Anatexis: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Migma ss 2006.jpg|thumb|Anatexis plays a crucial role in the formation of [[migmatite]]]] |
[[Image:Migma ss 2006.jpg|thumb|Anatexis plays a crucial role in the formation of [[migmatite]]]] |
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'''Anatexis''' (via Latin from Greek roots meaning "to melt down") in [[geology]], refers to the differential, or partial, melting of [[Rock (geology)|rocks]], especially in the forming of [[metamorphic rocks]] such as [[migmatite]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mervine|2011}}</ref> |
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= Anatexis = |
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'''Anatexis''' (via Latin from Greek roots meaning "to melt down") refers to the partial melting of [[Rock (geology)|rocks]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1985|editor-last=Ashworth|editor-first=J. R.|title=Migmatites|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2347-1|doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-2347-1}}</ref> Traditionally, anatexis is used to discuss the partial melting of crustal rocks specifically, while the generic term "[[partial melting]]" refers to the partial melting of all rocks, in both the crust and mantle. |
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Anatexis can occur in a variety of different settings, from zones of [[continental collision]] to [[Mid-ocean ridge|mid-ocean ridges]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/33899456|title=Petrogenesis and experimental petrology of granitic rocks|last=Johannes, Wilhelm, 1936-|date=1996|publisher=Springer|isbn=3540604162|oclc=33899456}}</ref> It is believed that anatexis is the process largely responsible for the formation of [[Migmatite|migmatites]].<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|date=1985|editor-last=Ashworth|editor-first=J. R.|title=Migmatites|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2347-1|doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-2347-1}}</ref> Furthermore, scientists have recently discovered that partial melting plays an increasingly important role in active [[Crust (geology)|crustal]] processes, including the advancement of active [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]] and the emplacement of [[Granite|crustal granites]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Michael|last2=Solar|first2=Gary S.|date=1998-02|title=Shear-zone systems and melts: feedback relations and self-organization in orogenic belts|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(97)00068-0|journal=Journal of Structural Geology|volume=20|issue=2-3|pages=211–227|doi=10.1016/s0191-8141(97)00068-0|issn=0191-8141}}</ref> As a result, active feedback between [[Shear (geology)|crustal shearing]], melting, and granite emplacement<ref name=":0" /> has become largely accepted in the place of large scale, unreasonable models involving fractional melting of the mantle into granitic [[Batholith|batholiths]] and [[Pluton|plutons]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Petford|first=N.|last2=Cruden|first2=A. R.|last3=McCaffrey|first3=K. J. W.|last4=Vigneresse|first4=J.-L.|date=2000-12|title=Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35047000|journal=Nature|volume=408|issue=6813|pages=669–673|doi=10.1038/35047000|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Evidence for this can be seen in the physical, mineralogical, and isotopic signatures of countless granites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Michael|last2=Averkin|first2=Yuri A.|last3=McLellan|first3=Eileen L.|last4=Sawyer|first4=Edward W.|date=1995-08-10|title=Melt segregation in migmatites|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/95JB00517|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|language=en|volume=100|issue=B8|pages=15655–15679|doi=10.1029/95JB00517}}</ref> |
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==General overview== |
==General overview== |
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Revision as of 19:48, 27 November 2019
Anatexis
Anatexis (via Latin from Greek roots meaning "to melt down") refers to the partial melting of rocks.[1] Traditionally, anatexis is used to discuss the partial melting of crustal rocks specifically, while the generic term "partial melting" refers to the partial melting of all rocks, in both the crust and mantle.
Anatexis can occur in a variety of different settings, from zones of continental collision to mid-ocean ridges.[2] It is believed that anatexis is the process largely responsible for the formation of migmatites.[3] Furthermore, scientists have recently discovered that partial melting plays an increasingly important role in active crustal processes, including the advancement of active deformation and the emplacement of crustal granites.[4] As a result, active feedback between crustal shearing, melting, and granite emplacement[4] has become largely accepted in the place of large scale, unreasonable models involving fractional melting of the mantle into granitic batholiths and plutons.[5] Evidence for this can be seen in the physical, mineralogical, and isotopic signatures of countless granites.[6]
General overview
Optimum temperature conditions for crustal melting
In order to have partial melting in the middle to lower continental crust, the continental geotherm must be steepened towards much higher temperatures. The minimum temperature needed to produce partial melting in metasedimentary rocks is about 650 °C. Under these conditions, water saturated metapelites reach their solidus and produce a melt of granite composition. The "standard" geotherm at the Moho is in the 500-600 °C range which would not be optimally hot enough for anatectic melting.[7]
Extending the continental geotherm
Situations when the continental geotherm is hotter and can induce partial melting of the crust is where "orogenic processes such as crustal thickening, lithospheric mantle thinning, and underplating of mafic magma" occur[7] (the transfer of heat from magma into the base of the continental crust).[8]
Role of water in production of anatectic melts
The amount of water in granitic systems controls the degree of melting at a given temperature. Very high temperatures are required to generate substantial melt if the water content of the system is low.[7]
Examples of anatexis
Typical examples of anatexis would be the generation of granitic melts (partially melted aluminous crustal rocks), basalts (partially melted mantle peridotite), and migmatitic rock.[9]
Granitic rocks that come from the crust commonly contain xenoliths of metamorphic or sedimentary rocks when pieces of the wall rock are included into the magma during ascent or site of placement.[10]
Although a source of petrologic controversy, migmatites are thought to represent partial melting where melt and residual unmelted material are intertwined in layers (melt segregation).[10] Migmatitic rocks "provide an example of the close relation between metamorphism, deformation, and melt generation and emplacement (El Bahariya, G.A; 2008;2009).
"The Granite Problem" - where igneous and metamorphic petrology overlap
Granites "are undoubtedly the result of extreme fractionation of mantle-derived parental basaltic magma, but it is also possible to derive granite magmas from the melting of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of various compositions in orogenic belts (also called S-type granites)."[10] Two questions that implicate "the granite problem" are:
# "How does one distinguish a granite (or granodiorite or tonalite) derived from fractionation of more mafic melt from one that originated by secondary melting within the continental crust?"[10]
- "Which of the two processes is more likely to have generated sizable volumes of truly granitic magma?"[10]
Some in the field of petrology have considered migmatitic terranes as "source areas for magmas, even referring to them as 'baby batholiths.'"[10] Some regard "granitic liquids [that] are produced directly from partial melting of mantle peridotite or subducted oceanic crust [chemically unlikely]; otherwise we should find granitoids in the oceanic lithosphere."[8]
Others have disputed it:
No direct genetic connection between migmatite formation and larger plutonic masses has ever been established. An increasing number of petrologists who study migmatites now believe that no connection exists and that migmatite formation is an end point of the metamorphic process rather than the beginning of a larger-scale magmatic process. Magmas undoubtedly originate in the deep continental crust, but the nature of their source areas has not been established.[10]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Ashworth, J. R., ed. (1985). "Migmatites". doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2347-1.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Johannes, Wilhelm, 1936- (1996). Petrogenesis and experimental petrology of granitic rocks. Springer. ISBN 3540604162. OCLC 33899456.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ashworth, J. R., ed. (1985). "Migmatites". doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2347-1.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Brown, Michael; Solar, Gary S. (1998-02). "Shear-zone systems and melts: feedback relations and self-organization in orogenic belts". Journal of Structural Geology. 20 (2–3): 211–227. doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(97)00068-0. ISSN 0191-8141.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Petford, N.; Cruden, A. R.; McCaffrey, K. J. W.; Vigneresse, J.-L. (2000-12). "Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust". Nature. 408 (6813): 669–673. doi:10.1038/35047000. ISSN 0028-0836.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Brown, Michael; Averkin, Yuri A.; McLellan, Eileen L.; Sawyer, Edward W. (1995-08-10). "Melt segregation in migmatites". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 100 (B8): 15655–15679. doi:10.1029/95JB00517.
- ^ a b c University of Sydney 2006
- ^ a b Fowler 2005, p. 525
- ^ Allaby & Allaby 1999
- ^ a b c d e f g Blatt, Tracy & Owens 2006, pp. 6–7, 15, 184–185, 442–444
Sources
- Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael (1999). "anatexis". A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Blatt, H.; Tracy, R. J.; Owens, B. E. (2006). Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3743-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
El Bahariya, G.A., 2008.GEOLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF NEOPROTEROZOIC SYNTECTONIC ANATECTIC MIGMATITES AROUND WADI ABU HIGLIG, HAFAFIT REGION, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT.Egyptian Journal of Geology, v.52, 2008, p.25-54.
- El Bahariya, Gaafar (2009). "RETRACTED: Geology and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic migmatitic rock association, Hafafit Region, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Implications for syntectonic anatectic migmatites". Lithos. 113 (3–4): 465–82. Bibcode:2009Litho.113..465E. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2009.06.002.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) (Retracted, duplicate publication) - Mervine, Evelyn (August 28, 2011). "Geology Word of the Week: M is for Migmatite". American Geophysical Union Blogosphere. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Fowler, C. M. R. (2005). The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58409-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "From Segregation, Transport, and Emplacement of Magmas, to the Solid State Deformation of Granitoids: Microstructures, Fabrics, and Finite Strain Fields". University of Sydney, School of Geosciences. 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2009.