Active immunotherapy: Difference between revisions
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'''Active immunotherapy''' is a type of [[immunotherapy]] that aims to stimulate the host's |
'''Active immunotherapy''' is a type of [[immunotherapy]] that aims to stimulate the host's [[immune system]] or a specific [[immune response]] to a disease or [[pathogen]] and is most commonly used in [[cancer]] treatments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.neu.edu/pmc/articles/PMC3836274/|title=Heat-shock protein vaccines as active immunotherapy against human gliomas|last=Yang|first=Isaac|last2=Han|first2=Seungu|date=|website=www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.neu.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.neu.edu/articles/icb200026#background|title=An overview of cancer immunotherapy|last=Davis|first=Ian D|date=|website=www.nature.com.ezproxy.neu.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Active immunotherapy is also used for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Prion disease, Parkinson's, and Multiple Sclerosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brody|first=David L.|last2=Holtzman|first2=David M.|date=2008-06-17|title=Active and Passive Immunotherapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529|journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience|volume=31|issue=1|pages=175–193|doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529|issn=0147-006X}}</ref> Active immunotherapies induce an immune response through direct immune system stimulation, while immunotherapies that administer antibodies directly to the system are classified as [[passive immunotherapies]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winblad|first=Bengt|last2=Graf|first2=Ana|last3=Riviere|first3=Marie-Emmanuelle|last4=Andreasen|first4=Niels|last5=Ryan|first5=J. Michael|date=2014-01-30|title=Active immunotherapy options for Alzheimer’s disease|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt237|journal=Alzheimer's Research & Therapy|volume=6|pages=7|doi=10.1186/alzrt237|issn=1758-9193}}</ref> Active immunotherapies can elicit generic and specific immune responses depending on the goal of the treatment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.neu.edu/pmc/articles/PMC4370360/|title=Active and passive immunization for cancer|last=Baxter|first=David|date=|website=www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.neu.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>The categories of active immunotherapy divide into: |
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| ⚫ | * Non-Specific Active Immunotherapy: Generating a general immune system response using [[cytokine]]s and other [[cell signaling]] molecules.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/nonspecific-immunotherapies.html|title=Non-specific cancer immunotherapies and adjuvants {{!}} American Cancer Society|website=www.cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref> |
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Active immunotherapies fall under the category of [[Immunotherapies|activation immunotherapies]], which is a subset of immunotherapies that activate the immune system as opposed immunotherapies that suppress the immune system. |
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| ⚫ | * Non-Specific Active Immunotherapy: Generating a general immune system response using [[cytokine]]s and other [[cell signaling]] molecules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/nonspecific-immunotherapies.html|title=Non-specific cancer immunotherapies and adjuvants {{!}} American Cancer Society|website=www.cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * Specific Active Immunotherapy: The generation of cell-mediated and antibody immune responses focused on [[Tumor antigen|specific antigens]] expressed by the cancer cells, typically using a [[vaccine]] platform.<ref |
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Non-specific active immunotherapy is administered with the overall goal of generally eliminating malignant pathogens or cells from the host system.<ref name=":0" /> This treatment stimulates the immune system in a general sense, rather than specifically targeting a cell type e.g. cancer cells. Non-specific approaches aim to create a robust immune response that would lead to the eventual killing of malignant cells through [[Immunotherapy|immunomodulators]] such as cytokines.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== [[Cytokine|Cytokines]] === |
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[[Immunotherapy|Immunomodulating agents]] regulate the immune system's response and are produced by various immune cells. These agents include the following agents and markers: |
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{| class="wikitable" href="Mantle cell lymphoma#Immunotherapy" |
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<tbody><tr><th>Class</th><th>Examples</th></tr><tr><td>[[Cytokine|Cytokines]]</td><td>[[Immunoglobulin superfamily|Ig]], [[Interferon|Interferons]], [[Tumor necrosis factor superfamily|TNF]]</td></tr><tr><td>[[Chemokine|Chemokines]]</td><td>CXC, CC, CX3C, XC</td></tr><tr><td>[[Interleukin|Interleukins]]</td><td>IL-2, IL-7, 1L-10, 1L-12</td></tr></tbody> |
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=== [[BCG vaccine|BCG Vaccine]] === |
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<p>The [[BCG vaccine]] has been used against tuberculosis, mycobacteria, and various cancers in the form of vaccination as an initial immune system stimulant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=James|last2=Fuge|first2=Oliver|last3=Allchorne|first3=Paula|last4=Vasdev|first4=Nikhil|date=2015-05-04|title=Immunotherapy for bladder cancer|url=http://www.dovepress.com/immunotherapy-for-bladder-cancer-peer-reviewed-article-RRU|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|language=English|volume=7|doi=10.2147/rru.s63447}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=James|last2=Fuge|first2=Oliver|last3=Allchorne|first3=Paula|last4=Vasdev|first4=Nikhil|date=2015-05-04|title=Immunotherapy for bladder cancer|url=http://www.dovepress.com/immunotherapy-for-bladder-cancer-peer-reviewed-article-RRU|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|language=English|volume=7|doi=10.2147/rru.s63447}}</ref> In cancer, the anti-tumor immunological effects are elicited by the host's immune response and the BCG infection against the tumor cells, most commonly in bladder cancer.<ref name=":2" /> The immune activation allows for further recognition and elimination of malignant tumor cells.<ref name=":2" /></p> |
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== Specific active immunotherapy == |
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<p>Specific active immunotherapy administers a specific antigen as the therapy. The therapy allows the host to create an antigen-specific response with the development of [[Antibody|antibodies]], proliferation of [[Cytotoxic T cell|cytotoxic T lymphocyte]] responses, or both, directed at the desired pathogen or malignant tumor cell in the case of cancer therapy.<ref name=":0" /></p> |
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=== Vaccine Therapies === |
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Vaccine therapies are a type of specific active immunotherapy. Vaccine therapies deliver various agents that will lead to a specific immune response e.g. antibody development or [[CTL-mediated cytotoxicity|CTL]] response.<ref name=":0" /> [[Tumor antigen|Tumor antigens]] have been a main target in specific active immunotherapy by way of vaccination. Tumor antigens are antigens produced by tumor cells and can be common among patients with the same cancer-type, or unique to a particular patient. Their specificity to malignant tumor cells makes tumor antigens ideal candidates for vaccination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Ian D|date=2000-06-01|title=An overview of cancer immunotherapy|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00906.x|journal=Immunology and Cell Biology|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=179–195|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00906.x|issn=1440-1711}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Cancer vaccine]] |
*[[Cancer vaccine]] |
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Revision as of 04:05, 10 April 2018
Active immunotherapy is a type of immunotherapy that aims to stimulate the host's immune system or a specific immune response to a disease or pathogen and is most commonly used in cancer treatments.[1][2] Active immunotherapy is also used for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Prion disease, Parkinson's, and Multiple Sclerosis.[3] Active immunotherapies induce an immune response through direct immune system stimulation, while immunotherapies that administer antibodies directly to the system are classified as passive immunotherapies.[4] Active immunotherapies can elicit generic and specific immune responses depending on the goal of the treatment.[5]The categories of active immunotherapy divide into:
- Non-Specific Active Immunotherapy: Generating a general immune system response using cytokines and other cell signaling molecules.[6]
- Specific Active Immunotherapy: The generation of cell-mediated and antibody immune responses focused on specific antigens expressed by the cancer cells, typically using a vaccine platform.[5]
Active immunotherapies fall under the category of activation immunotherapies, which is a subset of immunotherapies that activate the immune system as opposed immunotherapies that suppress the immune system.
Non-specific active immunotherapy
Non-specific active immunotherapy is administered with the overall goal of generally eliminating malignant pathogens or cells from the host system.[5] This treatment stimulates the immune system in a general sense, rather than specifically targeting a cell type e.g. cancer cells. Non-specific approaches aim to create a robust immune response that would lead to the eventual killing of malignant cells through immunomodulators such as cytokines.[6]
Cytokines
Immunomodulating agents regulate the immune system's response and are produced by various immune cells. These agents include the following agents and markers:
</tbody>| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Cytokines | Ig, Interferons, TNF |
| Chemokines | CXC, CC, CX3C, XC |
| Interleukins | IL-2, IL-7, 1L-10, 1L-12 |
BCG Vaccine
The BCG vaccine has been used against tuberculosis, mycobacteria, and various cancers in the form of vaccination as an initial immune system stimulant.[7][8] In cancer, the anti-tumor immunological effects are elicited by the host's immune response and the BCG infection against the tumor cells, most commonly in bladder cancer.[8] The immune activation allows for further recognition and elimination of malignant tumor cells.[8]
Specific active immunotherapy
Specific active immunotherapy administers a specific antigen as the therapy. The therapy allows the host to create an antigen-specific response with the development of antibodies, proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, or both, directed at the desired pathogen or malignant tumor cell in the case of cancer therapy.[5]
Vaccine Therapies
Vaccine therapies are a type of specific active immunotherapy. Vaccine therapies deliver various agents that will lead to a specific immune response e.g. antibody development or CTL response.[5] Tumor antigens have been a main target in specific active immunotherapy by way of vaccination. Tumor antigens are antigens produced by tumor cells and can be common among patients with the same cancer-type, or unique to a particular patient. Their specificity to malignant tumor cells makes tumor antigens ideal candidates for vaccination.[9]
See also
- Cancer vaccine
- C-Met#Active immunotherapy,
- Alzheimer's disease clinical research#Active immunotherapy,
- Mantle cell lymphoma#Immunotherapy,
References
- ^ Yang, Isaac; Han, Seungu. "Heat-shock protein vaccines as active immunotherapy against human gliomas". www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.neu.edu.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Davis, Ian D. "An overview of cancer immunotherapy". www.nature.com.ezproxy.neu.edu.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Brody, David L.; Holtzman, David M. (2008-06-17). "Active and Passive Immunotherapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 31 (1): 175–193. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529. ISSN 0147-006X.
- ^ Winblad, Bengt; Graf, Ana; Riviere, Marie-Emmanuelle; Andreasen, Niels; Ryan, J. Michael (2014-01-30). "Active immunotherapy options for Alzheimer's disease". Alzheimer's Research & Therapy. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/alzrt237. ISSN 1758-9193.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e Baxter, David. "Active and passive immunization for cancer". www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.neu.edu.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b "Non-specific cancer immunotherapies and adjuvants | American Cancer Society". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
- ^ Green, James; Fuge, Oliver; Allchorne, Paula; Vasdev, Nikhil (2015-05-04). "Immunotherapy for bladder cancer". Research and Reports in Urology. 7. doi:10.2147/rru.s63447.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Green, James; Fuge, Oliver; Allchorne, Paula; Vasdev, Nikhil (2015-05-04). "Immunotherapy for bladder cancer". Research and Reports in Urology. 7. doi:10.2147/rru.s63447.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Davis, Ian D (2000-06-01). "An overview of cancer immunotherapy". Immunology and Cell Biology. 78 (3): 179–195. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00906.x. ISSN 1440-1711.
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