Saccharomyces eubayanus: Difference between revisions
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'''''Saccharomyces eubayanus''''', a type of [[yeast]], is |
'''''Saccharomyces eubayanus''''', a cryotolerant type of [[yeast]], is most likely the parent of the [[lager]] brewing yeast, ''[[Saccharomyces pastorianus]]''.<ref name=":0">.{{cite journal |author=Sampaio JP |title=Microbe Profile: ''Saccharomyces eubayanus'', the missing link to lager beer yeasts |journal=Microbiology |year=2018 |volume=164 |issue=9 |pages=1069–1071 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.000677 |pmid=30175956 |pmc=6230766 }}</ref> |
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Lager is a type of [[beer]] created from malted [[barley]] and fermented at low temperatures, originally in Bavaria. ''S. eubayanus'' was first discovered in [[Patagonia]], possibly being an example of [[Columbian exchange]] |
Lager is a type of [[beer]] created from malted [[barley]] and fermented at low temperatures, originally in Bavaria. ''S. eubayanus'' was first discovered in [[Patagonia]], possibly being an example of [[Columbian exchange]]<ref> |
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</ref><ref name=Libkind2011/> |
</ref><ref name=Libkind2011/>, and is capable of fermenting glucose, along with the disaccharide maltose at reduced temperatures. |
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=== History === |
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With discoveries in other parts of the world shortly after, the South American origins of ''S. eubayanus'' have been challenged, in particular by genomic and phylogenetic evidence suggesting a Tibetan origin. The proponents of this theory argue that it "corresponds better with geography and world trade history."<ref name=Bing2014/> |
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With the emergence of lager beer in the XVth century, S. ''eubayanus'' was considered to be the progenitor of S. ''pastorianus'' along with S. ''cerevisiae''.<ref name=":0" /> Since 1985 the non-''cerevisiae'' ancestor has been contentiously debated between S. ''eubayanus'', and S. ''bayanus'' which "is not found outside the brewing environment".<ref name=":0" /> Upon the 2011 discovery of S. ''eubayanus'' in Argentina and consequential genome analysis, S. ''eubayanus'' was found to be 99% genetically identical to S. ''pastorianus'' and S. ''bayanus'' was dismissed as an ancestor.<ref name=":0" /> |
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First described in 2011, S. ''eubayanus'' was discovered in North Patagonia, ecologically associated with ''Nothofagus'' spp. (Southern Beech) forests and the parasitic biotrophic fungi ''Cyttaria'' spp.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> With discoveries in other parts of the world shortly after in east Asia, the South American origins of S. ''eubayanus'' have been challenged by genomic and phylogenetic evidence that suggests a Tibetan origin.<ref name="Bing2014" /> The proponents of this theory argue that it "corresponds better with geography and world trade history" given the Eurasian land bridge.<ref name="Bing2014" /> Since then, genomic analyses from South America strains have shown reduced genetic diversity suggesting a biogeographical radiation point from Patagonia.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Phylogenetically, S. ''eubayanus'' is basal in the Saccharomyces genus, and well-adjusted to the cooler environment of ''Nothofagus'' forests, Saccharomyces species with thermo-tolerance are suggested to be derived traits.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Genomics === |
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Population genomic analyses have identified two main populations of S. ''eubayanus'' located in Patagonia, Patagonia A and Patagonia B/Holarctic.<ref name=":0" /> "These are the closest known wild relatives of the Lager yeasts", comparing sub-genomes, the wild strains are 99.82% and 99.72% identical respectively.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Lager yeasts consist of two distinct lineages, said to have been hybridized from independent events 1000 years ago.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Baker|first=EmilyClare|last2=Wang|first2=Bing|last3=Bellora|first3=Nicolas|last4=Peris|first4=David|last5=Hulfachor|first5=Amanda Beth|last6=Koshalek|first6=Justin A.|last7=Adams|first7=Marie|last8=Libkind|first8=Diego|last9=Hittinger|first9=Chris Todd|date=2015-11|title=The Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces eubayanus and the Domestication of Lager-Brewing Yeasts|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/molbev/msv168|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=32|issue=11|pages=2818–2831|doi=10.1093/molbev/msv168|issn=0737-4038}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=B.|last2=Sherlock|first2=G.|date=2008-08-07|title=Reconstruction of the genome origins and evolution of the hybrid lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.076075.108|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=10|pages=1610–1623|doi=10.1101/gr.076075.108|issn=1088-9051}}</ref> Type one, called Saaz contains the allotriploid strains with one copy of the S. ''cerevisiae'' genome and two copies of the S. ''eubayanus'' genome. The second type, Frohberg, houses allotetraploid strains with one full diploid genome copy of S. ''cerevisiae'' and S. ''eubayanus''.<ref name=":2" /> Saaz strains, which are more physiologically similar to their S. ''eubayanus'' parent, are much more efficient at growing in low temperatures, reflecting S. ''eubayanus''<nowiki/>' cryotolerant properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Brian R.|last2=Storgårds|first2=Erna|last3=Krogerus|first3=Kristoffer|last4=Vidgren|first4=Virve|date=2013-06-29|title=Comparative physiology and fermentation performance of Saaz and Frohberg lager yeast strains and the parental speciesSaccharomyces eubayanus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.2960|journal=Yeast|volume=30|issue=7|pages=255–266|doi=10.1002/yea.2960|issn=0749-503X}}</ref> S. ''eubayanus'' is said to provide the bottom-fermentation and cold temperature genetics that distinguish this ssp. from the top-brewing and bread making relative S. ''cerevisiae''. |
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A de novo assembly of the S. ''eubayanus'' genome yielded 5,515 protein-coding genes, 4,993 of which were unambiguous 1:1 orthologs to S. ''cerevisiae'', and S. ''uvarum''.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== Uses === |
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In 2015, an interspecific hybridization of S. ''cerevisiae'' and S. ''eubayanus'' was successful in creating novel lager brewing yeasts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krogerus|first=Kristoffer|last2=Magalhães|first2=Frederico|last3=Vidgren|first3=Virve|last4=Gibson|first4=Brian|date=2015-02-15|title=New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1597-6|journal=Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology|volume=42|issue=5|pages=769–778|doi=10.1007/s10295-015-1597-6|issn=1367-5435}}</ref> However hybrid genomes can result in genetic instability in industrial uses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorter de Vries|first=Arthur R.|last2=Voskamp|first2=Maaike A.|last3=van Aalst|first3=Aafke C. A.|last4=Kristensen|first4=Line H.|last5=Jansen|first5=Liset|last6=van den Broek|first6=Marcel|last7=Salazar|first7=Alex N.|last8=Brouwers|first8=Nick|last9=Abeel|first9=Thomas|date=2019-03-29|title=Laboratory Evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae × S. eubayanus Hybrid Under Simulated Lager-Brewing Conditions|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2019.00242/full|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00242|issn=1664-8021|pmc=PMC6455053|pmid=31001314}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 17:27, 8 May 2019
| Saccharomyces eubayanus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
| Genus: | Saccharomyces |
| Species: | S. eubayanus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Saccharomyces eubayanus J.P. Samp., Libkind, Hittinger, P. Gonç., E. Valério, C. Gonç., Dover & M. Johnst.
| |
Saccharomyces eubayanus, a cryotolerant type of yeast, is most likely the parent of the lager brewing yeast, Saccharomyces pastorianus.[1] [2][3]
Lager is a type of beer created from malted barley and fermented at low temperatures, originally in Bavaria. S. eubayanus was first discovered in Patagonia, possibly being an example of Columbian exchange[4][5], and is capable of fermenting glucose, along with the disaccharide maltose at reduced temperatures.
History
With the emergence of lager beer in the XVth century, S. eubayanus was considered to be the progenitor of S. pastorianus along with S. cerevisiae.[1] Since 1985 the non-cerevisiae ancestor has been contentiously debated between S. eubayanus, and S. bayanus which "is not found outside the brewing environment".[1] Upon the 2011 discovery of S. eubayanus in Argentina and consequential genome analysis, S. eubayanus was found to be 99% genetically identical to S. pastorianus and S. bayanus was dismissed as an ancestor.[1]
First described in 2011, S. eubayanus was discovered in North Patagonia, ecologically associated with Nothofagus spp. (Southern Beech) forests and the parasitic biotrophic fungi Cyttaria spp.[1][2] With discoveries in other parts of the world shortly after in east Asia, the South American origins of S. eubayanus have been challenged by genomic and phylogenetic evidence that suggests a Tibetan origin.[6] The proponents of this theory argue that it "corresponds better with geography and world trade history" given the Eurasian land bridge.[6] Since then, genomic analyses from South America strains have shown reduced genetic diversity suggesting a biogeographical radiation point from Patagonia.[1]
Phylogenetically, S. eubayanus is basal in the Saccharomyces genus, and well-adjusted to the cooler environment of Nothofagus forests, Saccharomyces species with thermo-tolerance are suggested to be derived traits.[1]
Genomics
Population genomic analyses have identified two main populations of S. eubayanus located in Patagonia, Patagonia A and Patagonia B/Holarctic.[1] "These are the closest known wild relatives of the Lager yeasts", comparing sub-genomes, the wild strains are 99.82% and 99.72% identical respectively.[1]
Lager yeasts consist of two distinct lineages, said to have been hybridized from independent events 1000 years ago.[7][8] Type one, called Saaz contains the allotriploid strains with one copy of the S. cerevisiae genome and two copies of the S. eubayanus genome. The second type, Frohberg, houses allotetraploid strains with one full diploid genome copy of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus.[7] Saaz strains, which are more physiologically similar to their S. eubayanus parent, are much more efficient at growing in low temperatures, reflecting S. eubayanus' cryotolerant properties.[9] S. eubayanus is said to provide the bottom-fermentation and cold temperature genetics that distinguish this ssp. from the top-brewing and bread making relative S. cerevisiae.
A de novo assembly of the S. eubayanus genome yielded 5,515 protein-coding genes, 4,993 of which were unambiguous 1:1 orthologs to S. cerevisiae, and S. uvarum.[7]
Uses
In 2015, an interspecific hybridization of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus was successful in creating novel lager brewing yeasts.[10] However hybrid genomes can result in genetic instability in industrial uses.[11]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i .Sampaio JP (2018). "Microbe Profile: Saccharomyces eubayanus, the missing link to lager beer yeasts". Microbiology. 164 (9): 1069–1071. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000677. PMC 6230766. PMID 30175956.
- ^ a b Welsh, Jennifer. "'Missing' Lager Brewing Yeast Discovered in Patagonia". Livescience.com. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
- ^ Kaiser, Tiffany. "Lager's Mystery Yeast Discovered in Argentina". Dailytech.com. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
- ^ Morrison, David. "Lager beer and phylogenetic networks". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ Libkind, D.; Hittinger, C.; Valério, E.; Gonçalves, C.; Dover, J.; Johnston, M.; Gonçalves, P.; Sampaio, J. (23 August 2011), "Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast", PNAS, 108 (34): 14539–14544, doi:10.1073/pnas.1105430108, PMC 3167505, PMID 21873232
- ^ a b Bing, J.; et al. (May 2014), "Evidence for a Far East Asian origin of lager beer yeast", Genome Biology, 24 (10): R380–R381, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.031, PMID 24845661
- ^ a b c Baker, EmilyClare; Wang, Bing; Bellora, Nicolas; Peris, David; Hulfachor, Amanda Beth; Koshalek, Justin A.; Adams, Marie; Libkind, Diego; Hittinger, Chris Todd (2015-11). "The Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces eubayanus and the Domestication of Lager-Brewing Yeasts". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (11): 2818–2831. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv168. ISSN 0737-4038.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dunn, B.; Sherlock, G. (2008-08-07). "Reconstruction of the genome origins and evolution of the hybrid lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus". Genome Research. 18 (10): 1610–1623. doi:10.1101/gr.076075.108. ISSN 1088-9051.
- ^ Gibson, Brian R.; Storgårds, Erna; Krogerus, Kristoffer; Vidgren, Virve (2013-06-29). "Comparative physiology and fermentation performance of Saaz and Frohberg lager yeast strains and the parental speciesSaccharomyces eubayanus". Yeast. 30 (7): 255–266. doi:10.1002/yea.2960. ISSN 0749-503X.
- ^ Krogerus, Kristoffer; Magalhães, Frederico; Vidgren, Virve; Gibson, Brian (2015-02-15). "New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 42 (5): 769–778. doi:10.1007/s10295-015-1597-6. ISSN 1367-5435.
- ^ Gorter de Vries, Arthur R.; Voskamp, Maaike A.; van Aalst, Aafke C. A.; Kristensen, Line H.; Jansen, Liset; van den Broek, Marcel; Salazar, Alex N.; Brouwers, Nick; Abeel, Thomas (2019-03-29). "Laboratory Evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae × S. eubayanus Hybrid Under Simulated Lager-Brewing Conditions". Frontiers in Genetics. 10. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00242. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 6455053. PMID 31001314.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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