Glabrousness: Difference between revisions

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+#REDIRECT [[Hair]]
-[[File:Duval La Naissance de Venus.jpg|thumb|upright|236px<!--(approx Sidebar/Infobox)-->|''La Naissance de Venus'', by [[Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval]] (1808–85), portrays the [[Venus (mythology)|goddess of love Venus]] with no [[Pubic hair|pubic]] or [[underarm hair]].]]
-'''Glabrousness''' (from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:glaber|glaber]]'' meaning "bald", "hairless", "shaved", "smooth") is the technical term for a lack of [[hair]], [[Down hair|down]], [[seta]]e, [[trichome]]s or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part of a plant or animal, or be due to loss because of a physical condition, such as [[alopecia universalis]] in humans, which causes hair to fall out or not regrow. Humans may also intentionally remove some or all of their body hair for a variety of cultural reasons.
+{{Rcat shell|
-==In botany==
+{{R from related word}}
-[[File:Herniariaglabra2.jpg|thumb|[[Herniaria glabra|Smooth rupturewort]] (''Herniaria glabra'') - a creeping plant with glabrous leaves and stems]]
+}}
-Glabrousness or otherwise, of leaves, stems, and fruit is a feature commonly mentioned in plant [[Identification key|keys]]; in [[botany]] and [[mycology]], a ''glabrous'' [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] feature is one that is smooth and may be glossy. It has no bristles or hair-like structures such as [[trichome]]s. In anything like the zoological sense, no plants or fungi have hair or wool, although some structures may resemble such materials.
-The term "glabrous" strictly applies only to features that lack trichomes at all times. When an organ bears trichomes at first, but loses them with age, the term used is ''glabrescent''.
-In the model plant [[Arabidopsis thaliana]], trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. [[Gene knockout|Knockouts]] of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This [[phenotype]] has already been used in [[genome editing|gene editing]] experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as [[CRISPR#Genome engineering|CRISPR/Cas9.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hahn|first=Florian|last2=Mantegazza|first2=Otho|last3=Greiner|first3=André|last4=Hegemann|first4=Peter|last5=Eisenhut|first5=Marion|last6=Weber|first6=Andreas P. M.|date=2017|title=An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR/Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.00039/full|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|language=English|volume=8|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00039|issn=1664-462X|pmc=5258748|pmid=28174584}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hahn|first1=Florian|last2=Eisenhut|first2=Marion|last3=Mantegazza|first3=Otho|last4=Weber|first4=Andreas P. M.|title=Homology-Directed Repair of a Defective Glabrous Gene in Arabidopsis With Cas9-Based Gene Targeting|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|date=5 April 2018|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.00424}}</ref>
-[[File:Oldenburgia grandis Emerging felted bud IMG 5837.JPG|thumb|<center>Leaves emerging from buds of ''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]'' are densely [[Leaf#Edge .28margin.29|tomentose]] with a dense [[indumentum]], but their upper surface is ''glabrescent''; as seen here they lose their white felt as they mature.]]
-==In zoology{{anchor|Glabrous skin}}==
-[[File:Nacktmull.jpg|thumb|[[Naked mole-rat]] (''Heterocephalus glaber'') in a zoo.]]
-In varying degrees most [[mammal]]s have some skin areas without natural hair. On the human body, glabrous [[human skin|skin]] is found on the [[ventral]] portion of the [[finger]]s, [[hand|palms]], [[sole (foot)|soles of feet]] and [[lips]], which are all parts of the body most closely associated with interacting with the world around us,<ref name ="Scholarpedia">{{cite book|editor1-last=Prescott|editor1-first=Tony J.|editor2-last=Ahissar|editor2-first=Ehud|editor3-last=Izhikevich|editor3-first=Eugene|title=Scholarpedia of Touch|date=2016|publisher=Atlantis Press|location=San Diego, USA|isbn=978-94-6239-133-8|page=9|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SHf_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref>  as are the [[labia minora]] and [[glans penis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Linden|first1=David, J.|title=Touch: The Science of Hand, Heart and Mind|date=March 2015|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0241184035|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XjZIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT36|chapter=Chapter 2}}</ref> There are four main types of [[mechanoreceptor]]s in the glabrous skin of humans: [[lamellar corpuscle|Pacinian corpuscles]], [[tactile corpuscle|Meissner's corpuscles]], [[Merkel nerve ending|Merkel's discs]], and [[bulbous corpuscle|Ruffini corpuscles]].
-The [[Naked mole-rat]] (''Heterocephalus glaber'') has evolved skin lacking in general, pelagic hair covering, yet has retained long, very sparsely scattered tactile hairs over its body.<ref name ="Scholarpedia"/> Glabrousness is a trait that may be associated with [[neoteny]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
-Within [[entomology]], the term glabrous is used to refer to those parts of an insect's body with are lacking in setae (bristles) or [[Scale (insect anatomy)|scales]].<ref name="insects">{{cite web|title=Insect Glossary|url=http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/InsectGlossary.html|website=E-Fauna BC|accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref>
-==Hair removal fashions==
-{{weaselwords|date=December 2012}}
-The term glabrousness also has been applied to human fashions,{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} wherein some participate in culturally motivated [[hair removal]] by depilation (surface removal by [[shaving]], [[chemical depilatory|dissolving]]), or [[wiktionary:epilation|epilation]] (removal of the entire hair, such as [[waxing]] or [[plucking (hair removal)|plucking]]).
-Although the appearance of secondary hair on parts of the human body commonly occurs during [[puberty]], and therefore, is often seen as a symbol of adulthood, removal of this and other hair may become fashionable in some cultures and subcultures. In many modern [[Western culture]]s, men currently are encouraged to shave their beards, and women are encouraged to remove hair growth on various areas. Commonly depilated areas for women are the underarms, legs, and [[Pubic hair]]. Some individuals depilate the forearms. In recent years, bodily depilation in men has increased in popularity among some subcultures of Western males.<ref>[http://www.shaveeverywhere.com/ Philips' Shave Everywhere] campaign follows an increasing awareness from the male public about male shaving</ref>
-As with any cosmetic practice, the particulars of hair removal have changed over the years. Western female depilation has been significantly influenced by the evolution of clothing in the past century. Leg and underarm shaving became popular again{{when|date=January 2013}} in some parts of Western society with the advent of off-the-shoulder dresses, higher hemlines, and transparent stockings. The reduction of the minimum acceptable standards for bodily coverage over recent years has resulted in the exposure of more flesh, giving rise to more extensive hair removal in some cultures.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-Encouragement by commercial interests may be seen in advertising. At present, this has resulted in the "[[Brazilian waxing]]" trend involving the partial or full removal of pubic hair, as the [[G-string|thongs]] worn on Brazilian beaches are too small to conceal very much of it.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Indeed, a culture is now emerging around "intimate shaving" and other hair removal options geared specifically toward pubic hair. (''cf.'' [[bikini waxing]]) What was once kept a personal secret now is discussed more openly, although still in carefully non-explicit language, as advertised in magazines and on television.{{original research inline|date=March 2012}}
-For men the practice of depilating the pubic area is commonly referred to as manscaping, even though technically this term is applicable to hair removal all over the body. Many men will try this at some point in their lives, especially for aesthetic reasons because shaving the pubic area will optically enhance the size of the male penis. There is a popular saying with reference to this practice which goes 'when you trim the bush, the tree will look bigger'. Most men will use a razor to shave this area, however as best practice, it is recommended to use a body trimmer to shorten the length of the hair before shaving it off completely.<ref>https://www.myhairclippers.com/manscaping-tips-how-to-shave-your-balls-and-all-the-rest/</ref>
-===Cultural and other influences===
-In ancient Egypt, depilation was commonly practiced, with [[pumice]] and [[razor]]s used to shave.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boroughs|first1=Michael|last2=Cafri|first2=Guy|last3=Thompson|first3=J. Kevin|title=Male Body Depilation: Prevalence and Associated Features of Body Hair Removal|journal=Sex Roles|volume=52|issue=9-10|pages=637–644|doi=10.1007/s11199-005-3731-9}}</ref> In both [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]], the removal of body and pubic hair may have been practiced among both men and women. It is represented in some artistic depictions of male and female nudity, {{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} examples of which may be seen in some [[red figure pottery]] of Ancient Greece on which both men and women were depicted without body or pubic hair.
-The majority of Muslims believe that adult removal of pubic and [[axillary hair]], as a hygienic measure, is [[religion|religiously]] beneficial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understanding-islam.com/shaving-pubic-hair/ |title=Shaving Pubic Hair |work=Understanding Islam |date=10 February 1999}}</ref>
-Baptized [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] are specifically instructed never to cut, shave, or otherwise remove any hair on their bodies; this is a major tenet of the Sikh faith (''see [[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]'').
-In the [[clothes free movement]], the term "smoothie" refers to an individual who has removed most of their hair. In the past, such practices were frowned upon and in some cases, members of clothes-free clubs were forbidden to remove their pubic hair: violators could face exclusion from the club. Enthusiasts grouped together and formed societies of their own that catered to that fashion and the fashion became more popular, with smoothies becoming a major percentage at some nudist venues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronaturist.com/smooth.htm |publisher=Euro Naturist |title=smooth naturists & nudists - Smoothies |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508073900/http://www.euronaturist.com/smooth.htm |archivedate=2005-05-08 |df= }}</ref> The first Smoothie club (TSC) was founded by a British couple in 1991.<ref>[http://www.wnn.nu/UK/welcome.html World of the Nudest Nudist, beauty of the shaved body] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814204219/http://www.wnn.nu/UK/welcome.html |date=August 14, 2007 }}</ref>  A Dutch branch was founded in 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnn.nu/ |title=World of the Nudest Nudist - home of the barest naturists |publisher=Wnn.nu |date= |accessdate=2012-05-21}}</ref> in order to give the idea of a hairless body greater publicity in the [[Netherlands]]. Being a Smoothie is described by its supporters as exceptionally comfortable and liberating. The Smoothy-Club is also a branch of the World of the Nudest Nudist (WNN) and organizes nudist ship cruises and nudist events every month. Every year in spring the club organizes the international ''Smoothy days''.
-In the U.K. the SCN Naturist Club for "Smooth Ladies and Smooth and Circumcised Gentlemen" was formed in 1996. Although the SCN club closed in 2001 after five years, its [http://www.smooth-naturists.co.uk SCN website] continues to promote the club's hairless fashion.
-Athletes may depilate as an enhancement to their abilities. For example, male and female [[competitive swimming|competitive swimmers]] may remove their body and pubic hair{{citation needed|reason=evidence needed of pubic hair removal for performance enhancement|date=October 2015}} in order to help streamline their bodies and to allow their swimsuits to fit more closely to their bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Shave Down for a Swim Meet|url=http://swim.isport.com/swimming-guides/how-to-shave-down-for-a-swim-meet|website=swim.isport.com|accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref> [[Bicyclists]] also remove body hair to decrease the effects of "road rash" by minimizing the tearing action of hair against pavement during a bike crash and to provide easier injury clean-up afterward. Hairfree legs also are described as increasing the comfort and effectiveness of sport massages.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
-==See also==
-* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]
-* [[Glossary of entomology terms]]
-* [[Trichophilia]] (hair fetishism)
-* [[Merkin]], a "pubic wig"
-==References==
-;Notes
-{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
-{{Commons category|Shaved genitalia}}
-* [http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/skin/pubichairremoval.html Information about Pubic Hair Removal – ''Palo Alto Medical Foundation'']
-* [http://www.smooth-naturists.co.uk SCN – UK Website for Smooth Naturists]
-* [http://www.acomoclitic.com Resource site for acomoclitics]
-{{Human hair|state=collapsed}}
-[[Category:Dermatologic terminology]]
-[[Category:Human hair]]
-[[Category:Sexual fetishism]]