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==Disease cycle==
==Disease cycle==
''Pythium dissotocum'' is a polycyclic [[oomycete]] root rot capable of both [[sexual reproduction|sexual]] and [[asexual reproduction]]. In its mid-season asexual phase, ''P. dissotocum'' disperses by forming a filamentous [[sporangia]], which produce vesicles housing 10-75 motile [[zoospore]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dreschler|first=Charles|date=1930|title=Some New Species of Pythium|journal=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences|volume=20|issue=16|pages=398–418|jstor=24523710}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Van Der Plaats-Niterink|first=J|date=22 December 1981|title=Monograph of the genus Pythium|url=http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/publications/1021/content_files/content.htm|volume=21|pages=}}</ref> Vesicles open, releasing zoospores which contact host roots, encyst, and produce a germ tube which infects the host root, and begins formation of mycelium.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/fungi/pythium-introduction-structure-and-reproduction/46470|title=Pythium: Introduction, Structure and Reproduction|last=Naleesh|first=T|date=2016-08-24|website=Biology Discussion|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Schroeder|first=Kurtis L.|last2=Martin|first2=Frank N.|last3=de Cock|first3=Arthur W. A. M.|last4=Lévesque|first4=C. André|last5=Spies|first5=Christoffel F. J.|last6=Okubara|first6=Patricia A.|last7=Paulitz|first7=Timothy C.|date=January 2013|title=Molecular Detection and Quantification of Pythium Species: Evolving Taxonomy, New Tools, and Challenges|url=|journal=Plant Disease|volume=97|pages=4–20|via=}}</ref>
''Pythium dissotocum'' is a polycyclic [[oomycete]] root rot capable of both [[sexual reproduction|sexual]] and [[asexual reproduction]]. In its mid-season asexual phase, ''P. dissotocum'' disperses by forming a filamentous [[sporangia]], which produce vesicles housing 10-75 motile [[zoospore]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dreschler|first=Charles|date=1930|title=Some New Species of Pythium|journal=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences|volume=20|issue=16|pages=398–418|jstor=24523710}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Van Der Plaats-Niterink|first=J|date=22 December 1981|title=Monograph of the genus Pythium|url=http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/publications/1021/content_files/content.htm|volume=21|pages=}}</ref> Vesicles open, releasing zoospores which contact host roots, encyst, and produce a germ tube which infects the host root, and begins formation of mycelium.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/fungi/pythium-introduction-structure-and-reproduction/46470|title=Pythium: Introduction, Structure and Reproduction|last=Naleesh|first=T|date=2016-08-24|website=Biology Discussion|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Schroeder|first=Kurtis L.|last2=Martin|first2=Frank N.|last3=de Cock|first3=Arthur W. A. M.|last4=Lévesque|first4=C. André|last5=Spies|first5=Christoffel F. J.|last6=Okubara|first6=Patricia A.|last7=Paulitz|first7=Timothy C.|date=January 2013|title=Molecular Detection and Quantification of Pythium Species: Evolving Taxonomy, New Tools, and Challenges|url=|journal=Plant Disease|volume=97|issue=1|pages=4–20|via=|doi=10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0243-FE|pmid=30722255}}</ref>


In sexual reproduction, if multiple mating types are present, hyphal [[antheridium]] can contact each other and undergo [[plasmogamy]], merging their membranes near the end of growing season. After several steps of differentiation and meiosis, an oospore, the primary survival structure, is formed.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> These thick-walled oospores can remain dormant for many months, and will eventually germinate through two methods. A sporangium can be produced, which generates a cyst and releases zoospores, or the oospore can create a germ tube which can directly penetrate and infect a host.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This disease cycle is extremely dependent on water for dispersal, making greenhouses, irrigation systems, and hydroponics especially prone to spread of ''P. dissotocum.'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Raudales|first=Rosa E.|last2=Parke|first2=Jennifer L.|last3=Guy|first3=Charles L.|last4=Fisher|first4=Paul R.|title=Control of waterborne microbes in irrigation: A review|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377414001838|journal=Agricultural Water Management|volume=143|pages=9–28|via=|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2014.06.007|year=2014}}</ref>
In sexual reproduction, if multiple mating types are present, hyphal [[antheridium]] can contact each other and undergo [[plasmogamy]], merging their membranes near the end of growing season. After several steps of differentiation and meiosis, an oospore, the primary survival structure, is formed.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> These thick-walled oospores can remain dormant for many months, and will eventually germinate through two methods. A sporangium can be produced, which generates a cyst and releases zoospores, or the oospore can create a germ tube which can directly penetrate and infect a host.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This disease cycle is extremely dependent on water for dispersal, making greenhouses, irrigation systems, and hydroponics especially prone to spread of ''P. dissotocum.'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Raudales|first=Rosa E.|last2=Parke|first2=Jennifer L.|last3=Guy|first3=Charles L.|last4=Fisher|first4=Paul R.|title=Control of waterborne microbes in irrigation: A review|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377414001838|journal=Agricultural Water Management|volume=143|pages=9–28|via=|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2014.06.007|year=2014}}</ref>
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==Control==
==Control==
As a root rot, it tends to have more severe effects on young plants and seedlings, where it can damage and kill newly forming roots necessary for plant growth and nutrient acquisition.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123877376500030|title=Tomato Disease (Second Edition)|last=Blancard|first=Dominique|publisher=|year=2012|isbn=978-0-12-387737-6|location=|pages=|chapter=3}}</ref> As a result, many control methods involve limiting the amount of exposure early in the season. Effective measure include application of [[fungicide]]s like [[mefenoxam]] and [[phosphonate]]s, often in conjunction.<ref name=":6" /> Additionally, inoculation with ''[[Pseudomonas chlororaphis]],'' a common [[biocontrol]] inoculant used in [[horticulture]], has potential to suppress symptoms of ''P. dissotocum'' infection, but is currently inconsistent in current trials, and doesn't block colonization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chatterton|first=S.|last2=Sutton|first2=J. C.|last3=Boland|first3=G. J.|date=June 1, 2004|title=Timing Pseudomonas chlororaphis applications to control Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium dissotocum, and root rot in hydroponic peppers|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104996440300241X|journal=Biological Control|volume=30|pages=|via=ScienceDirect}}</ref> Like most root rots, ''P. dissotocum'' thrives in wet conditions. Preventing over-watering will help reduce infection in soil. Engaging in sanitation or fungicide treatment of tools and water can help reduce transmission and infection of ''P. dissotocum'' especially in irrigation or hydroponic systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hort.uwex.edu/articles/root-rots-garden/|title=Root Rots in the Garden|last=Hudelson|first=Brian|last2=Jull|first2=Laura|date=|website=Wisconsin Horticulture|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> If infection has occurred, recovery can sometimes occur by trimming off damaged roots, and sterilizing those that are still white and healthy.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pennington.com/all-products/fertilizer/resources/recovering-from-root-rot|title=Recovering from Root Rot|last=|first=|date=|website=Pennington|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
As a root rot, it tends to have more severe effects on young plants and seedlings, where it can damage and kill newly forming roots necessary for plant growth and nutrient acquisition.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123877376500030|title=Tomato Disease (Second Edition)|last=Blancard|first=Dominique|year=2012|isbn=978-0-12-387737-6|location=|pages=|chapter=3}}</ref> As a result, many control methods involve limiting the amount of exposure early in the season. Effective measure include application of [[fungicide]]s like [[mefenoxam]] and [[phosphonate]]s, often in conjunction.<ref name=":6" /> Additionally, inoculation with ''[[Pseudomonas chlororaphis]],'' a common [[biocontrol]] inoculant used in [[horticulture]], has potential to suppress symptoms of ''P. dissotocum'' infection, but is currently inconsistent in current trials, and doesn't block colonization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chatterton|first=S.|last2=Sutton|first2=J. C.|last3=Boland|first3=G. J.|date=June 1, 2004|title=Timing Pseudomonas chlororaphis applications to control Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium dissotocum, and root rot in hydroponic peppers|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104996440300241X|journal=Biological Control|volume=30|pages=|via=ScienceDirect}}</ref> Like most root rots, ''P. dissotocum'' thrives in wet conditions. Preventing over-watering will help reduce infection in soil. Engaging in sanitation or fungicide treatment of tools and water can help reduce transmission and infection of ''P. dissotocum'' especially in irrigation or hydroponic systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hort.uwex.edu/articles/root-rots-garden/|title=Root Rots in the Garden|last=Hudelson|first=Brian|last2=Jull|first2=Laura|date=|website=Wisconsin Horticulture|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> If infection has occurred, recovery can sometimes occur by trimming off damaged roots, and sterilizing those that are still white and healthy.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pennington.com/all-products/fertilizer/resources/recovering-from-root-rot|title=Recovering from Root Rot|last=|first=|date=|website=Pennington|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:04, 15 March 2019

Pythium dissotocum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
Genus: Pythium
Species:
P. dissotocum
Binomial name
Pythium dissotocum
Drechsler, (1930)[1]

Pythium dissotocum is a plant pathogen infecting strawberry and rice.

Disease cycle

Pythium dissotocum is a polycyclic oomycete root rot capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. In its mid-season asexual phase, P. dissotocum disperses by forming a filamentous sporangia, which produce vesicles housing 10-75 motile zoospores.[2][3] Vesicles open, releasing zoospores which contact host roots, encyst, and produce a germ tube which infects the host root, and begins formation of mycelium.[4][5]

In sexual reproduction, if multiple mating types are present, hyphal antheridium can contact each other and undergo plasmogamy, merging their membranes near the end of growing season. After several steps of differentiation and meiosis, an oospore, the primary survival structure, is formed.[4][5] These thick-walled oospores can remain dormant for many months, and will eventually germinate through two methods. A sporangium can be produced, which generates a cyst and releases zoospores, or the oospore can create a germ tube which can directly penetrate and infect a host.[3][4] This disease cycle is extremely dependent on water for dispersal, making greenhouses, irrigation systems, and hydroponics especially prone to spread of P. dissotocum. [6]

Importance

P. dissotocum is primarily a water-borne pathogen, and as a result poses serious threats to plants managed via hydroponics and by irrigation.[6][7] With motile spores that can move quickly, infection spreads rapidly in water-logged crops and hydroponic systems. P. dissotocum can infect a large range of hosts, including many agricultural and horticultural crops like lettuce, spinach, peppers, parsnip, parsley, tomato, sugar cane, and carrot.[3][8][9][10][7][11][12][13] Other economic products are threatened by the presence of P. dissotocum presence, including tree nurseries.[14][15] Infection of P. dissotocum can lead to significant loss of crop yield due to necrosis of roots, root lesions, chlorosis, and damping off.[8][16][17] This results in severe economic loss for farmers growing both sustenance crops, and commercial products. The organism is found in many regions across the Americas, Europe, and Asia, meaning that increasing globalization could cause introduction of the pathogen to potentially vulnerable crops and ecosystems.

Control

As a root rot, it tends to have more severe effects on young plants and seedlings, where it can damage and kill newly forming roots necessary for plant growth and nutrient acquisition.[18] As a result, many control methods involve limiting the amount of exposure early in the season. Effective measure include application of fungicides like mefenoxam and phosphonates, often in conjunction.[14] Additionally, inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis, a common biocontrol inoculant used in horticulture, has potential to suppress symptoms of P. dissotocum infection, but is currently inconsistent in current trials, and doesn't block colonization.[19] Like most root rots, P. dissotocum thrives in wet conditions. Preventing over-watering will help reduce infection in soil. Engaging in sanitation or fungicide treatment of tools and water can help reduce transmission and infection of P. dissotocum especially in irrigation or hydroponic systems.[20] If infection has occurred, recovery can sometimes occur by trimming off damaged roots, and sterilizing those that are still white and healthy.[16][21]

References

  1. ^ Drechsler, Charles (1930). "Some new species of Pythium". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 20 (16): 402–403. JSTOR 24523710.
  2. ^ Dreschler, Charles (1930). "Some New Species of Pythium". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 20 (16): 398–418. JSTOR 24523710.
  3. ^ a b c Van Der Plaats-Niterink, J (22 December 1981). "Monograph of the genus Pythium". 21. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Naleesh, T (2016-08-24). "Pythium: Introduction, Structure and Reproduction". Biology Discussion. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ a b Schroeder, Kurtis L.; Martin, Frank N.; de Cock, Arthur W. A. M.; Lévesque, C. André; Spies, Christoffel F. J.; Okubara, Patricia A.; Paulitz, Timothy C. (January 2013). "Molecular Detection and Quantification of Pythium Species: Evolving Taxonomy, New Tools, and Challenges". Plant Disease. 97 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0243-FE. PMID 30722255.
  6. ^ a b Raudales, Rosa E.; Parke, Jennifer L.; Guy, Charles L.; Fisher, Paul R. (2014). "Control of waterborne microbes in irrigation: A review". Agricultural Water Management. 143: 9–28. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.06.007.
  7. ^ a b Bagnall, Roger Cuan. 2007. “Control of Pythium Wilt and Root Rot of Hydroponically Grown Lettuce by Means of Chemical Treatment of the Nutrient Solution.” Dissertation, University of Pretoria. https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/24109.
  8. ^ a b Moorman, Gary. "Pythium". Penn State Extension. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  9. ^ Corrêa, A. S., A. B. Rocha, S. A. Willani, J. M. Dariva, M. V. Souza, and M. G. Moraes. 2010. “Yellow Stunt, a Tobacco Disease Caused by Pythium Dissotocum, in Southern Parts of Brazil.” Plant Disease 95 (3): 354–354. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-10-0759.
  10. ^ McGehee, C., R. E. Raudales, and W. H. Elmer. 2018. “First Report of Pythium Dissotocum Causing Pythium Root Rot on Hydroponically Grown Lettuce in Connecticut.” Plant Disease 102 (10): 2043. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0365-PDN.
  11. ^ Petkowski, J. E.; de Boer, R. F.; Norng, S.; Thomson, F.; Minchinton, E. J. (2013-07-01). "Pythium species associated with root rot complex in winter-grown parsnip and parsley crops in south eastern Australia". Australian Plant Pathology. 42 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1007/s13313-013-0211-5.
  12. ^ Botha, W. J.; Coetzer, R. L. J. (1996). "Species of Pythium associated with root-rot of vegetables in South Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 62 (4): 196–203. doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30634-7.
  13. ^ Trivilin, A.P.; Hartke, S; Moraes, M.G. (2014). "Components of different signalling pathways regulated by a new orthologue of AtPROPEP1 in tomato following infection by pathogens". Plant Pathology. 63 (5): 1110–1118. doi:10.1111/ppa.12190.
  14. ^ a b Weiland, Jerry E., Luisa Santamaria, and Niklaus J. Grünwald. 2014. “Sensitivity of Pythium Irregulare, P. Sylvaticum, and P. Ultimum from Forest Nurseries to Mefenoxam and Fosetyl-Al, and Control of Pythium Damping-Off.” Plant Disease 98 (7): 937–42. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-13-0998-RE.
  15. ^ Weiland, Jerry E., Bryan R. Beck, and Anne Davis. 2013. “Pathogenicity and Virulence of Pythium Species Obtained from Forest Nursery Soils on Douglas-Fir Seedlings.” Plant Disease 97 (6): 744–48. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-12-0895-RE.
  16. ^ a b "Root Rot – Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Control". Elite Tree Care. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  17. ^ Koike, S; Wilen, C. "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Pythium Root Rot on Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  18. ^ Blancard, Dominique (2012). "3". Tomato Disease (Second Edition). ISBN 978-0-12-387737-6.
  19. ^ Chatterton, S.; Sutton, J. C.; Boland, G. J. (June 1, 2004). "Timing Pseudomonas chlororaphis applications to control Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium dissotocum, and root rot in hydroponic peppers". Biological Control. 30 – via ScienceDirect.
  20. ^ Hudelson, Brian; Jull, Laura. "Root Rots in the Garden". Wisconsin Horticulture. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  21. ^ "Recovering from Root Rot". Pennington. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

External links

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