Jump to content

Cellular senescence: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
C64rocks (talk | contribs)
60 edits
Hogwash! Jytdog, you obviously know less than nothing about this topic! Are 5 references, each which use the term "seminal" enough for you? There's many more out there if you want to waste your own time finding them.You could have spent 5 seconds in a Google search to determine this wasn't OR.Undid revision 838706453 by Jytdog (talk)
trim WP:OVERCITE trim primary source, still used invalidly. add secondary source
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:SABG MEFs.jpg|thumb|'''Cellular senescence'''<br>(upper) Primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) before senescence. Spindle-shaped. (lower) MEFs became senescent after passages. Cells grow larger, flatten shape and expressed senescence-associated [[Beta-galactosidase|β-galactosidase]] (SABG, blue areas), a marker of cellular senescence.]]
[[Image:SABG MEFs.jpg|thumb|'''Cellular senescence'''<br>(upper) Primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) before senescence. Spindle-shaped. (lower) MEFs became senescent after passages. Cells grow larger, flatten shape and expressed senescence-associated [[Beta-galactosidase|β-galactosidase]] (SABG, blue areas), a marker of cellular senescence.]]


'''Cellular senescence''' is the phenomenon by which normal [[Ploidy|ploid]] [[cell (biology)|cells]] cease to [[cell division|divide]]. In their seminal experiments from the early 1960's, [[Leonard Hayflick]] and Thomas Moorhead discovered that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schosserer|first1=Markus|last2=Grillari|first2=J|last3=Breitenbach|first3=M|title=The dual role of cellular senescence in developing tumors and their response to cancer therapy|journal=Frontiers in Oncology|date=23 November 2017|volume=7|page=178|doi=10.3389/fonc.2017.00278|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2017.00278/full}}</ref><ref name="Cell 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Collado|first1=M|last2=Blasco|first2=MA|last3=Serrano|first3=M|title=Cellular senescence in cancer and aging|journal=Cell|date=27 July 2007|volume=130|issue=2|pages=223-233|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.003|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayat|first1=M|title=Tumor dormancy, quiescence, and senescence, Volume 2: Aging, cancer, and noncancer pathologies|date=2014|publisher=Springer|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tollefsbol|first1=T|title=Epigenetics of Aging|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0638-0|page=227}}</ref><ref name="Patil 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Patil|first1=CK|last2=Mian|first2=IS|last3=Campisi|first3=J|title=The thorny path linking cellular senescence to organismal aging|journal=Mechanisms of Aging and Development|date=October 2005|volume=126|issue=10|pages=1040-1045|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2005.08.001|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2005.08.001}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This phenomenon is known as "replicative senescence", or the [[Hayflick limit]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author1=Hayflick L |author2=Moorhead PS |title=The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains |journal=Exp. Cell Res. |volume=25 |pages=585–621 |date=December 1961 |pmid=13905658 |doi=10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6}}</ref> Hayflick's discovery that normal cells are mortal overturned a 60-year-old dogma in cell biology that maintained that all cultured cells are immortal. Hayflick found that the only immortal cultured cells are cancer cells.<ref name=":0" />
'''Cellular senescence''' is the phenomenon by which normal [[Ploidy|ploid]] [[cell (biology)|cells]] cease to [[cell division|divide]]. In their seminal experiments from the early 1960's, [[Leonard Hayflick]] and Thomas Moorhead discovered that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent.<ref name="Cell 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Collado|first1=M|last2=Blasco|first2=MA|last3=Serrano|first3=M|title=Cellular senescence in cancer and aging|journal=Cell|date=27 July 2007|volume=130|issue=2|pages=223-233|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.003|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayat|first1=M|title=Tumor dormancy, quiescence, and senescence, Volume 2: Aging, cancer, and noncancer pathologies|date=2014|publisher=Springer|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tollefsbol|first1=T|title=Epigenetics of Aging|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0638-0|page=227}}</ref> This phenomenon is known as "replicative senescence", or the [[Hayflick limit]]. Hayflick's discovery that normal cells are mortal overturned a 60-year-old dogma in cell biology that maintained that all cultured cells are immortal. Hayflick found that the only immortal cultured cells are cancer cells.<ref name=Shay2000><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shay|first1=JW|last2=Wright|first2=WE|title=Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing.|journal=Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology|date=October 2000|volume=1|issue=1|pages=72-6|doi=10.1038/35036093|pmid=11413492}}</ref>


Mechanistically, replicative senescence is triggered by a [[DNA damage]] response which results from the shortening of [[telomere|telomeres]] during each cellular division process. Cells can also be induced to senesce independent of the number of cellular divisions via DNA damage in response to elevated [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS), activation of [[oncogene]]s and cell-[[cell fusion]]. The number of senescent cells in tissues rises substantially during normal aging.<ref name="pmid26646499" />
Mechanistically, replicative senescence is triggered by a [[DNA damage]] response which results from the shortening of [[telomere|telomeres]] during each cellular division process. Cells can also be induced to senesce independent of the number of cellular divisions via DNA damage in response to elevated [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS), activation of [[oncogene]]s and cell-[[cell fusion]]. The number of senescent cells in tissues rises substantially during normal aging.<ref name="pmid26646499" />

Revision as of 20:51, 28 April 2018

Cellular senescence
(upper) Primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) before senescence. Spindle-shaped. (lower) MEFs became senescent after passages. Cells grow larger, flatten shape and expressed senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SABG, blue areas), a marker of cellular senescence.

Cellular senescence is the phenomenon by which normal ploid cells cease to divide. In their seminal experiments from the early 1960's, Leonard Hayflick and Thomas Moorhead discovered that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent.[1][2][3] This phenomenon is known as "replicative senescence", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery that normal cells are mortal overturned a 60-year-old dogma in cell biology that maintained that all cultured cells are immortal. Hayflick found that the only immortal cultured cells are cancer cells.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Mechanistically, replicative senescence is triggered by a DNA damage response which results from the shortening of telomeres during each cellular division process. Cells can also be induced to senesce independent of the number of cellular divisions via DNA damage in response to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of oncogenes and cell-cell fusion. The number of senescent cells in tissues rises substantially during normal aging.[4]

Although senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain metabolically active and commonly adopt an immunogenic phenotype consisting of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE) and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity.[5] Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, along with p16Ink4A, is regarded to be a biomarker of cellular senescence. This results in false positives for maturing tissue macrophages and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase as well as for T-cells p16Ink4A.[4]

A Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) consisting of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and proteases is another characteristic feature of senescent cells.[6] SASP is associated with many age-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.[4] This has motivated researchers to develop senolytic drugs to kill and/or eliminate senescent cells in an effort to improve health in the elderly.[4] Whether or not this approach will prove effective is debatable.

The nucleus of senescent cells is characterized by senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) and DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence (DNA-SCARS).[7] Senescent cells affect tumour suppression, wound healing and possibly embryonic/placental development and a pathological role in age-related diseases.[8]

Cellular senescence is not observed in some organisms, including perennial plants, sponges, corals, and lobsters. In those species where cellular senescence is observed, cells eventually become post-mitotic when they can no longer replicate themselves through the process of cellular mitosis; i.e., cells experience replicative senescence. How and why some cells become post-mitotic in some species has been the subject of much research and speculation, but it has been suggested that cellular senescence evolved as a way to prevent the onset and spread of cancer. Somatic cells that have divided many times will have accumulated DNA mutations and would therefore be in danger of becoming cancerous if cell division continued. As such, it is becoming apparent that senescent cells undergo conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that enables them to be eliminated by the immune system.[9]

The DNA damage response (DDR) arrests cell cycle progression until damages, such as double-strand breaks (DSBs), are repaired. Senescent cells display persistent DDR foci that appear to be resistant to endogenous DNA repair activities. Such senescent cells in culture and tissues from aged mammals retain true DSBs associated with DDR markers.[10] It has been proposed that retained DSBs are major drivers of the aging process[11] (see DNA damage theory of aging).

See also

References

  1. ^ Collado, M; Blasco, MA; Serrano, M (27 July 2007). "Cellular senescence in cancer and aging". Cell. 130 (2): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.003.
  2. ^ Hayat, M (2014). Tumor dormancy, quiescence, and senescence, Volume 2: Aging, cancer, and noncancer pathologies. Springer. p. 188.
  3. ^ Tollefsbol, T (2010). Epigenetics of Aging. Springer. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4419-0638-0.
  4. ^ a b c d Childs BG, Durik M, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM (2015). "Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy". Nature Medicine. 21 (12): 1424–1435. doi:10.1038/nm.4000. PMC 4748967. PMID 26646499.
  5. ^ Campisi, Judith (February 2013). "Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer". Annual Review of Physiology. 75: 685–705. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183653. PMC 4166529. PMID 23140366.
  6. ^ Malaquin N, Martinez A, Rodier F (2016). "Keeping the senescence secretome under control: Molecular reins on the senescence-associated secretory phenotype". EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY. 82: 39–49. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.010. PMID 27235851.
  7. ^ Rodier, F.; Campisi, J. (14 February 2011). "Four faces of cellular senescence". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1083/jcb.201009094. PMC 3044123. PMID 21321098.
  8. ^ Burton, Dominick G. A.; Krizhanovsky, Valery (31 July 2014). "Physiological and pathological consequences of cellular senescence". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (22): 4373–4386. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1691-3. PMC 4207941. PMID 25080110.
  9. ^ Burton; Faragher (2015). "Cellular senescence: from growth arrest to immunogenic conversion". AGE. 37. doi:10.1007/s11357-015-9764-2. PMC 4365077. PMID 25787341.
  10. ^ Galbiati A, Beauséjour C, d'Adda di Fagagna F (2017). "A novel single-cell method provides direct evidence of persistent DNA damage in senescent cells and aged mammalian tissues". Aging Cell. 16 (2): 422–427. doi:10.1111/acel.12573. PMC 5334542. PMID 28124509.
  11. ^ White RR, Vijg J (2016). "Do DNA Double-Strand Breaks Drive Aging?". Mol. Cell. 63 (5): 729–38. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.08.004. PMC 5012315. PMID 27588601.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_senescence&oldid=838712409"