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[[Diffusion tensor imaging]], a reconstruction model available from a diffusion [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scan, shows a greater [[fractional anisotropy]] on the left side than on the right. The difference in this measure of anisotropy has been linked to the left hemispheric specialization for language.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3174/ajnr.A0584 | last1 = Rodrigo | first1 = S | last2 = Naggara | first2 = O | last3 = Oppenheim | first3 = C | last4 = Golestani | first4 = N | last5 = Poupon | first5 = C | last6 = Cointepas | first6 = Y | last7 = Mangin | first7 = JF | last8 = Le Bihan | first8 = D | last9 = Meder | first9 = JF.| year = 2007 | title = Human subinsular asymmetry studied by diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tracking | url = http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/8/1526 | journal = American Journal of Neuroradiology | volume = 28 | issue = 8| pages = 1526–31 | pmid = 17846205 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> However, the use of [[electrical brain stimulation]] upon it fails to disrupt language, suggesting it might not be involved in language, though it is possible that this disruption failed to happen because it was functionally compensated by alternative pathways.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Duffau | first1 = H | last2 = Gatignol | first2 = P | last3 = Moritz-Gasser | first3 = S | last4 = Mandonnet | first4 = E | title = Is the left uncinate fasciculus essential for language? A cerebral stimulation study. | journal = Journal of Neurology | volume = 256 | issue = 3 | pages = 382–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19271103 | doi = 10.1007/s00415-009-0053-9 }}</ref>
[[Diffusion tensor imaging]], a reconstruction model available from a diffusion [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scan, shows a greater [[fractional anisotropy]] on the left side than on the right. The difference in this measure of anisotropy has been linked to the left hemispheric specialization for language.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3174/ajnr.A0584 | last1 = Rodrigo | first1 = S | last2 = Naggara | first2 = O | last3 = Oppenheim | first3 = C | last4 = Golestani | first4 = N | last5 = Poupon | first5 = C | last6 = Cointepas | first6 = Y | last7 = Mangin | first7 = JF | last8 = Le Bihan | first8 = D | last9 = Meder | first9 = JF.| year = 2007 | title = Human subinsular asymmetry studied by diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tracking | url = http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/8/1526 | journal = American Journal of Neuroradiology | volume = 28 | issue = 8| pages = 1526–31 | pmid = 17846205 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> However, the use of [[electrical brain stimulation]] upon it fails to disrupt language, suggesting it might not be involved in language, though it is possible that this disruption failed to happen because it was functionally compensated by alternative pathways.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Duffau | first1 = H | last2 = Gatignol | first2 = P | last3 = Moritz-Gasser | first3 = S | last4 = Mandonnet | first4 = E | title = Is the left uncinate fasciculus essential for language? A cerebral stimulation study. | journal = Journal of Neurology | volume = 256 | issue = 3 | pages = 382–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19271103 | doi = 10.1007/s00415-009-0053-9 }}</ref>


The capacity for [[Remember-Know|autonoetic]] self-awareness that is re-experiencing previous events as part of one's past as a continuous entity across time has been linked to the right uncinate fasciculus<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1093/brain/121.10.1951 | last1 = Levine | first1 = B | last2 = Black | first2 = SE | last3 = Cabeza | first3 = R | last4 = Sinden | first4 = M | last5 = McIntosh | first5 = AR | last6 = Toth | first6 = JP | last7 = Tulving | first7 = E | last8 = Stuss | first8 = DT | title = Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia. | url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/121/10/1951 | series = 121 | journal = Brain : A Journal of Neurology | volume = ( Pt 10) | issue = 10 | pages = 1951–73 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9798749 }}</ref> as has proficiency in auditory-verbal memory and [[declarative memory]] to the integrity of the left uncinate fasciculus.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mabbott | first1 = DJ | last2 = Rovet | first2 = J | last3 = Noseworthy | first3 = MD | last4 = Smith | first4 = ML | last5 = Rockel | first5 = C | title = The relations between white matter and declarative memory in older children and adolescents. | journal = Brain Research | volume = 1294 | pages = 80–90 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19632208 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.046 }}</ref>
The uncinate fasciculus appears to have a role in some, but not all, types of learning and memory. Reversal learning, in which a stimulus-reward association is learned over many trials, then reversed such that the initial stimulus is no longer is associated with a reward, is associated with individual variation in the uncinate fasciculus <ref name=“Alm”>{{Cite journal | last1 = Alm | first1 = KH | last2 = Rolheiser | first2 = T | last3 = Mohamed | first3 = FB | last4 = Olson | first4 = IR | title = Fronto-temporal white matter connectivity predicts reversal learning errors | doi = 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00343 | journal = Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume = 9 | pages = 343 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26150776}} </ref> . In addition, the ability to learn associations through trial and error, such as the pairing of a name with a face, correlates with uncinate fasciculus microstructure. <ref name=“Metoki”>{{Cite journal | last1 = Metoki | first1 = A | last2 = Alm | first2 = KH | last3 = Wang | first3 = Y | last4 = Ngo | first4 = CT | last5 = Olson| first5 = IR |title = Never forget a name: white matter connectivity predicts person memory | doi = 10.1007/s00429-017-1458-3 | journal = Brain Structure and Function | volume = 222 | pages = 4187-4201 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28646241 }} </ref> This relates to early work showing that surgical damage to the uncinate fasciculus is reliably associated with deficits in proper name retrieval.



==Development==
==Development==

Revision as of 20:06, 30 October 2019

Uncinate fasciculus
Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere. Some of the major association tracts are depicted. Uncinate fasciculus is at lower left, in red.
Human brain with operculum removed. A part of uncinate fasciculus is visible (shown in yellow)
Details
Identifiers
LatinFasciculus uncinatus
MeSHD000083382
NeuroNames597
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_983
TA98A14.1.09.560
TA25600
FMA77636
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter association tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the parahippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with portions of the frontal lobe such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions. It is one of the last white matter tract to mature in the human brain.

Anatomy

The uncinate fasciculus is a hook-shaped bundle of axons that links anterior portions of the temporal lobe with the inferior frontal gyrus and the lower surfaces of the frontal lobe. It arises in the anteriorior temporal lobe and amygdala,in the temporal lobe curving in an upward pathway behind the external capsule inward of the insular cortex and continuing up into the posterior part of the orbital gyrus.[1]. It does not appear to have cell bodies in the hippocampus proper.

The average length of the uncinate fasciculus is 45 mm with a range 40–49 mm. Its volume in adults is 1425.9±138.6 mm3, being slightly larger in men, at 1504.3±150.4, than women 1378.5±107.4.[2]

It has three parts: a ventral or frontal extension, an intermediary segment called the isthmus or insular segment and a temporal or dorsal segment.[3]

Function

The function of the uncinate fasciculus is not known, though it is traditionally considered to be part of the limbic system.[2]. It has been proposed that the uncinate fasciclus allows mnemonic representations stored in the temporal lobe to interact with and guide decision making in the frontal lobe.[4]

Diffusion tensor imaging, a reconstruction model available from a diffusion MRI scan, shows a greater fractional anisotropy on the left side than on the right. The difference in this measure of anisotropy has been linked to the left hemispheric specialization for language.[5] However, the use of electrical brain stimulation upon it fails to disrupt language, suggesting it might not be involved in language, though it is possible that this disruption failed to happen because it was functionally compensated by alternative pathways.[6]

The uncinate fasciculus appears to have a role in some, but not all, types of learning and memory. Reversal learning, in which a stimulus-reward association is learned over many trials, then reversed such that the initial stimulus is no longer is associated with a reward, is associated with individual variation in the uncinate fasciculus [7] . In addition, the ability to learn associations through trial and error, such as the pairing of a name with a face, correlates with uncinate fasciculus microstructure. [8] This relates to early work showing that surgical damage to the uncinate fasciculus is reliably associated with deficits in proper name retrieval.


Development

The uncinate fasciculus has the longest period of development in terms of fractional anisotropy as it alone amongst the major white fibre tracks continues to develop until the age of 30.[9]

It seems to be developmentally vulnerable. In 12-year-old males that were preterm, abnormalities measured by fractional anisotropy in the left anterior uncinate correlated with verbal IQ, full-scale IQ, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised scores.[10] In 10-year-old children who have suffered socioemotional deprivation, the left uncinate fasciculus shows reduced fractional anisotropy compared to that in other children, and this might underlie their cognitive, socioemotional, and behavioral difficulties.[11]

Developmental disorders with core problems relating to memory retrieval, reward and valuation computation, and impulsive decision making may be linked to aberrations in uncinate fasciculus microstructure. For instance, medial temporal lobe epilepsy, antisocial personality disorder, and conduct disorder. [12]

Clinical significance

Abnormalities within the fiber bundles of the uncinate fasciculus associate with social anxiety,[13] Alzheimer's disease,[14] bipolar disorder,[15] and depression in the elderly that had previously been present in adolescence or early adulthood.[16]

Such abnormalities also link to schizophrenia.[15][17][18] In those with schizotypal personality disorder, reduced fractional anisotropy in the right uncinate fasciculus associates personality traits and clinical symptoms of ideas of reference, suspiciousness, restricted affect, reduced extraversion and social anxiety, while those on the left side associate with general intelligence, verbal and visual memory, and executive performance.[19][20] The greater left than right fractional anisotropy of the uncinate fasciculus is missing in those with schizophrenia.[21]

In 2009 it was implicated in psychopathy—individuals with a high score in the Psychopathy Checklist and an associated history of violent behavior appeared to have abnormalities in it.[22][4]

Phineas Gage ( a railroad worker who had an iron bar go through his left frontal lobe)[23] had damage done to his uncinate fasciculus. After the accident, his intellect was untouched, but his personality transformed. He lost all sense of morality and concern for others.

Additional images

  • Diagram showing principal systems of association fibers in the cerebrum. (Uncinate fasc. visible at lower left, in red.)
    Diagram showing principal systems of association fibers in the cerebrum. (Uncinate fasc. visible at lower left, in red.)
  • Tractography showing uncinate fasciculus
    Tractography showing uncinate fasciculus

References

  1. ^ Kier LE, Staib LH, Davis, LM, Bronen, RA (May 1, 2004). "MR Imaging of the Temporal Stem: Anatomic Dissection Tractography of the Uncinate Fasciculus, Inferior Occipitofrontal Fasciculus, and Meyer's Loop of the Optic Radiation". Am J Neuroradiol. 25 (5): 677–691. PMID 15140705. Retrieved 2007-12-19.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Hasan, KM; Iftikhar, A; Kamali, A; Kramer, LA; Ashtari, M; Cirino, PT; Papanicolaou, AC; Fletcher, JM; Ewing-Cobbs, L (2009). "Development and aging of the healthy human brain uncinate fasciculus across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography". Brain Research. 1276: 67–76. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.025. PMC 2693464. PMID 19393229.
  3. ^ Peltier, J; Verclytte, S; Delmaire, C; Pruvo, JP; Godefroy, O; Le Gars, D (2010). "Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal stem: clinical relevance and correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking". Journal of Neurosurgery. 112 (5): 1033–8. doi:10.3171/2009.6.JNS08132. PMID 19612976.
  4. ^ a b Von der Heide, R; Skipper, L; Klobusicky, E; Olson, IR (2013). "Dissecting the uncinate fascicles: disorders, controversies, and a hypothesis". Brain. 136 (Pt6): 1692–707. doi:10.1093/brain/awt094. PMID 23649697.
  5. ^ Rodrigo, S; Naggara, O; Oppenheim, C; Golestani, N; Poupon, C; Cointepas, Y; Mangin, JF; Le Bihan, D; Meder, JF.; et al. (2007). "Human subinsular asymmetry studied by diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tracking". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 28 (8): 1526–31. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0584. PMID 17846205.
  6. ^ Duffau, H; Gatignol, P; Moritz-Gasser, S; Mandonnet, E (2009). "Is the left uncinate fasciculus essential for language? A cerebral stimulation study". Journal of Neurology. 256 (3): 382–9. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-0053-9. PMID 19271103.
  7. ^ Alm, KH; Rolheiser, T; Mohamed, FB; Olson, IR (2015). "Fronto-temporal white matter connectivity predicts reversal learning errors". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 9: 343. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00343. PMID 26150776.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Metoki, A; Alm, KH; Wang, Y; Ngo, CT; Olson, IR (2017). "Never forget a name: white matter connectivity predicts person memory". Brain Structure and Function. 222: 4187–4201. doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1458-3. PMID 28646241.
  9. ^ Lebel, C; Walker, L; Leemans, A; Phillips, L; Beaulieu, C. (2008). "Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood". NeuroImage. 40 (3): 1044–55. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.053. PMID 18295509.
  10. ^ Constable, RT; Ment, LR; Vohr, BR; et al. (2008). "Prematurely born children demonstrate white matter microstructural differences at 12 years of age, relative to term control subjects: an investigation of group and gender effects". Pediatrics. 121 (2): 306–16. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0414. PMID 18245422.
  11. ^ Eluvathingal, TJ; Chugani, HT; Behen, ME; Juhász, C; Muzik, O; Maqbool, M; Chugani, DC; Makki, M. (2006). "Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: a diffusion tensor imaging study". Pediatrics. 117 (6): 2093–100. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1727. PMID 16740852.
  12. ^ Olson, IR; Von der Heide, R; Alm, K; Vyas, G. (2016). "Development of the Uncinate Fasciculus: Implications for Theory and Developmental Disorders". Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 14: 50–61. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.06.003. PMID 26143154.
  13. ^ Phan, KL; Orlichenko, A; Boyd, E; Angstadt, M; Coccaro, EF; Liberzon, I; Arfanakis, K (2009). "Preliminary evidence of white matter abnormality in the uncinate fasciculus in generalized social anxiety disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 66 (7): 691–4. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.028. PMC 2743779. PMID 19362707.
  14. ^ Yasmin, H; Nakata, Y; Aoki, S; et al. (2008). "Diffusion abnormalities of the uncinate fasciculus in Alzheimer's disease: diffusion tensor tract-specific analysis using a new method to measure the core of the tract". Neuroradiology. 50 (4): 293–9. doi:10.1007/s00234-007-0353-7. PMID 18246334.
  15. ^ a b McIntosh, AM; Maniega, SM; Lymer, GK; et al. (2008). "White matter tractography in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia". Biol Psychiatry. 64 (12): 1088–92. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.026. PMID 18814861.
  16. ^ Taylor, WD; Macfall, JR; Gerig, G; Krishnan, RR. (2007). "Structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus in geriatric depression: Relationship with age of onset". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 3 (5): 669–74. PMC 2656303. PMID 19300596.
  17. ^ Kubicki, M; Westin, CF; Maier, SE; et al. (2002). "Uncinate fasciculus findings in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (5): 813–20. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.813. PMC 2803760. PMID 11986136.
  18. ^ Kawashima, T; Nakamura, M; Bouix, S; Kubicki, M; Salisbury, DF; Westin, CF; McCarley, RW; Shenton, ME. (2009). "Uncinate fasciculus abnormalities in recent onset schizophrenia and affective psychosis: a diffusion tensor imaging study". Schizophr. Res. 110 (1–3): 119–26. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.014. PMC 2749228. PMID 19328656.
  19. ^ Nakamura, M; McCarley, RW; Kubicki, M; et al. (2005). "Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study". Biol Psychiatry. 58 (6): 468–78. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.016. PMC 2768055. PMID 15978550.
  20. ^ Gurrera, RJ; Nakamura, M; Kubicki, M; et al. (2007). "The uncinate fasciculus and extraversion in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study". Schizophr. Res. 90 (1–3): 360–2. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.10.003. PMC 1876710. PMID 17126532.
  21. ^ Park, HJ; Westin, CF; Kubicki, M; et al. (2004). "White matter hemisphere asymmetries in healthy subjects and in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor MRI study". NeuroImage. 23 (1): 213–23. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.036. PMC 2794419. PMID 15325368.
  22. ^ Craig, Michael C; Marco Catani; Q Deeley; R Latham; E Daly; R Kanaan; M Picchioni; P K McGuire; T Fahy; Declan G M Murphy (2009-06-09). "Altered connections on the road to psychopathy". Molecular Psychiatry. 14 (10): 946–53, 907. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.40. PMID 19506560. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Horn, J Van; Irimia, A; et al. (2012). "Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e37454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454. PMC 3353935. PMID 22616011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uncinate fasciculus.
  • Atlas image: n1a5p6 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Dissection of the Left Hemisphere"
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