Chrysaora hysoscella: Difference between revisions
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'''''Chrysaora hysoscella''''', the '''compass jellyfish''', is a common species of [[jellyfish]] that inhabits coastal waters in temperate regions of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the [[North Sea]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name=Morandini2010>{{Cite journal| title=Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) | last=Morandini | first=André | last2=Marques | first2=Antonio | year=2010 | journal=Zootaxa | volume=2464 | pages= |
'''''Chrysaora hysoscella''''', the '''compass jellyfish''', is a common species of [[jellyfish]] that inhabits coastal waters in temperate regions of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the [[North Sea]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name=Morandini2010>{{Cite journal| title=Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) | last=Morandini | first=André | last2=Marques | first2=Antonio | year=2010 | journal=Zootaxa | volume=2464 | pages=1–97 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2464.1.1}}</ref> In the past it was also recorded in the southeastern Atlantic, including South Africa, but this was caused by confusion with close relatives; ''[[Chrysaora africana|C. africana]]'', ''[[Chrysaora fulgida|C. fulgida]]'' and an [[undescribed species]] tentatively referred to as "''C. agulhensis''".<ref name=Morandini2010/><ref name=Gaffney2017>{{Cite journal | last=Gaffney | first=Patrick M. | last2=Collins | first2=Allen G. | last3=Bayha | first3=Keith M. | year=2017 | title=Multigene phylogeny of the scyphozoan jellyfish family Pelagiidae reveals that the common U.S. Atlantic sea nettle comprises two distinct species (Chrysaora quinquecirrha and C. chesapeakei) | journal=PeerJ | volume=5 | page=e3863 | doi=10.7717/peerj.3863 | pmid=29043109 | pmc=5642265|issn=2167-8359}}</ref><ref name=Ras2017>{{cite | author=Ras, Verena | year=2017 | title=Towards an unravelling of the taxonomy of Chrysaora (Scyphozoa; Semaeostomeae; Pelagiidae) from around South Africa | publisher=[[University of the Western Cape]] }}</ref><ref name=TwoOceans2018>{{cite web | author1=Lewis, K. | author2=, Bowen, D. | date=6 December 2018 | title=Why are Cape Town's beaches being covered in jellyfish? | url=https://www.aquarium.co.za/blog/entry/why-are-cape-towns-beaches-being-covered-in-washed-up-jellyfish | publisher=[[Two Oceans Aquarium]] | accessdate=15 June 2019 }}</ref> |
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It is a true jellyfish displaying [[radial symmetry]] with distinct brown markings shaped like elongated V's on its bell.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web |last1=Dawson |first1=Kailyn |last2=Giordano |first2=Cara |title=Chrysaora hysoscella Compass jellyfish |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chrysaora_hysoscella/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology}}</ref> ''C. hysoscella'' adults are highly susceptible to the parasite Hyperia medusarum but this hasn't had any significant effects on the population.<ref name="biometry" /> This organism has a [[benthic]] [[polyp (zoology)|polyp]] stage before developing into a [[pelagic]] adult [[medusae]].<ref name="ADW" /> Compass jellyfish consume a variety of [[marine invertebrates]] and plankton and are preyed on by very few.<ref name="diet and feeding" /> ''C. hysoscella'' contribute to the global issue of jellyfish overpopulation which is concerning to humans for various reasons including recreational interference, economic turmoil for fishing communities, and depleted fish resources.<ref name="BBC" /> |
It is a true jellyfish displaying [[radial symmetry]] with distinct brown markings shaped like elongated V's on its bell.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web |last1=Dawson |first1=Kailyn |last2=Giordano |first2=Cara |title=Chrysaora hysoscella Compass jellyfish |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chrysaora_hysoscella/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology}}</ref> ''C. hysoscella'' adults are highly susceptible to the parasite Hyperia medusarum but this hasn't had any significant effects on the population.<ref name="biometry" /> This organism has a [[benthic]] [[polyp (zoology)|polyp]] stage before developing into a [[pelagic]] adult [[medusae]].<ref name="ADW" /> Compass jellyfish consume a variety of [[marine invertebrates]] and plankton and are preyed on by very few.<ref name="diet and feeding" /> ''C. hysoscella'' contribute to the global issue of jellyfish overpopulation which is concerning to humans for various reasons including recreational interference, economic turmoil for fishing communities, and depleted fish resources.<ref name="BBC" /> |
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[[File:Chrysaora hysoscella-Compass jellyfish.ogg|thumb|Video of the ''Chrysaora hysoscella'' (compass jellyfish) from the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]]] |
[[File:Chrysaora hysoscella-Compass jellyfish.ogg|thumb|Video of the ''Chrysaora hysoscella'' (compass jellyfish) from the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]]] |
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The compass jellyfish is found in coastal waters of the northeast Atlantic, including the [[Celtic Sea|Celtic]], [[Irish Sea|Irish]], [[North Sea|North]] and [[Mediterranean]] Seas.<ref name=Morandini2010/><ref name="distribution">{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=T |last2=Houghton |first2=J |last3=Buckely |first3=S |last4=Hays |first4=G |last5=Davenport |first5=J |title=The broad-scale distribution of five jellyfish species across a temperate coastal environment |journal=Hydrobiologia |date=2007 |volume=579 |pages=29–39 |ref=10}}</ref> They inhabit these waters mostly at the top of the water column,<ref name="diving behaviors" /><ref name="jelly blooms">{{cite book |last=Sparks |first=Conrad |last2=Buecher |first2=Emmanuelle |last3=Brierley |first3=Andrew S. |last4=Axelsen |first4=Bjørn E. |last5=Boyer |first5=Helen |last6=Gibbons |first6=Mark J. |date=2001 |title=Jellyfish Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages=275–286 |isbn=978-94-010-3835-5|doi=10.1007/978-94-010-0722-1_22 }}</ref> and although they inhabit shallow water, they move up and down in the water column often ranging from surface waters to just above the seabed.<ref name="diving behaviors">{{cite journal |last=Hays |first=Graeme C. |last2=Doyle |first2=Thomas K. |last3=Houghton |first3=Jonathan D. R. |last4=Lilley |first4=Martin K. S. |last5=Metcalfe |first5=Julian D. |last6=Righton |first6=David |date=27 January 2008 |title=Diving behaviour of jellyfish equipped with electronic tags |url=http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/3/325.short |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=325–331 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbn003 |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> They are rarely found deeper than 30 m from the surface.<ref name="diving behaviors" /><ref name="biometry">{{cite journal |last1=Beucher |first1=E |last2=Sparks |first2=C |last3=Brierley |first3=A |last4=Boyer |first4=H |last5=Gibbons |first5=M |title=Biometry and size distribution of Chrysaora hysoscella (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) and Aequorea aequorea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) off Namibia with some notes on their parasite Hyperia medusaru |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |date=2001 |volume=23 |issue=10 |page=1073}}</ref> |
The compass jellyfish is found in coastal waters of the northeast Atlantic, including the [[Celtic Sea|Celtic]], [[Irish Sea|Irish]], [[North Sea|North]] and [[Mediterranean]] Seas.<ref name=Morandini2010/><ref name="distribution">{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=T |last2=Houghton |first2=J |last3=Buckely |first3=S |last4=Hays |first4=G |last5=Davenport |first5=J |title=The broad-scale distribution of five jellyfish species across a temperate coastal environment |journal=Hydrobiologia |date=2007 |volume=579 |pages=29–39 |ref=10 |doi=10.1007/s10750-006-0362-2}}</ref> They inhabit these waters mostly at the top of the water column,<ref name="diving behaviors" /><ref name="jelly blooms">{{cite book |last=Sparks |first=Conrad |last2=Buecher |first2=Emmanuelle |last3=Brierley |first3=Andrew S. |last4=Axelsen |first4=Bjørn E. |last5=Boyer |first5=Helen |last6=Gibbons |first6=Mark J. |date=2001 |title=Jellyfish Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages=275–286 |isbn=978-94-010-3835-5|doi=10.1007/978-94-010-0722-1_22 }}</ref> and although they inhabit shallow water, they move up and down in the water column often ranging from surface waters to just above the seabed.<ref name="diving behaviors">{{cite journal |last=Hays |first=Graeme C. |last2=Doyle |first2=Thomas K. |last3=Houghton |first3=Jonathan D. R. |last4=Lilley |first4=Martin K. S. |last5=Metcalfe |first5=Julian D. |last6=Righton |first6=David |date=27 January 2008 |title=Diving behaviour of jellyfish equipped with electronic tags |url=http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/3/325.short |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=325–331 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbn003 |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> They are rarely found deeper than 30 m from the surface.<ref name="diving behaviors" /><ref name="biometry">{{cite journal |last1=Beucher |first1=E |last2=Sparks |first2=C |last3=Brierley |first3=A |last4=Boyer |first4=H |last5=Gibbons |first5=M |title=Biometry and size distribution of Chrysaora hysoscella (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) and Aequorea aequorea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) off Namibia with some notes on their parasite Hyperia medusaru |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |date=2001 |volume=23 |issue=10 |page=1073}}</ref> |
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==Feeding and predation== |
==Feeding and predation== |
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==Reproduction== |
==Reproduction== |
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''Chrysaora hysoscella'' utilize both sexual and [[asexual reproduction]] throughout development.<ref name="reverse development">{{cite journal |last1=Piraino |first1=S. |last2=DeVito |first2=D. |last3=Shmich |first3=J. |last4=Bouillon |first4=J. |last5=Boero |first5=F. |title=Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851) |journal=Marine Biology |date=2006 |volume=149 |issue=2 |page=339-346}}</ref> Mature individuals reproduce sexually by [[broadcast spawning]]. Males release sperm from their mouths into the water column.<ref name="ADW" /> Females fertilize the sperm internally and can fertilize sperm from multiple male partners.<ref name="reverse development" /> The larvae released from the female settle as [[benthic]] [[polyps]] that reproduce asexually.<ref name="planular preferences" /> The polyps release multiple ephyrae through [[strobilation]].<ref name="effects on strobilation" /> Ephyrae are the earliest form of the [[medusa]] stage. Research indicates that ''Chrysaora hysoscella'' [[polyps]] are capable of releasing ephyrae overtime and therefore are not limited to a single reproductive event.<ref name="planular preferences">{{cite journal |last1=Holst |first1=S |last2=Jarms |first2=G |title=Substrate choice and settlement preferences of planula larvae of five scyphozoa (Cnidaria) from German Bight, North Sea |journal=Marine Biology |date=2007 |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=863–871 |ref=9}}</ref><ref name="effects on strobilation" /> |
''Chrysaora hysoscella'' utilize both sexual and [[asexual reproduction]] throughout development.<ref name="reverse development">{{cite journal |last1=Piraino |first1=S. |last2=DeVito |first2=D. |last3=Shmich |first3=J. |last4=Bouillon |first4=J. |last5=Boero |first5=F. |title=Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851) |journal=Marine Biology |date=2006 |volume=149 |issue=2 |page=339-346}}</ref> Mature individuals reproduce sexually by [[broadcast spawning]]. Males release sperm from their mouths into the water column.<ref name="ADW" /> Females fertilize the sperm internally and can fertilize sperm from multiple male partners.<ref name="reverse development" /> The larvae released from the female settle as [[benthic]] [[polyps]] that reproduce asexually.<ref name="planular preferences" /> The polyps release multiple ephyrae through [[strobilation]].<ref name="effects on strobilation" /> Ephyrae are the earliest form of the [[medusa]] stage. Research indicates that ''Chrysaora hysoscella'' [[polyps]] are capable of releasing ephyrae overtime and therefore are not limited to a single reproductive event.<ref name="planular preferences">{{cite journal |last1=Holst |first1=S |last2=Jarms |first2=G |title=Substrate choice and settlement preferences of planula larvae of five scyphozoa (Cnidaria) from German Bight, North Sea |journal=Marine Biology |date=2007 |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=863–871 |ref=9 |doi=10.1007/s00227-006-0530-y}}</ref><ref name="effects on strobilation" /> |
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==Parasite ''Hyperia medusarum''== |
==Parasite ''Hyperia medusarum''== |
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Revision as of 10:50, 5 October 2019
 | This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: much of it relies on outdated taxonomy where southeast Atlantic records were attributed to Chrysaora hysoscella. These are now attributed to other species, as described in first part of lead. This means that all info based on citations using studies in e.g. Namibia and South Africa needs to be moved or at least rewritten to reflect that it is about other, close relatives. (June 2019) |
| Compass jellyfish | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Scyphozoa |
| Order: | Semaeostomeae |
| Family: | Pelagiidae |
| Genus: | Chrysaora |
| Species: | C. hysoscella
|
| Binomial name | |
| Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1766)
| |
Chrysaora hysoscella, the compass jellyfish, is a common species of jellyfish that inhabits coastal waters in temperate regions of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the North Sea and Mediterranean Sea.[1] In the past it was also recorded in the southeastern Atlantic, including South Africa, but this was caused by confusion with close relatives; C. africana, C. fulgida and an undescribed species tentatively referred to as "C. agulhensis".[1][2][3][4]
It is a true jellyfish displaying radial symmetry with distinct brown markings shaped like elongated V's on its bell.[5] C. hysoscella adults are highly susceptible to the parasite Hyperia medusarum but this hasn't had any significant effects on the population.[6] This organism has a benthic polyp stage before developing into a pelagic adult medusae.[5] Compass jellyfish consume a variety of marine invertebrates and plankton and are preyed on by very few.[7] C. hysoscella contribute to the global issue of jellyfish overpopulation which is concerning to humans for various reasons including recreational interference, economic turmoil for fishing communities, and depleted fish resources.[8]
Body plan
As an adult, the bell of the compass jellyfish typically has a diameter of 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in).[1] It usually has 16 brown elongated V-shaped markings on the translucent yellow-white bell. The markings surround a central brown spot and resemble the face of a compass, hence the common name compass jellyfish.[5] It is usually colored yellowish white, with some brown. Its 24 tentacles are arranged in eight groups of three. Each tentacle has stinging cells for capturing prey and defense from predators.[9] A sense organ is located between each group of tentacles, which can perceive changes in light and helps the jellyfish determine and maintain its position in the water column.[5] It has 4 oral arms that can be distinguished from the tentacles because the arms are noticeably longer and have a folded, frilly appearance.[9] These arms are used to facilitate transfer of captured prey from the tentacles to the mouth which is between the oral arms at the center of the underside of the bell.[9]
Habitat
The compass jellyfish is found in coastal waters of the northeast Atlantic, including the Celtic, Irish, North and Mediterranean Seas.[1][10] They inhabit these waters mostly at the top of the water column,[11][12] and although they inhabit shallow water, they move up and down in the water column often ranging from surface waters to just above the seabed.[11] They are rarely found deeper than 30 m from the surface.[11][6]
Feeding and predation
Compass jellyfish are carnivores, consuming other marine invertebrates and plankton.[7] They feed on a variety of benthic and pelagic organisms including but not limited to: dinoflagellates, copepods, crustacean eggs, larval fish, and chaetognaths.[7] They stun and capture their prey with stinging cells on their tentacles.[5] The oral arms facilitate movement of captured prey into the oral opening.[9] Compass jellyfish have very few predators. They are known to be consumed by the leatherback sea turtle and ocean sunfish.[13]
Life cycle
Like other Scyphozoans, Chrysaora hysoscella undergo metamorphosis as the organism develops and experiences a polyp and then medusa form. Females release planular larvae which swim to find a suitable place to settle. The planulae attach to a benthic substrate and develop into a sessile polyp which releases immature medusae through asexual reproduction called strobilation.[14][15] Chrysaora hysoscella function as a male upon maturity and then develop female gametes, meaning this organism is protandrously hermaphroditic.[16][15]
Reproduction
Chrysaora hysoscella utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction throughout development.[16] Mature individuals reproduce sexually by broadcast spawning. Males release sperm from their mouths into the water column.[5] Females fertilize the sperm internally and can fertilize sperm from multiple male partners.[16] The larvae released from the female settle as benthic polyps that reproduce asexually.[15] The polyps release multiple ephyrae through strobilation.[14] Ephyrae are the earliest form of the medusa stage. Research indicates that Chrysaora hysoscella polyps are capable of releasing ephyrae overtime and therefore are not limited to a single reproductive event.[15][14]
Parasite Hyperia medusarum
Adult Chrysaora hysoscella are often parasitised by Hyperia medusarum. C. hysoscella found inshore and closer to the surface are more likely to have the parasite. The parasite can be found inside of the body cavity in the umbrella and gonads but tends to move from umbrella to gonads if there is space for them there. The gonads are more enriched in carbon and protein content then any other part of the body, making this region the ideal location to settle and feed. They have also been found on the oral arms of the jellyfish where they can eat prey caught by the medusae.[6]
Effects of global warming
Scyphozoa populations are increasing with the warming climate and warmer ocean temperatures. Studies suggest that warmer winter temperatures allow for a longer strobilation period and subsequently higher ephyra production per polyp, higher percentages of polyp strobilation, and higher polyp survival rate. Polyps will be more successful in warmer temperatures but not in extreme temperatures. C. hysoscella are predicted to migrate further northwards to maintain ideal conditions.[14]
Impact
Thriving jellyfish populations have been found to take over as top predators in areas that fin fish have been over-exploited.[7] Increased abundance of jellyfish negatively impacts fish populations in the same region because jellyfish feed on fish eggs and larvae.[12] Jellyfish and larval fish can also share common dietary preferences. Competition for food resources can result in depleted fish populations. Overpopulation of jellyfish is a concern to humans for many reasons.[8] Jellyfish stings are painful and sometimes deadly to humans. Fishing nets can be overwhelmed with jellyfish bycatch or torn by jellyfish caught in the nets. Jellyfish can clog water inlets to power plants, causing serious problems for power production. Jellyfish can invade aquaculture cages, ruining the production of the organism being farmed.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d Morandini, André; Marques, Antonio (2010). "Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)". Zootaxa. 2464: 1–97. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2464.1.1.
- ^ Gaffney, Patrick M.; Collins, Allen G.; Bayha, Keith M. (2017). "Multigene phylogeny of the scyphozoan jellyfish family Pelagiidae reveals that the common U.S. Atlantic sea nettle comprises two distinct species (Chrysaora quinquecirrha and C. chesapeakei)". PeerJ. 5: e3863. doi:10.7717/peerj.3863. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5642265. PMID 29043109.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Ras, Verena (2017), Towards an unravelling of the taxonomy of Chrysaora (Scyphozoa; Semaeostomeae; Pelagiidae) from around South Africa, University of the Western Cape
- ^ Lewis, K.; , Bowen, D. (6 December 2018). "Why are Cape Town's beaches being covered in jellyfish?". Two Oceans Aquarium. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Dawson, Kailyn; Giordano, Cara. "Chrysaora hysoscella Compass jellyfish". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
- ^ a b c Beucher, E; Sparks, C; Brierley, A; Boyer, H; Gibbons, M (2001). "Biometry and size distribution of Chrysaora hysoscella (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) and Aequorea aequorea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) off Namibia with some notes on their parasite Hyperia medusaru". Journal of Plankton Research. 23 (10): 1073.
- ^ a b c d Flynn, B.A.; Gibbons, M.J. (2007). "A note on the diet and feeding of Chrysaora hysoscella in Walvis Bay Lagoon, Namibia, during September 2003". African Journal of Marine Science. 29 (2): 303–307. doi:10.2989/AJMS.2007.29.2.15.197.
- ^ a b c Vince, Gaia. "Jellyfish blooms creating ocean of slime". BBC.
- ^ a b c d "Chrysaora". Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ Doyle, T; Houghton, J; Buckely, S; Hays, G; Davenport, J (2007). "The broad-scale distribution of five jellyfish species across a temperate coastal environment". Hydrobiologia. 579: 29–39. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0362-2.
- ^ a b c Hays, Graeme C.; Doyle, Thomas K.; Houghton, Jonathan D. R.; Lilley, Martin K. S.; Metcalfe, Julian D.; Righton, David (27 January 2008). "Diving behaviour of jellyfish equipped with electronic tags". Journal of Plankton Research. 30 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbn003. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ^ a b Sparks, Conrad; Buecher, Emmanuelle; Brierley, Andrew S.; Axelsen, Bjørn E.; Boyer, Helen; Gibbons, Mark J. (2001). Jellyfish Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance. Springer Netherlands. pp. 275–286. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0722-1_22. ISBN 978-94-010-3835-5.
- ^ Jones, Georgina. A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula. SURG, Cape Town, 2008. ISBN 978-0-620-41639-9
- ^ a b c d Holst, S; Jarms, G (2012). "Effects of low salinity on settlement and strobilation of Schyphozoa (Cnidaria): Is the lion's mane Cyanea capillata (L.) able to reproduce in the brackish Baltic Sea" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 645.
- ^ a b c d Holst, S; Jarms, G (2007). "Substrate choice and settlement preferences of planula larvae of five scyphozoa (Cnidaria) from German Bight, North Sea". Marine Biology. 151 (3): 863–871. doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0530-y.
- ^ a b c Piraino, S.; DeVito, D.; Shmich, J.; Bouillon, J.; Boero, F. (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)". Marine Biology. 149 (2): 339-346.
External links
- Photos of Chrysaora hysoscella on Sealife Collection