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'''Cochrane''' is a [[nonprofit organization|non-profit]], [[non-governmental organization]] formed to organize medical research findings so as to facilitate [[evidence-based medicine|evidence-based]] choices about health interventions faced by health professionals, patients, and policy makers.<ref name=NIHlib>{{Cite web|url=https://nihlibrary.nih.gov/resources/subject-guides/evidence-based-public-health/public-health-guidelines|title=Public Health Guidelines |publisher=NIH Library|language=en|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Hill GB |title = Archie Cochrane and his legacy. An internal challenge to physicians' autonomy? |journal = J Clin Epidemiol |volume = 53 |issue = 12 |pages = 1189–92 |date = December 2000 |pmid = 11146263 |doi = 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00253-5}}</ref> Cochrane includes 53 review groups that are based at research institutions worldwide. Cochrane has approximately 30,000 volunteer experts from around the world.<ref name=Sepkowitz2014>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/health/looking-for-the-final-word-on-treatment.html|title=Looking for the Final Word on Treatment|last=Sepkowitz|first=Kent A.|date=2014-05-14|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
'''Cochrane''' is a [[nonprofit organization|non-profit]], [[non-governmental organization]] formed to organize medical research findings so as to facilitate [[evidence-based medicine|evidence-based]] choices about health interventions faced by health professionals, patients, and policy makers.<ref name=NIHlib>{{Cite web|url=https://nihlibrary.nih.gov/resources/subject-guides/evidence-based-public-health/public-health-guidelines|title=Public Health Guidelines |publisher=NIH Library|language=en|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Hill GB |title = Archie Cochrane and his legacy. An internal challenge to physicians' autonomy? |journal = J Clin Epidemiol |volume = 53 |issue = 12 |pages = 1189–92 |date = December 2000 |pmid = 11146263 |doi = 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00253-5}}</ref> Cochrane includes 53 review groups that are based at research institutions worldwide. Cochrane has approximately 30,000 volunteer experts from around the world.<ref name=Sepkowitz2014>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/health/looking-for-the-final-word-on-treatment.html|title=Looking for the Final Word on Treatment|last=Sepkowitz|first=Kent A.|date=2014-05-14|work=The New York Times}}</ref>


The group conducts [[systematic review]]s of health-care interventions and diagnostic tests and publishes them in the [[Cochrane Library]].<ref name=Konnerup2012/><ref name=NIHlib/> According to the Library articles are available via one-click access but some require paid subscription or registration before reading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cochranelibrary.com/help/access-options-for-cochrane-library.html|title=Access Options for Cochrane Library|website=www.cochranelibrary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cochranelibrary.com/help/how-to-order-the-cochrane-library.html|title=How to order the Cochrane Library|website=www.cochranelibrary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref> A few reviews, in [[occupational health]] for example, incorporate results from non-randomized [[Observational study|observational studies]],<ref name=Konnerup2012>{{cite journal |last1 = Kongsted |first1 = Hans |last2 = Konnerup |first2 = Merete |title = Are more observational studies being included in Cochrane reviews? |journal = BMC Research Notes |date = 2012 |volume = 5 |issue = 1 |pages = 570 |doi = 10.1186/1756-0500-5-570 }} {{open access}}</ref> as well as controlled before–after (CBA) studies and [[Interrupted time series|interrupted time-series]] studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ruotsalainen|first=Jani|last2=Sauni|first2=Riitta|last3=Verbeek|first3=Jos|date=2017-10-01|title=Cochrane Work—championing facts since 2003 |url=http://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/67/7/504/4430930/Cochrane-Workchampioning-facts-since-2003|journal=Occupational Medicine|language=en|volume=67|issue=7|pages=504–506|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqx073}}</ref>
The group conducts [[systematic review]]s of health-care interventions and diagnostic tests and publishes them in the [[Cochrane Library]].<ref name=Konnerup2012/><ref name=NIHlib/> According to the Library articles are available via one-click access but some require paid subscription or registration before reading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cochranelibrary.com/help/access-options-for-cochrane-library.html|title=Access Options for Cochrane Library|website=www.cochranelibrary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cochranelibrary.com/help/how-to-order-the-cochrane-library.html|title=How to order the Cochrane Library|website=www.cochranelibrary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref> A few reviews, in [[occupational health]] for example, incorporate results from non-randomized [[Observational study|observational studies]],<ref name=Konnerup2012>{{cite journal |last1 = Kongsted |first1 = Hans |last2 = Konnerup |first2 = Merete |title = Are more observational studies being included in Cochrane reviews? |journal = BMC Research Notes |date = 2012 |volume = 5 |issue = 1 |pages = 570 |doi = 10.1186/1756-0500-5-570 |pmid = 23069208 |pmc = 3503546 }} {{open access}}</ref> as well as controlled before–after (CBA) studies and [[Interrupted time series|interrupted time-series]] studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ruotsalainen|first=Jani|last2=Sauni|first2=Riitta|last3=Verbeek|first3=Jos|date=2017-10-01|title=Cochrane Work—championing facts since 2003 |url=http://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/67/7/504/4430930/Cochrane-Workchampioning-facts-since-2003|journal=Occupational Medicine|language=en|volume=67|issue=7|pages=504–506|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqx073|pmid=29048596}}</ref>


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== History ==
== History ==


Cochrane, previously known as the '''Cochrane Collaboration''', was founded in 1993 under the leadership of [[Iain Chalmers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ault|first=Alicia|date=2003-06-27|title=Clinical research. Climbing a medical Everest|journal=Science|volume=300|issue=5628|pages=2024–2025|doi=10.1126/science.300.5628.2024|pmid=12829761}}</ref> It was developed in response to [[Archie Cochrane]]'s call for up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant randomized controlled trials of health care.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/business/the-cochrane-collaboration.html|title=The Cochrane Collaboration|last=Thomas|first=Katie|date=2013-06-29|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Chalmers">{{cite journal |last1 = Chalmers |first1 = I |last2 = Dickersin |first2 = K |last3 = Chalmers |first3 = TC |title = Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda |journal = BMJ |volume = 305 |issue = 6857 |pages = 786–788 |doi = 10.1136/bmj.305.6857.786 |date = 1992 |pmc = 1883470 |pmid = 1422354 }}</ref><ref name=Winkelstein>{{cite journal |last1 = Winkelstein Jr. |first1 = W |title = The Remarkable Archie: Origins of the Cochrane Collaboration |journal = Epidemiology |date = September 2009 |volume = 20 |issue = 5 |page = 779 |doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181aff391 |url = http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2009/09000/The_Remarkable_Archie__Origins_of_the_Cochrane.27.aspx }}</ref>
Cochrane, previously known as the '''Cochrane Collaboration''', was founded in 1993 under the leadership of [[Iain Chalmers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ault|first=Alicia|date=2003-06-27|title=Clinical research. Climbing a medical Everest|journal=Science|volume=300|issue=5628|pages=2024–2025|doi=10.1126/science.300.5628.2024|pmid=12829761}}</ref> It was developed in response to [[Archie Cochrane]]'s call for up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant randomized controlled trials of health care.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/business/the-cochrane-collaboration.html|title=The Cochrane Collaboration|last=Thomas|first=Katie|date=2013-06-29|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Chalmers">{{cite journal |last1 = Chalmers |first1 = I |last2 = Dickersin |first2 = K |last3 = Chalmers |first3 = TC |title = Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda |journal = BMJ |volume = 305 |issue = 6857 |pages = 786–788 |doi = 10.1136/bmj.305.6857.786 |date = 1992 |pmc = 1883470 |pmid = 1422354 }}</ref><ref name=Winkelstein>{{cite journal |last1 = Winkelstein Jr. |first1 = W |title = The Remarkable Archie: Origins of the Cochrane Collaboration |journal = Epidemiology |date = September 2009 |volume = 20 |issue = 5 |page = 779 |doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181aff391 |pmid = 19680039 |url = http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2009/09000/The_Remarkable_Archie__Origins_of_the_Cochrane.27.aspx }}</ref>


In 1998, the Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CEMG) was set up to facilitate the process of decisions being based on [[health economics]], evidence-based medicine and systematic.<ref>http://file.zums.ac.ir/ebook/085-Evidence-Based%20Health%20Economics%20(Evidence-Based%20Medicine)-Miranda%20Mugford%20Luke%20Vale%20Cam%20Donal.pdf</ref>
In 1998, the Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CEMG) was set up to facilitate the process of decisions being based on [[health economics]], evidence-based medicine and systematic.<ref>http://file.zums.ac.ir/ebook/085-Evidence-Based%20Health%20Economics%20(Evidence-Based%20Medicine)-Miranda%20Mugford%20Luke%20Vale%20Cam%20Donal.pdf</ref>
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Cochrane's suggestion that the methods used to prepare and maintain reviews of controlled trials in pregnancy and childbirth should be applied more widely was taken up by the Research and Development Programme, initiated to support the United Kingdom's [[National Health Service]]. Through the NHS R&D programme, led by the first Director of Research and Development Professor [[Michael Peckham]],<ref>{{cite journal |author = Peckham M |title = Research and development for the National Health Service |journal = Lancet |volume = 338 |issue = 8763 |pages = 367–71 |date = August 1991 |pmid = 1677710 |doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90494-A}}</ref>{{When|date=August 2018}} funds were provided to establish a "Cochrane Centre", to collaborate with others, in the UK and elsewhere, to facilitate systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials across all areas of health care.<ref name="Dickersin">{{cite journal |vauthors = Dickersin K, Manheimer E |title = The Cochrane Collaboration: evaluation of health care and services using systematic reviews of the results of randomized controlled trials |journal = Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume = 41 |issue = 2 |pages = 315–331 |date = 1998 |pmid = 9646964 |doi = 10.1097/00003081-199806000-00012 }}</ref>{{When|date=August 2018}}
Cochrane's suggestion that the methods used to prepare and maintain reviews of controlled trials in pregnancy and childbirth should be applied more widely was taken up by the Research and Development Programme, initiated to support the United Kingdom's [[National Health Service]]. Through the NHS R&D programme, led by the first Director of Research and Development Professor [[Michael Peckham]],<ref>{{cite journal |author = Peckham M |title = Research and development for the National Health Service |journal = Lancet |volume = 338 |issue = 8763 |pages = 367–71 |date = August 1991 |pmid = 1677710 |doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90494-A}}</ref>{{When|date=August 2018}} funds were provided to establish a "Cochrane Centre", to collaborate with others, in the UK and elsewhere, to facilitate systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials across all areas of health care.<ref name="Dickersin">{{cite journal |vauthors = Dickersin K, Manheimer E |title = The Cochrane Collaboration: evaluation of health care and services using systematic reviews of the results of randomized controlled trials |journal = Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume = 41 |issue = 2 |pages = 315–331 |date = 1998 |pmid = 9646964 |doi = 10.1097/00003081-199806000-00012 }}</ref>{{When|date=August 2018}}


In 2004, the [[Campbell Collaboration]] joined the CEMG and it became the Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1660547/}}</ref><ref>https://methods.cochrane.org/economics/welcome</ref>
In 2004, the [[Campbell Collaboration]] joined the CEMG and it became the Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG).<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 1660547|year = 2006|last1 = Shemilt|first1 = I|title = Economics methods in Cochrane systematic reviews of health promotion and public health related interventions|journal = Bmc Medical Research Methodology|volume = 6|pages = 55|last2 = Mugford|first2 = M|last3 = Drummond|first3 = M|last4 = Eisenstein|first4 = E|last5 = Mallender|first5 = J|last6 = McDaid|first6 = D|last7 = Vale|first7 = L|last8 = Walker|first8 = D|author9 = The Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG)|pmid = 17107612|doi = 10.1186/1471-2288-6-55}}</ref><ref>https://methods.cochrane.org/economics/welcome</ref>


In 2013 the organization published an editorial describing its efforts to train people in the developing world how to do Cochrane reviews.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Young T, Garner P, Kredo T, Mbuagbaw L, Tharyan P, Volmink J |year = 2013 |title = Cochrane and capacity building in low- and middle-income countries: where are we at? [editorial] |url = http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/details/editorial/5428691/Cochrane-and-capacity-building-in-low--and-middle-income-countries-where-are-we-.html |journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume = 11 |issue = |page = ED000072 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.ED000072 }}</ref> A 2017 editorial briefly discussed the history of Cochrane methodological approaches, such as including studies that use methodologies in lieu of [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized control trials]] and the challenge of having evidence adopted in practice.<ref name=":0" />
In 2013 the organization published an editorial describing its efforts to train people in the developing world how to do Cochrane reviews.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Young T, Garner P, Kredo T, Mbuagbaw L, Tharyan P, Volmink J |year = 2013 |title = Cochrane and capacity building in low- and middle-income countries: where are we at? [editorial] |url = http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/details/editorial/5428691/Cochrane-and-capacity-building-in-low--and-middle-income-countries-where-are-we-.html |journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume = 11 |issue = 11|page = ED000072 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.ED000072 |pmid = 24524153 }}</ref> A 2017 editorial briefly discussed the history of Cochrane methodological approaches, such as including studies that use methodologies in lieu of [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized control trials]] and the challenge of having evidence adopted in practice.<ref name=":0" />


== Logo ==
== Logo ==
[[File:Pre-term corticosteroid data.svg|thumb|400px|A blobbogram of seven studies of [[Preterm birth#Steroids|giving corticosteroids]] to women about to give [[preterm birth|birth too early]]; a similar blobbogram of the same data is shown, stylized, in part of the Cochrane logo.]]
[[File:Pre-term corticosteroid data.svg|thumb|400px|A blobbogram of seven studies of [[Preterm birth#Steroids|giving corticosteroids]] to women about to give [[preterm birth|birth too early]]; a similar blobbogram of the same data is shown, stylized, in part of the Cochrane logo.]]


The Cochrane logo represents a [[meta-analysis]] of data from seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing one health care treatment with a [[placebo]] in a [[forest plot|blobbogram or forest plot]]. The diagram shows the results of a [[systematic review]] and meta-analysis on inexpensive course of [[corticosteroid]] given to women about to give [[birth]] too early – the evidence on effectiveness that would have been revealed had the available RCTs been reviewed systematically around 1982. This treatment reduces the [[odds]] of the babies of such women dying from the complications of immaturity by 30–50%. Because no systematic review of these trials was published until 1990,<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Crowley |first1 = P |last2 = Chalmers |first2 = I |last3 = Keirse |first3 = MJ |title = The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials. |journal = British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology |date = January 1990 |volume = 97 |issue = 1 |pages = 11–25 |pmid = 2137711 |doi = 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01711.x }}</ref><ref name=logo>{{cite web|title=Our logo {{!}} Cochrane|url=http://www.cochrane.org/about-us/our-logo|website=www.cochrane.org|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref> most obstetricians had not realized that the treatment was so effective and therefore many premature babies probably suffered or died unnecessarily.<ref name=logo/>
The Cochrane logo represents a [[meta-analysis]] of data from seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing one health care treatment with a [[placebo]] in a [[forest plot|blobbogram or forest plot]]. The diagram shows the results of a [[systematic review]] and meta-analysis on inexpensive course of [[corticosteroid]] given to women about to give [[birth]] too early – the evidence on effectiveness that would have been revealed had the available RCTs been reviewed systematically around 1982. This treatment reduces the [[odds]] of the babies of such women dying from the complications of immaturity by 30–50%. Because no systematic review of these trials was published until 1990,<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Crowley |first1 = P |last2 = Chalmers |first2 = I |last3 = Keirse |first3 = MJ |title = The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials |journal = British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |date = January 1990 |volume = 97 |issue = 1 |pages = 11–25 |pmid = 2137711 |doi = 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01711.x }}</ref><ref name=logo>{{cite web|title=Our logo {{!}} Cochrane|url=http://www.cochrane.org/about-us/our-logo|website=www.cochrane.org|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref> most obstetricians had not realized that the treatment was so effective and therefore many premature babies probably suffered or died unnecessarily.<ref name=logo/>


== Reception ==
== Reception ==
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Studies comparing the quality of Cochrane meta-analyses in the fields of infertility,<ref name=Windsor2012>{{cite journal |vauthors = Windsor B, Popovich I, Jordan V, Showell M, Shea B, Farquhar C |title = Methodological quality of systematic reviews in subfertility: a comparison of Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews in assisted reproductive technologies |journal = Hum. Reprod. |volume = 27 |issue = 12 |pages = 3460–6 |date = December 2012 |pmid = 23034152 |doi = 10.1093/humrep/des342 |url = }}</ref> physiotherapy<ref name=Windsor2012/><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Moseley |first1 = Anne M. |last2 = Elkins |first2 = Mark R. |last3 = Herbert |first3 = Robert D. |last4 = Maher |first4 = Christopher G. |last5 = Sherrington |first5 = Catherine |title = Cochrane reviews used more rigorous methods than non-Cochrane reviews: survey of systematic reviews in physiotherapy |journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |date = October 2009 |volume = 62 |issue = 10 |pages = 1021–1030 |doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.09.018 |pmid = 19282144 }}</ref> and orthodontics,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Fleming PS, Seehra J, Polychronopoulou A, Fedorowicz Z, Pandis N |title = Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews in leading orthodontic journals: a quality paradigm? |journal = Eur J Orthod |volume = 35 |issue = 2 |pages = 244–8 |date = April 2013 |pmid = 22510325 |doi = 10.1093/ejo/cjs016 |url = }}</ref> to those published by other sources have concluded that Cochrane reviews incorporate superior methodological rigor. A broader analysis across multiple therapeutic areas reached similar conclusions but was performed by Cochrane authors.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Olsen O, Middleton P, Ezzo J |title = Quality of Cochrane reviews: assessment of sample from 1998 |journal = BMJ |volume = 323 |issue = 7317 |pages = 829–32 |date = October 2001 |pmid = 11597965 |pmc = 57800 |doi = 10.1136/bmj.323.7317.829 |url = |display-authors = etal }}</ref>
Studies comparing the quality of Cochrane meta-analyses in the fields of infertility,<ref name=Windsor2012>{{cite journal |vauthors = Windsor B, Popovich I, Jordan V, Showell M, Shea B, Farquhar C |title = Methodological quality of systematic reviews in subfertility: a comparison of Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews in assisted reproductive technologies |journal = Hum. Reprod. |volume = 27 |issue = 12 |pages = 3460–6 |date = December 2012 |pmid = 23034152 |doi = 10.1093/humrep/des342 |url = }}</ref> physiotherapy<ref name=Windsor2012/><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Moseley |first1 = Anne M. |last2 = Elkins |first2 = Mark R. |last3 = Herbert |first3 = Robert D. |last4 = Maher |first4 = Christopher G. |last5 = Sherrington |first5 = Catherine |title = Cochrane reviews used more rigorous methods than non-Cochrane reviews: survey of systematic reviews in physiotherapy |journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |date = October 2009 |volume = 62 |issue = 10 |pages = 1021–1030 |doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.09.018 |pmid = 19282144 }}</ref> and orthodontics,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Fleming PS, Seehra J, Polychronopoulou A, Fedorowicz Z, Pandis N |title = Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews in leading orthodontic journals: a quality paradigm? |journal = Eur J Orthod |volume = 35 |issue = 2 |pages = 244–8 |date = April 2013 |pmid = 22510325 |doi = 10.1093/ejo/cjs016 |url = }}</ref> to those published by other sources have concluded that Cochrane reviews incorporate superior methodological rigor. A broader analysis across multiple therapeutic areas reached similar conclusions but was performed by Cochrane authors.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Olsen O, Middleton P, Ezzo J |title = Quality of Cochrane reviews: assessment of sample from 1998 |journal = BMJ |volume = 323 |issue = 7317 |pages = 829–32 |date = October 2001 |pmid = 11597965 |pmc = 57800 |doi = 10.1136/bmj.323.7317.829 |url = |display-authors = etal }}</ref>
Compared to non-Cochrane reviews, those from Cochrane are less likely to reach a positive conclusion about the utility of medical interventions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tricco AC, Tetzlaff J, Pham B, Brehaut J, Moher D |title = Non-Cochrane vs. Cochrane reviews were twice as likely to have positive conclusion statements: cross-sectional study |journal = J Clin Epidemiol |volume = 62 |issue = 4 |pages = 380–386.e1 |date = April 2009 |pmid = 19128940 |doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.008 |url = }}</ref> Key criticisms that have been directed at Cochrane's studies include a failure to include a sufficiently large number of unpublished studies, failure to pre-specify or failure to abide by pre-specified rules for endpoint<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tendal B, Nüesch E, Higgins JP, Jüni P, Gøtzsche PC |title = Multiplicity of data in trial reports and the reliability of meta-analyses: empirical study |journal = BMJ |volume = 343 |issue = |pages = d4829 |year = 2011 |pmid = 21878462 |pmc = 3171064 |doi = 10.1136/bmj.d4829 |url = }}</ref> or trial<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Hutton P, Morrison AP, Yung AR, Taylor PJ, French P, Dunn G |title = Effects of drop-out on efficacy estimates in five Cochrane reviews of popular antipsychotics for schizophrenia |journal = Acta Psychiatr Scand |volume = 126 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–11 |date = July 2012 |pmid = 22486554 |doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01858.x |url = }}</ref> inclusion, insufficiently frequent updating of reviews, an excessively high percentage of inconclusive reviews,<ref>{{cite journal |author = Green-Hennessy S |title = Cochrane systematic reviews for the mental health field: is the gold standard tarnished? |journal = Psychiatr Serv |volume = 64 |issue = 1 |pages = 65–70 |date = January 2013 |pmid = 23117176 |doi = 10.1176/appi.ps.001682012 |url = }}</ref> and a high incidence of ghostwriting and honorary authorship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mowatt |first1 = G |last2 = Shirran |first2 = L |last3 = Grimshaw |first3 = JM |last4 = Rennie |first4 = D |last5 = Flanagin |first5 = A |last6 = Yank |first6 = V |last7 = MacLennan |first7 = G |last8 = Gøtzsche |first8 = PC |last9 = Bero |first9 = LA |title = Prevalence of honorary and ghost authorship in Cochrane reviews. |journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |date = 5 June 2002 |volume = 287 |issue = 21 |pages = 2769–71 |pmid = 12038907 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2769}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Tisdale JE |title = Integrity in authorship and publication |journal = Can J Hosp Pharm |volume = 62 |issue = 6 |pages = 441–7 |date = November 2009 |pmid = 22478931 |pmc = 2827013 |doi = 10.4212/cjhp.v62i6.840 |url = }}</ref> In some cases Cochrane's internal structure may make it difficult to publish studies that run against the pre-conceived opinions of internal subject matter experts.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.radcliffehealth.com/sites/radcliffehealth.com/files/books/samplechapter/5853/Gotzsche%20chpt%2012-45f64580rdz.pdf |title = www.radcliffehealth.com |work = |accessdate = |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140905044321/https://www.radcliffehealth.com/sites/radcliffehealth.com/files/books/samplechapter/5853/Gotzsche%20chpt%2012-45f64580rdz.pdf |archivedate = 5 September 2014 }}</ref>
Compared to non-Cochrane reviews, those from Cochrane are less likely to reach a positive conclusion about the utility of medical interventions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tricco AC, Tetzlaff J, Pham B, Brehaut J, Moher D |title = Non-Cochrane vs. Cochrane reviews were twice as likely to have positive conclusion statements: cross-sectional study |journal = J Clin Epidemiol |volume = 62 |issue = 4 |pages = 380–386.e1 |date = April 2009 |pmid = 19128940 |doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.008 |url = }}</ref> Key criticisms that have been directed at Cochrane's studies include a failure to include a sufficiently large number of unpublished studies, failure to pre-specify or failure to abide by pre-specified rules for endpoint<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tendal B, Nüesch E, Higgins JP, Jüni P, Gøtzsche PC |title = Multiplicity of data in trial reports and the reliability of meta-analyses: empirical study |journal = BMJ |volume = 343 |issue = |pages = d4829 |year = 2011 |pmid = 21878462 |pmc = 3171064 |doi = 10.1136/bmj.d4829 |url = }}</ref> or trial<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Hutton P, Morrison AP, Yung AR, Taylor PJ, French P, Dunn G |title = Effects of drop-out on efficacy estimates in five Cochrane reviews of popular antipsychotics for schizophrenia |journal = Acta Psychiatr Scand |volume = 126 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–11 |date = July 2012 |pmid = 22486554 |doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01858.x |url = }}</ref> inclusion, insufficiently frequent updating of reviews, an excessively high percentage of inconclusive reviews,<ref>{{cite journal |author = Green-Hennessy S |title = Cochrane systematic reviews for the mental health field: is the gold standard tarnished? |journal = Psychiatr Serv |volume = 64 |issue = 1 |pages = 65–70 |date = January 2013 |pmid = 23117176 |doi = 10.1176/appi.ps.001682012 |url = }}</ref> and a high incidence of ghostwriting and honorary authorship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mowatt |first1 = G |last2 = Shirran |first2 = L |last3 = Grimshaw |first3 = JM |last4 = Rennie |first4 = D |last5 = Flanagin |first5 = A |last6 = Yank |first6 = V |last7 = MacLennan |first7 = G |last8 = Gøtzsche |first8 = PC |last9 = Bero |first9 = LA |title = Prevalence of honorary and ghost authorship in Cochrane reviews. |journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |date = 5 June 2002 |volume = 287 |issue = 21 |pages = 2769–71 |pmid = 12038907 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2769}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Tisdale JE |title = Integrity in authorship and publication |journal = Can J Hosp Pharm |volume = 62 |issue = 6 |pages = 441–7 |date = November 2009 |pmid = 22478931 |pmc = 2827013 |doi = 10.4212/cjhp.v62i6.840 |url = }}</ref> In some cases Cochrane's internal structure may make it difficult to publish studies that run against the pre-conceived opinions of internal subject matter experts.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.radcliffehealth.com/sites/radcliffehealth.com/files/books/samplechapter/5853/Gotzsche%20chpt%2012-45f64580rdz.pdf |title = www.radcliffehealth.com |accessdate = |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140905044321/https://www.radcliffehealth.com/sites/radcliffehealth.com/files/books/samplechapter/5853/Gotzsche%20chpt%2012-45f64580rdz.pdf |archivedate = 5 September 2014 }}</ref>


== Partnerships ==
== Partnerships ==
Line 77: Line 77:


=== Wikipedia ===
=== Wikipedia ===
In October 2013, Wikipedia and Cochrane announced a collaborative venture, the announced goals of which include increasing the incorporation of Cochrane research in Wikipedia articles and providing Wikipedia editors with additional resources and assistance in interpreting medical data.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mathew |first1 = Manu |last2 = Joseph |first2 = Anna |last3 = Heilman |first3 = James |last4 = Tharyan |first4 = Prathap |title = Cochrane and Wikipedia: the collaborative potential for a quantum leap in the dissemination and uptake of trusted evidence[editorial] |journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date = 2013 |issue = 10 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.ED000069 |url = http://www.cochranelibrary.com/editorial/10.1002/14651858.ED000069 |accessdate = 15 September 2015 |pmid = 24475488 |volume = 10 |pages = ED000069 }}</ref> Cochrane and John Wiley and Sons, the publisher of the Cochrane reviews, provide financial support for the collaboration in the form of 100 free Cochrane accounts made available to Wikipedia medical editors, the financial value of which has been estimated by Cochrane at $30,000 to $80,000 dollars per annum. Other support includes a nominal stipend and travel expenses for a Wikipedian in Residence at Cochrane.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Orlowitz |first1 = Jake |title = Cochrane Collaboration Recruits Talented Wikipedian In Residence |url = https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/cochrane-recruits-wikipedian-in-residence/ |website = Wikimedia Foundation Global Blog |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |accessdate = 15 September 2015 |date = 5 May 2014 }} Cross-posted on [http://community.cochrane.org/news/blog/cochrane-collaboration-recruits-talented-wikipedian-residence Cochrane Official Blog], 13 May 2014.</ref>
In October 2013, Wikipedia and Cochrane announced a collaborative venture, the announced goals of which include increasing the incorporation of Cochrane research in Wikipedia articles and providing Wikipedia editors with additional resources and assistance in interpreting medical data.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mathew |first1 = Manu |last2 = Joseph |first2 = Anna |last3 = Heilman |first3 = James |last4 = Tharyan |first4 = Prathap |title = Cochrane and Wikipedia: the collaborative potential for a quantum leap in the dissemination and uptake of trusted evidence[editorial] |journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date = 2013 |issue = 10 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.ED000069 |pmid = 24475488 |volume = 10 |pages = ED000069 }}</ref> Cochrane and John Wiley and Sons, the publisher of the Cochrane reviews, provide financial support for the collaboration in the form of 100 free Cochrane accounts made available to Wikipedia medical editors, the financial value of which has been estimated by Cochrane at $30,000 to $80,000 dollars per annum. Other support includes a nominal stipend and travel expenses for a Wikipedian in Residence at Cochrane.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Orlowitz |first1 = Jake |title = Cochrane Collaboration Recruits Talented Wikipedian In Residence |url = https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/cochrane-recruits-wikipedian-in-residence/ |website = Wikimedia Foundation Global Blog |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |accessdate = 15 September 2015 |date = 5 May 2014 }} Cross-posted on [http://community.cochrane.org/news/blog/cochrane-collaboration-recruits-talented-wikipedian-residence Cochrane Official Blog], 13 May 2014.</ref>


In 2014 the Cochrane blog hosted a rebuttal written by four Wikipedia medical editors, in response to an article critical of the accuracy of Wikipedia medical content published in the Journal of the [[American Osteopathic Association]].<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Chatterjee |first1 = Anwesh |last2 = Cooke |first2 = Robin M.T. |last3 = Furst |first3 = Ian |last4 = Heilman |first4 = James |title = Is Wikipedia’s medical content really 90% wrong? |date = 23 June 2014 |url = http://community.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong |accessdate = 15 September 2015 |website = Cochrane Community |publisher = www.cochrane.org |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151005161219/http://community.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong |archive-date = 5 October 2015 |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Hasty RT, Garbalosa RC, Barbato VA |title = Wikipedia vs peer-reviewed medical literature for information about the 10 most costly medical conditions |journal = J Am Osteopath Assoc |volume = 114 |issue = 5 |pages = 368–73 |date = May 2014 |pmid = 24778001 |doi = 10.7556/jaoa.2014.035 |url = |display-authors = etal }}</ref>
In 2014 the Cochrane blog hosted a rebuttal written by four Wikipedia medical editors, in response to an article critical of the accuracy of Wikipedia medical content published in the Journal of the [[American Osteopathic Association]].<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Chatterjee |first1 = Anwesh |last2 = Cooke |first2 = Robin M.T. |last3 = Furst |first3 = Ian |last4 = Heilman |first4 = James |title = Is Wikipedia’s medical content really 90% wrong? |date = 23 June 2014 |url = http://community.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong |accessdate = 15 September 2015 |website = Cochrane Community |publisher = www.cochrane.org |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151005161219/http://community.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong |archive-date = 5 October 2015 |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Hasty RT, Garbalosa RC, Barbato VA |title = Wikipedia vs peer-reviewed medical literature for information about the 10 most costly medical conditions |journal = J Am Osteopath Assoc |volume = 114 |issue = 5 |pages = 368–73 |date = May 2014 |pmid = 24778001 |doi = 10.7556/jaoa.2014.035 |url = |display-authors = etal }}</ref>

Revision as of 05:02, 20 August 2018

Cochrane
Pronunciation
Formation1993; 31 years ago (1993) (as Cochrane Collaboration)
TypeInternational NPO
PurposeIndependent research into data about health care
HeadquartersLondon, England[1]
Region served
Worldwide
Official language
English
LeaderMark Wilson (CEO)[2]
Volunteers
Over 37,000 (2015) [3]
Websitewww.cochrane.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
Cochrane Collaboration

Cochrane is a non-profit, non-governmental organization formed to organize medical research findings so as to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions faced by health professionals, patients, and policy makers.[4][5] Cochrane includes 53 review groups that are based at research institutions worldwide. Cochrane has approximately 30,000 volunteer experts from around the world.[6]

The group conducts systematic reviews of health-care interventions and diagnostic tests and publishes them in the Cochrane Library.[7][4] According to the Library articles are available via one-click access but some require paid subscription or registration before reading.[8][9] A few reviews, in occupational health for example, incorporate results from non-randomized observational studies,[7] as well as controlled before–after (CBA) studies and interrupted time-series studies.[10]

History

Cochrane, previously known as the Cochrane Collaboration, was founded in 1993 under the leadership of Iain Chalmers.[11] It was developed in response to Archie Cochrane's call for up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant randomized controlled trials of health care.[12][13][14]

In 1998, the Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CEMG) was set up to facilitate the process of decisions being based on health economics, evidence-based medicine and systematic.[15]

Cochrane's suggestion that the methods used to prepare and maintain reviews of controlled trials in pregnancy and childbirth should be applied more widely was taken up by the Research and Development Programme, initiated to support the United Kingdom's National Health Service. Through the NHS R&D programme, led by the first Director of Research and Development Professor Michael Peckham,[16][when?] funds were provided to establish a "Cochrane Centre", to collaborate with others, in the UK and elsewhere, to facilitate systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials across all areas of health care.[17][when?]

In 2004, the Campbell Collaboration joined the CEMG and it became the Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG).[18][19]

In 2013 the organization published an editorial describing its efforts to train people in the developing world how to do Cochrane reviews.[20] A 2017 editorial briefly discussed the history of Cochrane methodological approaches, such as including studies that use methodologies in lieu of randomized control trials and the challenge of having evidence adopted in practice.[10]

A blobbogram of seven studies of giving corticosteroids to women about to give birth too early; a similar blobbogram of the same data is shown, stylized, in part of the Cochrane logo.

The Cochrane logo represents a meta-analysis of data from seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing one health care treatment with a placebo in a blobbogram or forest plot. The diagram shows the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis on inexpensive course of corticosteroid given to women about to give birth too early – the evidence on effectiveness that would have been revealed had the available RCTs been reviewed systematically around 1982. This treatment reduces the odds of the babies of such women dying from the complications of immaturity by 30–50%. Because no systematic review of these trials was published until 1990,[21][22] most obstetricians had not realized that the treatment was so effective and therefore many premature babies probably suffered or died unnecessarily.[22]

Reception

An editorial in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in 2004 noted that Cochrane reviews appear to be more updated and of better quality than other reviews and due to their standardized methodologies, was "the best single resource for methodologic research and for developing the science of meta-epidemiology." Their work has also led to methodological improvements in the medical literature. However, the editorial also noted areas for improvement remained, including adequately assessing potential harms from medical interventions and providing a more user-friendly format as well as promoting international collaboration.[23]

Studies comparing the quality of Cochrane meta-analyses in the fields of infertility,[24] physiotherapy[24][25] and orthodontics,[26] to those published by other sources have concluded that Cochrane reviews incorporate superior methodological rigor. A broader analysis across multiple therapeutic areas reached similar conclusions but was performed by Cochrane authors.[27] Compared to non-Cochrane reviews, those from Cochrane are less likely to reach a positive conclusion about the utility of medical interventions.[28] Key criticisms that have been directed at Cochrane's studies include a failure to include a sufficiently large number of unpublished studies, failure to pre-specify or failure to abide by pre-specified rules for endpoint[29] or trial[30] inclusion, insufficiently frequent updating of reviews, an excessively high percentage of inconclusive reviews,[31] and a high incidence of ghostwriting and honorary authorship.[32][33] In some cases Cochrane's internal structure may make it difficult to publish studies that run against the pre-conceived opinions of internal subject matter experts.[34]

Partnerships

World Health Organization

Cochrane has been in official relations with the World Health Organization since 2011.[35] This collaboration includes the right to appoint a representative to participate, without vote, in WHO’s meetings, including at the World Health Assembly, the WHO’s decision-making body.[36] Participation in that assembly allows Cochrane to make statements on WHO health resolutions.[36]

Wikipedia

In October 2013, Wikipedia and Cochrane announced a collaborative venture, the announced goals of which include increasing the incorporation of Cochrane research in Wikipedia articles and providing Wikipedia editors with additional resources and assistance in interpreting medical data.[37] Cochrane and John Wiley and Sons, the publisher of the Cochrane reviews, provide financial support for the collaboration in the form of 100 free Cochrane accounts made available to Wikipedia medical editors, the financial value of which has been estimated by Cochrane at $30,000 to $80,000 dollars per annum. Other support includes a nominal stipend and travel expenses for a Wikipedian in Residence at Cochrane.[38]

In 2014 the Cochrane blog hosted a rebuttal written by four Wikipedia medical editors, in response to an article critical of the accuracy of Wikipedia medical content published in the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association.[39][40]

Similar organizations

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Cochrane Collaboration". Charity Commission. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  2. ^ "Team". Cochrane. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  3. ^ "About us | Cochrane". www.cochrane.org. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Public Health Guidelines". NIH Library. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  5. ^ Hill GB (December 2000). "Archie Cochrane and his legacy. An internal challenge to physicians' autonomy?". J Clin Epidemiol. 53 (12): 1189–92. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00253-5. PMID 11146263.
  6. ^ Sepkowitz, Kent A. (14 May 2014). "Looking for the Final Word on Treatment". The New York Times.
  7. ^ a b Kongsted, Hans; Konnerup, Merete (2012). "Are more observational studies being included in Cochrane reviews?". BMC Research Notes. 5 (1): 570. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-570. PMC 3503546. PMID 23069208.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Open access icon
  8. ^ "Access Options for Cochrane Library". www.cochranelibrary.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  9. ^ "How to order the Cochrane Library". www.cochranelibrary.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  10. ^ a b Ruotsalainen, Jani; Sauni, Riitta; Verbeek, Jos (1 October 2017). "Cochrane Work—championing facts since 2003". Occupational Medicine. 67 (7): 504–506. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqx073. PMID 29048596.
  11. ^ Ault, Alicia (27 June 2003). "Clinical research. Climbing a medical Everest". Science. 300 (5628): 2024–2025. doi:10.1126/science.300.5628.2024. PMID 12829761.
  12. ^ Thomas, Katie (29 June 2013). "The Cochrane Collaboration". The New York Times.
  13. ^ Chalmers, I; Dickersin, K; Chalmers, TC (1992). "Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda". BMJ. 305 (6857): 786–788. doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6857.786. PMC 1883470. PMID 1422354.
  14. ^ Winkelstein Jr., W (September 2009). "The Remarkable Archie: Origins of the Cochrane Collaboration". Epidemiology. 20 (5): 779. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181aff391. PMID 19680039.
  15. ^ http://file.zums.ac.ir/ebook/085-Evidence-Based%20Health%20Economics%20(Evidence-Based%20Medicine)-Miranda%20Mugford%20Luke%20Vale%20Cam%20Donal.pdf
  16. ^ Peckham M (August 1991). "Research and development for the National Health Service". Lancet. 338 (8763): 367–71. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90494-A. PMID 1677710.
  17. ^ Dickersin K, Manheimer E (1998). "The Cochrane Collaboration: evaluation of health care and services using systematic reviews of the results of randomized controlled trials". Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology. 41 (2): 315–331. doi:10.1097/00003081-199806000-00012. PMID 9646964.
  18. ^ Shemilt, I; Mugford, M; Drummond, M; Eisenstein, E; Mallender, J; McDaid, D; Vale, L; Walker, D; The Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG) (2006). "Economics methods in Cochrane systematic reviews of health promotion and public health related interventions". Bmc Medical Research Methodology. 6: 55. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-55. PMC 1660547. PMID 17107612.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ https://methods.cochrane.org/economics/welcome
  20. ^ Young T, Garner P, Kredo T, Mbuagbaw L, Tharyan P, Volmink J (2013). "Cochrane and capacity building in low- and middle-income countries: where are we at? [editorial]". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): ED000072. doi:10.1002/14651858.ED000072. PMID 24524153.
  21. ^ Crowley, P; Chalmers, I; Keirse, MJ (January 1990). "The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials". British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 97 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01711.x. PMID 2137711.
  22. ^ a b "Our logo | Cochrane". www.cochrane.org. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  23. ^ Grimshaw J (September 2004). "So what has the Cochrane Collaboration ever done for us? A report card on the first 10 years". CMAJ. 171 (7): 747–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041255. PMC 517860. PMID 15451837.
  24. ^ a b Windsor B, Popovich I, Jordan V, Showell M, Shea B, Farquhar C (December 2012). "Methodological quality of systematic reviews in subfertility: a comparison of Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews in assisted reproductive technologies". Hum. Reprod. 27 (12): 3460–6. doi:10.1093/humrep/des342. PMID 23034152.
  25. ^ Moseley, Anne M.; Elkins, Mark R.; Herbert, Robert D.; Maher, Christopher G.; Sherrington, Catherine (October 2009). "Cochrane reviews used more rigorous methods than non-Cochrane reviews: survey of systematic reviews in physiotherapy". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 62 (10): 1021–1030. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.09.018. PMID 19282144.
  26. ^ Fleming PS, Seehra J, Polychronopoulou A, Fedorowicz Z, Pandis N (April 2013). "Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews in leading orthodontic journals: a quality paradigm?". Eur J Orthod. 35 (2): 244–8. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjs016. PMID 22510325.
  27. ^ Olsen O, Middleton P, Ezzo J, et al. (October 2001). "Quality of Cochrane reviews: assessment of sample from 1998". BMJ. 323 (7317): 829–32. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7317.829. PMC 57800. PMID 11597965.
  28. ^ Tricco AC, Tetzlaff J, Pham B, Brehaut J, Moher D (April 2009). "Non-Cochrane vs. Cochrane reviews were twice as likely to have positive conclusion statements: cross-sectional study". J Clin Epidemiol. 62 (4): 380–386.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.008. PMID 19128940.
  29. ^ Tendal B, Nüesch E, Higgins JP, Jüni P, Gøtzsche PC (2011). "Multiplicity of data in trial reports and the reliability of meta-analyses: empirical study". BMJ. 343: d4829. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4829. PMC 3171064. PMID 21878462.
  30. ^ Hutton P, Morrison AP, Yung AR, Taylor PJ, French P, Dunn G (July 2012). "Effects of drop-out on efficacy estimates in five Cochrane reviews of popular antipsychotics for schizophrenia". Acta Psychiatr Scand. 126 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01858.x. PMID 22486554.
  31. ^ Green-Hennessy S (January 2013). "Cochrane systematic reviews for the mental health field: is the gold standard tarnished?". Psychiatr Serv. 64 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.001682012. PMID 23117176.
  32. ^ Mowatt, G; Shirran, L; Grimshaw, JM; Rennie, D; Flanagin, A; Yank, V; MacLennan, G; Gøtzsche, PC; Bero, LA (5 June 2002). "Prevalence of honorary and ghost authorship in Cochrane reviews". JAMA. 287 (21): 2769–71. doi:10.1001/jama.287.21.2769. PMID 12038907.
  33. ^ Tisdale JE (November 2009). "Integrity in authorship and publication". Can J Hosp Pharm. 62 (6): 441–7. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v62i6.840. PMC 2827013. PMID 22478931.
  34. ^ "www.radcliffehealth.com" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Non-State actors in official relations with WHO". World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  36. ^ a b "World Health Organization | Cochrane". www.cochrane.org. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  37. ^ Mathew, Manu; Joseph, Anna; Heilman, James; Tharyan, Prathap (2013). "Cochrane and Wikipedia: the collaborative potential for a quantum leap in the dissemination and uptake of trusted evidence[editorial]". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): ED000069. doi:10.1002/14651858.ED000069. PMID 24475488.
  38. ^ Orlowitz, Jake (5 May 2014). "Cochrane Collaboration Recruits Talented Wikipedian In Residence". Wikimedia Foundation Global Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Cross-posted on Cochrane Official Blog, 13 May 2014.
  39. ^ Chatterjee, Anwesh; Cooke, Robin M.T.; Furst, Ian; Heilman, James (23 June 2014). "Is Wikipedia's medical content really 90% wrong?". Cochrane Community. www.cochrane.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Hasty RT, Garbalosa RC, Barbato VA, et al. (May 2014). "Wikipedia vs peer-reviewed medical literature for information about the 10 most costly medical conditions". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 114 (5): 368–73. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.035. PMID 24778001.

External links

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