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{{about|the volcano|the Ecuadorian province|Chimborazo Province|other uses}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chimborazo
| photo = Volcán Chimborazo, "El Taita Chimborazo".jpg
| photo_caption = The [[summit]] of Chimborazo, the point on the [[Crust (geology)|Earth's surface]] that is farthest from the [[Planetary core|Earth's center]]
| map = Ecuador
| map_caption =
| location = {{flag|Ecuador}}
| label_position = right
| elevation_m = 6263.47
| elevation_ref = <ref group="note" name="elev" />
| prominence_m = 4118
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 18th]]</small>
| listing = [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| range = [[Andes]], [[Cordillera Occidental, Ecuador|Cordillera Occidental]]
| coordinates = {{coord|01|28|09|S|78|49|03|W|type:mountain_region:EC_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo = IGM, CT-ÑIV-C1<ref name="map">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.igm.gob.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_C1_ALTA.jpg
|publisher = IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador)
|title = Chimborazo Ecuador, CT-ÑIV-C1
|year = 1991
|accessdate = 2008-01-26
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230357/http://www.igm.gob.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_C1_ALTA.jpg
|archivedate = 2012-04-25
|df =
}}</ref>
| coordinates_ref =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age = [[Paleogene]]<ref name=Gomez/>
| last_eruption = 550 CE ± 150 years<ref name="gvp"/>
| easiest_route = Glacier/snow climb [[Grade (climbing)#French 2|PD]]
| map_size =
| range_coordinates =
}}

'''Chimborazo''' ({{IPA-es|tʃimboˈɾaso}}) is a currently inactive [[stratovolcano]] in the [[Cordillera Occidental (Ecuador)|Cordillera Occidental]] range of the [[Andes]]. Its last known eruption is believed to have occurred around 550 C.E.<ref name="gvp" />

With a peak elevation of {{Convert|6263|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, Chimborazo is the highest mountain in [[Ecuador]]. It is the highest peak near the [[equator]]. Chimborazo is not the highest mountain by elevation above [[sea level]], but its location along the [[equatorial bulge]] makes its summit the farthest point on the Earth's surface from the [[Earth's center]] (as well as the point on Earth closest to the moon).

==Geography==

===Location===
Chimborazo is in the [[Cordillera Occidental, Ecuador|Cordillera Occidental]] of the [[Andes]] of central [[Ecuador]], 150&nbsp;km (93&nbsp;mi) south-southwest of the capital [[Quito]]. It is a neighbor to 5,018&nbsp;m high [[Carihuairazo]]. Chimborazo's summit rises 2,500&nbsp;m above the surrounding highlands (~3,500 to 4,000 m) with a ≈20&nbsp;km wide base.

Under clear conditions, the summit of Chimborazo can be seen from the coastal city [[Guayaquil]], nearly 140&nbsp;km away. The nearest cities are [[Riobamba]] (~30&nbsp;km to the southeast), [[Ambato, Ecuador|Ambato]] (~30&nbsp;km to the northeast) and [[Guaranda]] (~25&nbsp;km to the southwest). Chimborazo is surrounded by the ''Reserva de Produccion Faunistica Chimborazo'', which forms a protected ecosystem to preserve the habitat for the Andes native [[camelids]] of [[vicuña]], [[llama]] and [[alpaca]].

Chimborazo is at the main end of the Ecuadorian Volcanic Arc, north west of the town of [[Riobamba]]. Chimborazo is in la Avenida de los Volcanes (the Avenue of Volcanoes) west of the Sanancajas mountain chain. [[Carihuairazo]], [[Tungurahua]], [[Tulabug]], and [[El Altar]] are all mountains that neighbor Chimborazo. The closest mountain peak, Carihuairazo, is {{convert|5.8|mi|abbr=on}} from Chimborazo.<ref>Chimborazo – Climbing, Hiking &amp; Mountaineering. Meteo365.com. 2012. Web. June 2013</ref> There are many microclimates near Chimborazo, varying from desert in the Arenal to the humid mountains in the Abraspungo valley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terranovatrek.com/ecuador-tourism/chimborazo_volcano.html|title=Volcano of Ecuador Chimborazo volcano climbing route Chimborazo mountain Ecuador|author=hleduc|work=terranovatrek.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307171418/http://www.terranovatrek.com/ecuador-tourism/chimborazo_volcano.html|archivedate=2013-03-07|df=}}</ref>

===Glaciers===
[[File:Ecuador Chimborazo 5923.jpg|thumb|290px|Ecuador Chimborazo]]
The top of Chimborazo is completely covered by glaciers, with some north-eastern glacier arms flowing down to 4,600 m. Its glacier is the source of water for the population of the [[Bolívar Province (Ecuador)|Bolivar]] and [[Chimborazo Province|Chimborazo]] provinces of Ecuador. Chimborazo glacier's ice mass has [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|decreased]] over the past decades, which is thought by some to be due to the combined influences of [[Global warming#Impact on glaciers|global warming]], ash covers from recent volcanic activity{{#tag:ref|[[Tungurahua]]'s recent activity period started in 1999 with the most significant eruptions between October and December 1999 and May and July 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title=Actinstituto Geofísico, EPN Ecuador | url=http://www.igepn.edu.ec/INFORMES/volcanicos.asp?volcan=55&tipo=Anual | accessdate=2007-04-28 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170242/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/INFORMES/volcanicos.asp?volcan=55&tipo=Anual | archivedate=2007-06-13 | df= }}</ref>|group="note"}} of [[Tungurahua]], and the [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation|El Niño]] phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chaffaut | first=Isabelle |author2=Marie Guillaume | title=El Niño and glacier melt in the tropical Andes | publisher=innovations report | url=http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/earth_sciences/report-35174.html |year=2004 | accessdate=2006-08-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Schoterer | first=Ulrich | title=Glaciers and Climate in the Andes between the Equator and 30° S: What is Recorded under Extreme Environmental Conditions? | journal=Climatic Change | volume=59 | year=2003 | doi=10.1023/A:1024423719288 | pages=157 | author2=Grosjean M. | author3=Stichler W | author4=Ginot P | display-authors=3 | last5=Kull | first5=C. | last6=Bonnaveira | first6=H. | last7=Francou | first7=B. | last8=Gäggeler | first8=H. W. | last9=Gallaire | first9=R. }}</ref>

As on other glaciated Ecuadorian mountains, Chimborazo's glacial ice is mined by locals (the so-called ''Hieleros'' from Spanish ''Hielo'' for Ice) to be sold in the markets of [[Guaranda]] and [[Riobamba]]. In earlier days, the people transported ice for cooling uses down to coastal towns such as [[Babahoyo]] or [[Vinces]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Borja | first=Carmen | title=Hieleros del Chimborazo. Entrevista a Igor Guayasamín | journal=Ecuador Terra Incognita | volume=29 |year=2004 }}</ref>

===Elevation===
With an elevation of {{Convert|6263|m|ft|0|abbr=on}},{{#tag:ref|The elevation given here was established by a [[GPS]] survey in February 2016. The survey was carried out by a team from the [[Institut de recherche pour le développement|French Research Institute for Development]], working in cooperation with the [[Ecuador]]ian Military Geographic Institute.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Chimborazo, el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest (si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra)
| publisher = [[BBC Mundo]]
| date=7 April 2016
| url = http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160407_por_que_chimborazo_ecuador_mas_lejos_centro_tierra_que_el_everest_dgm
| accessdate = 2016-04-08 }}</ref>|name="elev"|group="note"}} Chimborazo is the highest mountain in Ecuador and the Andes north of Peru; it is higher than any more northerly summit in the Americas.

===Farthest point from Earth's center===
The summit of [[Mount Everest]] is higher [[above sea level]], but the summit of Chimborazo is widely reported to be the farthest point on the surface from [[Earth's center]],<ref>Audrey Salkeld, ed., ''World Mountaineering'', Bulfinch Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8212-2502-2}}, p. 140.</ref><ref name=npr_2007/> with [[Huascarán]] a very close second. The summit of the Chimborazo is the fixed point on Earth that has the utmost distance from the center – because of the oblate spheroid shape of the planet Earth, which is "thicker" around the [[Equator]] than measured around the poles.<ref group="note">It has been difficult to resolve this issue definitively because of error margins in summit elevations and [[geoid]] data. Application of the formula at [[Earth radius#Radius at a given geodetic latitude]] shows that the Earth's radius is {{convert|520|m}} greater at Chimborazo than at Huascaran, with most recent data showing another {{convert|5|m}} due to local variations in gravity, for a total of {{convert|525|m}}. Two heights are given for Huascarán - {{Convert|6746|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} from the Peruvian National Geographic Institute (IGN) map, and {{Convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Austrian Alpine Club|Austrian Alpine Club (OeAV)]] survey map. Chimbaro is now {{Convert|6263|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Thus Chimborazo's summit is roughly either {{convert|20|m}} or {{convert|40|m}} further from the Earth's center than that of Huascaran.</ref> Chimborazo is one degree south of the Equator and the [[Earth]]'s [[equatorial bulge|diameter at the Equator]] is greater than at the latitude of Everest ({{Convert|8848|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level), nearly 27.6° north, with sea level also elevated. Despite being {{Convert|2585|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} lower in elevation above sea level, it is {{Convert|6384.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from the Earth's center, {{Convert|2163|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} farther than the summit of Everest ({{Convert|6382.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from the Earth's center).<ref group="note">In this ranking, several other Andean peaks as well as Africa's highest mountain, [[Kilimanjaro]], exceed Everest.</ref> However, by height above sea level, Chimborazo is not the highest peak of the [[Andes]].

<gallery mode=packed heights=150>
File:Vicuña - Chimborazo, Ecuador.jpg|[[Vicuña]], one of two wild South American [[camelids]].
File:Vista_del_Volcán_Chimborazo_desde_Riobamba.jpg|Chimborazo seen from [[Riobamba]].
File:Chimborazo2004.jpg|Alpacas in front of Chimborazo.
File:Chimborazofromwest.JPG|Chimborazo from the west.
</gallery>

==Geology==
Chimborazo is an ice-capped inactive volcano in Ecuador. Chimborazo is a double volcano composed of one volcanic edifice on top of another.<ref name="Alcaraz 2005">Alcaraz et al (2005) "The debris avalanche of Chimborazo, Ecuador", 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona), Extended Abstracts: 29-32</ref> Chimborazo shows four summits; Whymper, Veintimilla, Politecnica, and Nicolas Martínez. The Whymper peak is the highest point on the mountain at 6,263 meters. The Veintimilla peak is about {{convert|6230|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high. The Politecnica peak is {{convert|5820|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high. The last peak, Nicolas Martínez, is {{convert|5570|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high and was named after the father of Ecuadorian mountaineering. The volcano is categorized as a [[stratovolcano]].<ref name="Alcaraz 2005" /> This type of volcano is characterized as having low slopes at the bottom that gradually get steeper the higher up the mountain.<ref name=sdsugeo_strato/> Chimborazo has a circumference of {{convert|78|mi|km}} and a diameter of {{convert|30|mi|km}}. Chimborazo's upper elevations are covered in glaciers that are decreasing in size due to climate change and falling ash from the nearby volcano, [[Tungurahua]]. In addition to the glaciers, the volcano is covered with craters. The volcano is dominantly [[andesitic]] to [[Dacite|dacitic]]. This means that the lava is blocky, or flowing down the sides of the volcano, or somewhere in between.<ref name=sdsugeo_lava/>

The peak of Chimborazo is the farthest point from the center of the Earth. This is due to the Earth bulging out at the equator and Chimborazo being located just one degree south of the equator. [[Mount Everest]] is 28° north of the equator. Thus Chimborazo is 2.1 kilometres farther from the Earth's center than Everest. Chimborazo is 73.5 metres <!-- originally said 241 feet --> higher than the highest mountain in North America. Chimborazo is often associated with the nearby volcano [[Cotopaxi]], although the two volcanoes have completely different structures.

==Volcanism==
[[File:Tephra Layers at Chimborazo Volcano in Ecuador.jpg|thumb|Layers of [[pyroclastic]] rock deposited during eruptions of Chimborazo]]
Chimborazo is a dominantly [[Andesite|andesitic]]-[[Dacite|dacitic]] [[stratovolcano]]. About 35,000&nbsp;years ago a collapse of Chimborazo produced a [[debris avalanche]] with an average thickness of forty meters. which underlies the city of [[Riobamba]]. It temporarily dammed the [[Rio Chambe]], causing an [[ephemeral lake]].<ref name="Alcaraz 2005"/>

Chimborazo then erupted several times during the [[Holocene]], the last time around 550 AD ± 150&nbsp;years.<ref name="gvp" /> The eruptions after the collapse were primarily [[andesitic]], or blocky, coagulated lava flow. These eruptions produced [[pyroclastic]] surges that went down as far as 3800 meters altitude.<ref name="Alcaraz 2005" /> There have been at least seven eruptions in the past 10000 years. Chimborazo is officially considered inactive, but studies show that there may be an eruption in the future.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} The average time between eruptions for Chimborazo is 1000 years,{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} and the last eruption was 1400 years ago.

[[File:1839 Black - Hall Map of the Mountains & Plants of America - Geographicus - AmericaMts2-black-1839.jpg|thumb|350px|1839 Black ^^x2F, Hall Map of the Mountains ^ Plants of America - Geographicus - AmericaMts2-black-1839 by [[Alexander von Humboldt]] ]]

==History==
Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that Chimborazo was the [[List of past presumed highest mountains|highest mountain on Earth]] (measured from sea level), and such reputation led to many attempts on its summit during the 17th and 18th centuries.

In 1746, the volcano was explored by French academicians from the [[French Geodesic Mission]]. Their mission was to determine the sphericity of the Earth. Their work along with another team in [[Lapland (region)|Lapland]] established that the Earth was an [[oblate spheroid]] rather than a true sphere. They did not reach the summit of Chimborazo.

In 1802, during his expedition to [[South America]], Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]], accompanied by [[Aimé Bonpland]] and the Ecuadorian [[Carlos Montúfar]], tried to reach the summit. From his description of the mountain, it seems that before he and his companions had to return suffering from [[altitude sickness]] they reached a point at 5,875 m, higher than previously attained by any European in recorded history ([[Incans]] had reached much higher altitudes previously; see [[Llullaillaco]]). In 1831, [[Jean Baptiste Boussingault]] and Colonel Hall reached a new "highest point", estimated to be 6,006 m.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times
| articlename = Greatest Ascents in the Atmosphere
| day_of_week = Wed
| date = September 7, 1836
| page_number = 2
| issue = 16202
| column = E }}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = McCosh
| first = Frederick William James
| year = 1984
| title = Boussingault: Chemist and Agriculturist
| publisher = D. Reidel
| location = Dordrecht
| isbn = 90-277-1682-X}}
</ref>

Other failed attempts to reach the summit followed.

On 4 January 1880, the English climber [[Edward Whymper]] reached the summit of Chimborazo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ascent Of Chimborazo|work=The Cornishman|issue=92|date=15 April 1880|page=3}}</ref> The route that Whymper took up the mountain is now known as the Whymper route. Edward Whymper, and his Italian guides Louis Carrel and Jean-Antoine Carrel, were the first Europeans to summit a mountain higher than {{Convert|20000|feet}}.<ref name=about_ff/> As there were many critics who doubted that Whymper had reached the summit, later in the same year he climbed to the summit again, choosing a different route (Pogyos) with the Ecuadorians David Beltrán and Francisco Campaña.<ref name=Whymper_1892/>

===SAETA Flight 232===
In August 1976, [[SAETA Flight 232]] carrying 55 passengers and four crew members aboard a [[Vickers Viscount]] from Quito to Cuenca disappeared en route. In February 2003, after almost 27&nbsp;years,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/19/1045330648931.html|title=Plane crash's frozen victims found 27 years later|date=February 19, 2003|publisher=The Sidney Morning Herald|accessdate=2014-04-23}}</ref> the aircraft was found with the bodies of its 59 occupants at {{convert|5310|m}} elevation on Chimborazo by Ecuadorian climbers on the rarely used eastern route ''Integral''.<ref>{{cite news
| author = El Comercio
| title = Different Saeta Chimborazo accident articles
| language = Spanish
| publisher = El Comercio, Quito
|date=February–May 2003 }}
</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Vista_del_Volcán_Chimborazo_desde_Riobamba.jpg|thumb|Chimborazo seen from [[Riobamba]]]]
Several theories regarding the origin of the name Chimborazo exist. In many dialects of Quichua or Quechua, "chimba" means "on the other side" as in "on the other side of the river" or "on the opposite bank." Other dialects pronounce this word "chimpa." Also, "razu" means "ice" or "snow." Local Quichua speakers will say that Chimborazo is a Hispanicized pronunciation of "chimbarazu," meaning "the snow on the other side."<ref>one online Quechua dictionary which verifies this etymology is as http://www.philip-jacobs.de/runasimi/runasimi.txt</ref> Another theory suggests it is a combination of the Cayapa ''Schingbu'' for ''Women'' and the Colorado/[[Quichua]] ''Razo'' for ''Ice/Snow'' resulting in ''Women of Ice''. According to another, ''Chimbo'' is [[Jívaro]] for ''Throne of Master/God'' resulting in ''Icethrone of God''. The locals also used to call the mountain ''Urcurazu'', with the Quichua ''Urcu'' for ''Mountain'' resulting in ''Mountain of Ice''.<ref name="schmud"/> In local indigenous mysticism, Chimborazo represents ''Taita'' (Father) whereas neighbouring [[Tungurahua]] is seen as ''Mama'', hence ''Taita Chimborazo and Mama Tungurahua''.

==Mountaineering==
[[File:Chimborazo+sketch.png|thumb|Sketch of Chimborazo huts, main summits, and routes]]
As Ecuador's highest mountain, Chimborazo is a very popular climb and can be climbed year round with the best seasons being December–January and July–August.

===Routes===
The easiest (Grade: [[Grade (climbing)#International French Adjectival System (IFAS)|PD]]) and most climbed routes are the Normal and the Whymper route. Both are western ridge routes starting at the Whymper hut and leading via the Ventemilla summit to the main (Whymper) summit.
There are several other less used and more challenging routes on the other mountains faces and ridges leading to one of Chimborazo's summits: Main (Whymper, Ecuador), Politecnico (Central), N. Martinez (Eastern). The mountain is contained on the IGM (''Instituto Geografico Militar'') 1:50000 Map ''Chimborazo (CT-ÑIV-C1)''.<ref name="map" />

===Huts===
There are two functioning Huts, the Carrel Hut (4,850 m) and the nearby Whymper Hut (5,000 m). The Carrel Hut can be reached by car from Riobamba, Ambato or Guaranda. On the north-west side there is the now defunct Zurita hut (4,900 m), which served as base for the Pogyos route.<ref name="schmud" />

===Climbing===
El Castillo is the most popular route up the volcano. This route is usually climbed December to February and June to September. This route involves climbing the west side of the volcano. The route starts at Whymper hut to a saddle above El Castillo. From the saddle, there is a glacier ridge then you go to the Veintemilla summit. Veintemilla summit is often the turnaround point for climbers. There is a 30-minute snow filled basin between Veintemilla summit and Whymper summit. Whymper summit is the highest point of the mountain. The El Castillo route takes around eight to twelve hours to ascend and about three to five hours to descend. Climbing Chimborazo is dangerous due to risk of avalanches, the severe weather conditions, and the fact that it is covered in glaciers. Climbing should begin at night in order to reach the summit before sunrise when the snow melts increasing the chance of avalanche and rockfall. The climb itself demands skill. The climb is often on black ice in which crampons and other high tech climbing equipment are required. On November 10, 1993 three parties of climbers, one ascending and two descending, were caught in an avalanche on the steep slopes below the [[Veintimilla]] summit. This avalanche buried ten climbers in a crevasse at {{convert|18,700|ft|m}}. These climbers comprised: six French, two Ecuadorans, one Swiss, and one Chilean. After the ten climbers were buried in snow, it took twenty people and ten days to find their bodies. This is considered the worst climbing accident in Ecuador to date.<ref name=about_ff/>

==Cultural references==
* Chimborazo is featured on the [[Coat of arms of Ecuador|Ecuadorian coat of arms]], to represent the beauty and richness of the Ecuadorian Sierra (Highlands).
* [[Simón Bolívar]]'s poem, "Mi delirio sobre el Chimborazo", was inspired by the mountain.
* [[Walter J. Turner]]'s poem, "Romance" contains the couplet "Chimborazo, Cotopaxi/They had stolen my soul away!"<ref name=Marsh/>
* [[Miguel Ángel León]]'s poem, "Canto al Chimborazo" (Sing of Chimborazo).<ref>[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/poetas-parnasianos-y-modernistas--0/html/000965c6-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_11.html#I_150_ Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes - Sección Poetas Parnasianos y Modernistas "Canto al Chimborazo (Miguel Ángel León)"]</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|South America|Ecuador|Mountains|Volcanoes}}
*[[Lists of volcanoes]]
**[[List of volcanoes in Ecuador]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=about_ff>
{{cite web | url=http://climbing.about.com/od/mountainclimbing/a/Fast-Facts-About-Chimborazo.htm
| title = Fast Facts About Chimborazo | publisher=About.com | accessdate=2014-04-23}}</ref>
<ref name=Gomez>
{{cite book | title = Atlas del Ecuador
| last = Gomez | first = Nelson
| publisher = Editorial Ediguias | year = 1994 | isbn = 9978-89-009-2}}</ref>
<ref name="gvp">
{{cite gvp | vn = 352071 | name = Chimborazo | accessdate = 2009-01-01}}</ref>
<ref name=Marsh>
{{cite book | title = Georgian Poetry, 1916–1917
| last = Marsh | first = Edward Howard, Sir
| publisher = The Poetry Bookshop
| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8gp0310.txt
| year=1917 | accessdate = 2008-06-23}}</ref>
<ref name=npr_2007>
{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163
| title = The 'Highest' Spot on Earth? | author = Krulwich, Robert | date = April 7, 2007
| publisher = [[NPR]] | accessdate = 2014-04-23}}</ref>
<ref name="peaklist">
{{cite web | url = http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/ecuador.html
| title = "Ecuador" Ultras | publisher = Peaklist.org | accessdate = 2012-11-06}}</ref>
<ref name="schmud">
{{cite book | title = Bergführer Ecuador
| last = Schmudlach | first = Günter
| publisher = Panico Alpinverlag | year=2001 | isbn = 3-926807-82-2 }}</ref>
<ref name=sdsugeo_lava>
{{cite web | url = http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/andesiterhyolite_lava.html
| title = How Volcanoes Work - Andesitic to Rhyolitic Lava
| publisher = San Diego State University | work = Department of Geological Sciences
| accessdate = 2014-04-24}}</ref>
<ref name=sdsugeo_strato>
{{cite web | url = http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/stratovolc_page.html
| title = How Volcanoes Work - Stratovolcanoes
| publisher = San Diego State University | work = Department of Geological Sciences
| accessdate = 2014-04-24}}</ref>
<ref name=Whymper_1892>
{{cite book | title = Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator
| last = Whymper | first = Edward
| publisher = [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]]
| year=1892 | isbn = 1-904466-24-9}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chimborazo (Ecuador)|Chimborazo}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8400
| title = Volcán Chimborazo, Ecuador
| publisher = Peakbagger.com
| accessdate = 2012-11-06 }}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150349/chimborazo.html
| title = Climbing information for Chimborazo
| publisher = Summitpost.org
| accessdate = 2011-10-25 }}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.jordibusque.com/index.php?lang=en&current=stories&subcurrent=ultimo_hielero&subsubcurrent=CF0134-DSC_5492.jpg
| title = The last iceman of Chimborazo
| accessdate = 2011-10-25 }}

{{Andean volcanoes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chimborazo (Volcano)}}
[[Category:Mountains of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Geography of Chimborazo Province]]
[[Category:Andean Volcanic Belt]]
[[Category:Extreme points of Earth]]
[[Category:Glaciers of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Quaternary volcanoes]]
[[Category:Quaternary South America]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chimborazo Province]]
[[Category:Highest points of countries]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Andes]]

Revision as of 16:05, 1 June 2018

ggg

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