, SJ; Kitayuguchi, J; Kamada, M; Okuizumi, H; Handa, S (2012). "A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on curative and health enhancement effects of forest therapy". Psychology research and behavior management. 5: 85–95. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S32402. PMID 22888281.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Oh, B; Lee, KJ; Zaslawski, C; Yeung, A; Rosenthal, D; Larkey, L; Back, M (18 October 2017). "Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: systematic review". Environmental health and preventive medicine. 22 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9. PMID 29165173.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Lee, I; Choi, H; Bang, KS; Kim, S; Song, M; Lee, B (20 March 2017). "Effects of Forest Therapy on Depressive Symptoms among Adults: A Systematic Review". International journal of environmental research and public health. 14 (3). doi:10.3390/ijerph14030321. PMID 28335541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Li, Q; Kawada, T (September 2011). "[Effect of forest therapy on the human psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune network]". Nihon eiseigaku zasshi. Japanese journal of hygiene. 66 (4): 645–50. PMID 21996762.
  5. ^ Ideno, Y; Hayashi, K; Abe, Y; Ueda, K; Iso, H; Noda, M; Lee, JS; Suzuki, S (16 August 2017). "Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 17 (1): 409. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1912-z. PMID 28814305.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Hansen, MM; Jones, R; Tocchini, K (28 July 2017). "Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review". International journal of environmental research and public health. 14 (8). doi:10.3390/ijerph14080851. PMID 28788101.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Song, C; Ikei, H; Miyazaki, Y (3 August 2016). "Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan". International journal of environmental research and public health. 13 (8). doi:10.3390/ijerph13080781. PMID 27527193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Selhub, Eva (January 8, 2013). "Your Brain on Nature: Forest Bathing and Reduced Stress". Mother Earth News.
  9. ^ Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K (July 2017). "Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (8): 851. doi:10.3390/ijerph14080851. PMID 28788101.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Kuo M (2015-08-25). "How might contact with nature promote human health? Promising mechanisms and a possible central pathway". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 1093. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01093. PMC 4548093. PMID 26379564.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ "森林セラピー総合サイト". 森林セラピー®総合サイト.
  12. ^ Yu, C. P., Lin, C. M., Tsai, M. J., Tsai, Y. C., & Chen, C. Y. (2017). Effects of Short Forest Bathing Program on Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Mood States in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8). [1]
  13. ^ Baederverband Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2017) Internationaler Kongress „Gesundheitspotenzial Wald“. Kongressbericht. Rostock, Germany; in German
  14. ^ "Forest Therapy Guide Training".
  15. ^ Oura, Y. (2018). Transition of Forest Tourism Policies in Japanese National Forest Management. Tourism Planning & Development, 15(1), 40-54. [2]
  16. ^ Cervinka R., Höltge J., Pirgie L., Schwab M., Sudkamp J., Haluza D. (2014) Zur Gesundheitswirkung von Waldlandschaften. Medizinische Universität Wien, Zentrum für Public Health. BFW-Berichte 147, in German
  17. ^ Africa, J., Logan, A., Mitchell, R., Korpela, K., Allen, D., Tyrväinen, L., Nisbet, E., Li, Q., Tsunetsugu, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Spengler, J.; on behalf of the NEI Working Group (2014) The Natural Environments Initiative: Illustrative Review and Workshop Statement. Center for Health and the Global Environment at the Harvard School of Public Health
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