Levator ani syndrome: Difference between revisions
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'''Levator ani syndrome''' is a condition characterized by brief intermittent burning pain or [[Rectal tenesmus|tenesmus]] of the rectal or perineal area |
'''Levator ani syndrome''' (also called '''levator spasm''', '''puborectalis syndrome''', '''chronic proctalgia''', '''piriformis syndrome''', '''pelvic tension myalgia''', '''levator syndrome''', and '''proctodynia''') is a condition characterized by brief intermittent burning pain or [[Rectal tenesmus|tenesmus]] of the rectal or perineal area,<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2999-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> caused by spasm of the [[levator ani]] muscle.<ref http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/anorectal-disorders/levator-syndrome >Levator Syndrome, by Parswa Ansari, MD 7/2014, Merck Manuals</ref><ref name="SantoroWieczorek2010">{{cite book|author1=Giulio Aniello Santoro|author2=Andrzej Paweł Wieczorek|author3=Clive I. Bartram|title=Pelvic Floor Disorders: Imaging and Multidisciplinary Approach to Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35aUz5yx4SkC&pg=PA601|date=27 October 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-88-470-1542-5|page=601}}</ref><ref name="Bharucha and Trabuco 2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Trabuco E |title=Functional and chronic anorectal and pelvic pain disorders |journal=Gastroenterology Clinics of North America |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=685–96, ix |date=September 2008 |pmid=18794003 |pmc=2676775 |doi=10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.002}}</ref> The genesis of the syndrome is unknown, however it has been suggested that inflammation of the arcus tendon is the possible cause of levator ani syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Park DH, Yoon SG, Kim KU, etal |title=Comparison study between electrogalvanic stimulation and local injection therapy in levator ani syndrome |journal=International Journal of Colorectal Disease |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=272–6 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15526112 |doi=10.1007/s00384-004-0662-9}}</ref> |
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[[Symptom]]s include a dull ache to the left 2 inches above the anus or higher in the rectum and a feeling of constant rectal pressure or burning. The pain may also be felt in the low [[pelvis]] or [[perineum]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} |
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== See also == |
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* [[Levator ani]] |
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The discomfort may be relieved by walking or pelvic tightening exercises similar to [[Kegel exercise]]s. Other treatments include [[massage]] of the muscle, warm baths, [[muscle relaxant]] medications, [[therapeutic ultrasound]] and [[biofeedback]]. Electrical stimulation of the levator ani muscle has been used to try to break the spastic cycle. Injection of [[botulinum toxin|botulinum toxin A]] has also been used. |
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Variants of levator ani syndrome include [[proctalgia fugax]] (fleeting pain in the rectum) and [[coccydynia]] (pain in the [[coccyx|coccygeal]] region). Proctalgia fugax and levator ani syndrome have not been found to be of psychosomatic origin, although stressful events may trigger attacks.<ref name="SantoroWieczorek2010"/> Patients with levator ani syndrome also have "significant elevations on the hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria scales of the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]]," which is also the case in general among chronic pain sufferers.<ref name="Bharucha and Trabuco 2008"/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Neurocutaneous conditions]] |
[[Category:Neurocutaneous conditions]] |
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[[Category:Syndromes]] |
[[Category:Syndromes]] |
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Revision as of 02:23, 26 April 2018
 | This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. (May 2017) |
| Levator ani syndrome |
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Levator ani syndrome (also called levator spasm, puborectalis syndrome, chronic proctalgia, piriformis syndrome, pelvic tension myalgia, levator syndrome, and proctodynia) is a condition characterized by brief intermittent burning pain or tenesmus of the rectal or perineal area,[1] caused by spasm of the levator ani muscle.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[2][3] The genesis of the syndrome is unknown, however it has been suggested that inflammation of the arcus tendon is the possible cause of levator ani syndrome.[4]
Symptoms include a dull ache to the left 2 inches above the anus or higher in the rectum and a feeling of constant rectal pressure or burning. The pain may also be felt in the low pelvis or perineum.[citation needed]
The discomfort may be relieved by walking or pelvic tightening exercises similar to Kegel exercises. Other treatments include massage of the muscle, warm baths, muscle relaxant medications, therapeutic ultrasound and biofeedback. Electrical stimulation of the levator ani muscle has been used to try to break the spastic cycle. Injection of botulinum toxin A has also been used.
Variants of levator ani syndrome include proctalgia fugax (fleeting pain in the rectum) and coccydynia (pain in the coccygeal region). Proctalgia fugax and levator ani syndrome have not been found to be of psychosomatic origin, although stressful events may trigger attacks.[2] Patients with levator ani syndrome also have "significant elevations on the hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory," which is also the case in general among chronic pain sufferers.[3]
References
- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ^ a b Giulio Aniello Santoro; Andrzej Paweł Wieczorek; Clive I. Bartram (27 October 2010). Pelvic Floor Disorders: Imaging and Multidisciplinary Approach to Management. Springer. p. 601. ISBN 978-88-470-1542-5.
- ^ a b Bharucha AE, Trabuco E (September 2008). "Functional and chronic anorectal and pelvic pain disorders". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 685–96, ix. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.002. PMC 2676775. PMID 18794003.
- ^ Park DH, Yoon SG, Kim KU, et al. (May 2005). "Comparison study between electrogalvanic stimulation and local injection therapy in levator ani syndrome". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 20 (3): 272–6. doi:10.1007/s00384-004-0662-9. PMID 15526112.