By-product: Difference between revisions
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A '''by-product''' or '''byproduct''' is a secondary product derived from a production process, [[manufacturing]] process or [[chemical reaction]]; it is not the primary product or service being produced. |
A '''by-product''' or '''byproduct''' is a secondary product derived from a production process, [[manufacturing]] process or [[chemical reaction]]; it is not the primary product or service being produced. |
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A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, [[bran]], which is a byproduct of the [[mill (grinding)|milling]] of [[wheat]] into refined [[flour]], is sometimes [[compost]]ed or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in [[food|human food]] or [[animal feed]]. [[Gasoline]] was once a byproduct of [[oil refinery|oil refining]] that later became a desirable [[commodity]] as [[motor fuel]]. |
A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, [[bran]], which is a byproduct of the [[mill (grinding)|milling]] of [[wheat]] into refined [[flour]], is sometimes [[compost]]ed or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in [[food| human food]] or [[animal feed]]. [[Gasoline]] was once a byproduct of [[oil refinery|oil refining]] that later became a desirable [[commodity]] as [[motor fuel]]. The plastic used in [[plastic shopping bag]]s also started as a by-product of oil refining.<ref> |
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{{cite book |
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| last1 = Muthu |
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| first1 = Subramanian Senthilkannan |
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| last2 = Li |
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| first2 = Yi |
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| chapter = Manufacturing Processes of Grocery Shopping Bags |
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| title = Assessment of Environmental Impact by Grocery Shopping Bags: An Eco-Functional Approach |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D8fEBAAAQBAJ |
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| series = Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing |
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| location = Singapore |
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| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media |
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| publication-date = 2013 |
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| page = 7 |
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| isbn = 9789814560207 |
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| access-date = 27 July 2019 |
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| quote = Plastic is obtained as a by-product from the oil refining process [...] |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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== In economics == |
== In economics == |
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Revision as of 03:41, 27 July 2019
A by-product or byproduct is a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction; it is not the primary product or service being produced.
A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, bran, which is a byproduct of the milling of wheat into refined flour, is sometimes composted or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in human food or animal feed. Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commodity as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining.[1]
In economics
In the context of production, a by-product is the "output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net realizable value (NRV) when compared with the main products".[2] Because they are deemed to have no influence on reported financial results, by-products do not receive allocations of joint costs. By-products also, by convention, are not inventoried, but the NRV from by-products is typically recognized as "other income", or as a reduction of joint production processing costs when the by-product is produced.[3]
The International Energy Agency (IEA) defines by-product in the context of life-cycle assessment by defining four different product types: "main products, co-products (which involve similar revenues to the main product), by-products (which result in smaller revenues), and waste products (which provide little or no revenue)."[4]
In chemistry
While some chemists treat "by-product" and "side-product" as synonyms in the above sense of a generic secondary (untargeted) product, others find it useful to distinguish between the two. When the two terms are distinguished, "by-product" is used to refer to a product that is not desired but inevitably results from molecular fragments of starting materials and/or reagents that are not incorporated into the desired product, as a consequence of conservation of mass; in contrast, "side-product" is used to refer to a product that is formed from a competitive process that could, in principle, be suppressed by an optimization of reaction conditions.
See also
References
- ^
Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan; Li, Yi (2013). "Manufacturing Processes of Grocery Shopping Bags". Assessment of Environmental Impact by Grocery Shopping Bags: An Eco-Functional Approach. Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing. Singapore: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. ISBN 9789814560207. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
Plastic is obtained as a by-product from the oil refining process [...]
- ^ Wouters, Mark; Selto, Frank H.; Hilton, Ronald W.; Maher, Michael W. (2012): Cost Management: Strategies for Business Decisions, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, p. 535.
- ^ World Trade Organization (2004): United States - Final dumping determination on softwood lumber from Canada, WT/DS264/AB/R, 11 August 2004.
- ^ "BIOMITRE Technical Manual, Horne, R. E. and Matthews, R., November 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
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