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+#REDIRECT [[Collective intelligence]]
-'''Collective Cognition''' ('''CC''') appears as a term frequently in scientific papers on cognition research. "[[Collective Intelligence]]" and "Collective Cognition" are often used synonymously and the exclusion quantities of the two terms must be identified and checked for their epistemological and scientific usefulness.
-E.g. representatives of the [[Enactivism|enactive paradigm]] suggest the term as a heuristic device to understand the emergent behaviours of groups of living beings, such as insect "super-organisms" and organisms or organisations with broadly distributed structures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=William|title=Collective Cognition|url=https://www.academia.edu/3599864|language=en}}</ref>
-The term is also used by cognitive researchers, whose research is strictly related to human organisations and who find “that groups perform better both on a syntactic and semantic level than even their best members”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kurvers|first=Ralf H. J. M.|last2=Krause|first2=Jens|last3=Faria|first3=Jolyon J.|last4=Engelhardt|first4=Nikolaus von|last5=Krause|first5=Stefan|last6=Clément|first6=Romain J. G.|date=2013-10-17|title=Collective Cognition in Humans: Groups Outperform Their Best Members in a Sentence Reconstruction Task|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=10|pages=e77943|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077943|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3798465|pmid=24147101}}</ref>
-The [[Santa Fe Institute]] has recorded the following spontaneous definitions of the term in a video survey of cognitive scientists and researchers:
-* Decisions that are made by a large set of nonlinear subunits.
-* Group based information transforming actions of adaptive systems.
-* Distributed computation about knowledge.
-* Multiple spatio-temporal timescale adaptive learning.
-* Solving problems better together.
-* Problem solving by groups of individuals.
-* Mental processes distributed across [[Multiple-agent system|multiple agents]].
-* Spatial, temporal, or social structure, collective effects of components, estimating regularities to reduce uncertainty.
-* Using estimates to tune strategies.
-* Functional output, distributed, asynchronous, noisy.
-*[[Game theory|Game-theoretic]] decision process.
-* Minds thinking and learning with other minds.<ref>{{Citation|last=Santa Fe Institute|title=What Is Collective Cognition? (SFI Working Group)|date=2019-02-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VT8RUMpY1C8|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
-Learning researchers claim that common frames of reference are one of the major enablers for collective cognition, under their influence there is no need for formal coordination and extensive oversight as the individuals get guided by shared values and mental frameworks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KTSFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT248&dq=Collective+Cognition#v=onepage&q=Collective%20Cognition&f=false|title=Understanding College and University Organization: Theories for Effective Policy and Practice|last=Bess|first=James L.|last2=Dee|first2=Jay R.|date=2012-04-19|publisher=Stylus Publishing, LLC|isbn=9781579227739|language=en}}</ref> As a triggering momentum, it is sometimes assumed that ''collective action'' inevitably involves the members of the organisation in the process of collective cognition.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KTSFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT248&dq=Collective+Cognition#v=onepage&q=Collective%20Cognition&f=false|title=Understanding College and University Organization: Theories for Effective Policy and Practice|last=Bess|first=James L.|last2=Dee|first2=Jay R.|date=2012-04-19|publisher=Stylus Publishing, LLC|isbn=9781579227739|language=en}}</ref>
-In the field of [[linguistics]], cognition is described by a number of scholars as a group property that takes place through cultural conceptualisation. As cultural memory, language has a formative effect on the individual and forces him or her into a group-coherent cognition process.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hfLnN2KBkpcC&pg=PA35&dq=Collective+Cognition#v=onepage&q=Collective%20Cognition&f=false|title=Cultural Conceptualisations and Language: Theoretical Framework and Applications|last=Sharifian|first=Farzad|date=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9789027204042|language=en}}</ref>
-Engineers and scientists in Austria apply the term "Collective Cognition" to bionically programmed robot swarms, which in their interpretation of reality have been approximated to the group behaviour of bee clusters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.studentnews.eu/s/3940/76609-Engineering-manufacturing-and-construction/4063796-Robot-swarms-use-collective-cognition-to-perform-tasks.htm|title=Robot swarms use collective cognition to perform tasks - Engineering, manufacturing and construction - Information science - Automation, Construction Technology, Electronics, Robotics, Materials Technology - v.EN, science - studentnews.eu|website=science.studentnews.eu|language=en|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
-Organisational researchers and consultants seek to understand the process model of Collective Cognition in order to implement strategic options for the targeted control of organisational knowledge building and change. They complain that the current change processes are controlled by facilitators exclusively on the basis of their individual experience values and not on the basis of scientific models.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024630100000960|title=Changing Collective Cognition: A Process Model for Strategic Change|last=John Mezias, Peter Grinyer, William D.Guth|date=|website=www.sciencedirect.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
-Since the emergence of computerbased global [[social network]]s, an interdisciplinary field has opened up between [[social science]]s, [[cognitive psychology]] and [[computer science]]s, known as social computation. From this perspective, social behaviour arises from the resonance of cognitive agents in social networks. In this approach, heterogeneity, bound rationality and interdependence of the actors are assumed in the absence of a regulating central power. An agent-based simulation model can be used to demonstrate that a certain set of hypotheses about the individual agent and his cognitive processes lead to certain regularities at the macro level.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CXC9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT330&dq=Collective+Cognition#v=onepage&q=Collective%20Cognition&f=false|title=Organizational Cognition and Learning: Building Systems for the Learning Organization: Building Systems for the Learning Organization|last=Luca|first=Iandoli|date=2007-06-30|publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI)|isbn=9781599043159|location=|pages=295|language=en}}</ref>
-Some authors assume in this field that computers can partially mirror human cognitive functions and can therefore be used at the collective level as intelligence amplifiers of groups <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kXm9sGZISEwC&pg=PA1&dq=Collective+Cognition+computer#v=onepage&q=Collective%20Cognition%20computer&f=false|title=Collective Intelligence in Computer-Based Collaboration|last=Smith|first=John B.|date=1994-08-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780805813203|location=|pages=3, 4|language=en}}</ref>
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
-<br />
-[[Category:Cognitive neuroscience]]