Polka-dot tree frog: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Hypsiboas punctatus fluorescente.jpg|thumb|left|Fluorescent polka-dot tree frog under [[UV-light]]]]
[[File:Hypsiboas punctatus fluorescente.jpg|thumb|left|Fluorescent polka-dot tree frog under [[UV-light]]]]


In 2017, several polka-dot tree frogs collected in the [[Santa Fe Province]] in Argentina were the first [[amphibian]], amongst more than 6,000 species of frog, identified as naturally [[Fluorescence|fluorescent]].<ref name=Taboada2017a>{{Cite journal| last1 = Taboada| first1 = Carlos| last2 = Brunetti| first2 = Andrés E.| last3 = Pedron| first3 = Federico N.| last4 = Neto| first4 = Fausto Carnevale| last5 = Estrin| first5 = Darío A.| last6 = Bari| first6 = Sara E.| last7 = Chemes| first7 = Lucía B.| last8 = Lopes| first8 = Norberto Peporine| last9 = Lagorio| first9 = María G.| last10 = Faivovich| first10 = Julián| date = 2017-03-13| title = Naturally occurring fluorescence in frogs| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| pages = 201701053| doi = 10.1073/pnas.1701053114| url = http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/03/07/1701053114| pmid = 28289227| issn = 0027-8424| accessdate = 2017-03-19| volume=114| pmc=5389305}}</ref><ref name=Nowogrodzki_2017>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature.2017.21616| volume = 543| issue = 7645| pages = 297| last = Nowogrodzki| first = Anna| title = First fluorescent frog found| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature News]]| accessdate = 2017-03-19| date = 2017-03-16| url = http://www.nature.com/news/first-fluorescent-frog-found-1.21616| bibcode = 2017Natur.543..297N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Wong| first = Sam| title = Luminous frog is the first known naturally fluorescent amphibian| work = [[New Scientist]]| accessdate = 2017-03-19| date = 2017-03-13| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/2124466-luminous-frog-is-the-first-known-naturally-fluorescent-amphibian/}}</ref> Among land-living [[vertebrate]]s, it had only been confirmed earlier in certain [[parrot]]s (as opposed to fish and invertebrates where relatively widespread).<ref name=Taboada2017a/> A few months later, fluorescence was discovered in the closely related ''[[Hypsiboas atlanticus]]'',<ref name=Taboada2017b>{{cite journal | author1=Taboada, C. | author2=A.E. Brunetti | author3=C. Alexandre | author4=M.G. Lagorio | author5=J. Faivovich | year=2017 | title=Fluorescent Frogs: A Herpetological Perspective | journal=South American Journal of Herpetology | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=1–13 | doi=10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00029.1 }}</ref> and in 2019 it was discovered in the distantly related [[pumpkin toadlet]] (''Brachycephalus ephippium'') and [[red pumpkin toadlet]] (''B. pitanga'').<ref name=Goutte2019>{{cite journal | author1=Sandra Goutte | author2=Matthew J. Mason | author3=Marta M. Antoniazzi | author4=Carlos Jared | author5=Didier Merle | author6=Lilian Cazes | author7=Luís Felipe Toledo | author8=Hanane el-Hafci | author9=Stéphane Pallu | author10=Hugues Portier | author11=Stefan Schramm | author12=Pierre Gueriau | author13=Mathieu Thoury | year=2019 | title=Intense bone fluorescence reveals hidden patterns in pumpkin toadlets | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=9 | page=5388 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41959-8 }}</ref> It is suspected that fluorescence is relatively widespread among frogs.<ref name=Taboada2017b/>
In 2017, several polka-dot tree frogs collected in the [[Santa Fe Province]] in Argentina were the first [[amphibian]], amongst more than 6,000 species of frog, identified as naturally [[Fluorescence|fluorescent]].<ref name=Taboada2017a>{{Cite journal| last1 = Taboada| first1 = Carlos| last2 = Brunetti| first2 = Andrés E.| last3 = Pedron| first3 = Federico N.| last4 = Neto| first4 = Fausto Carnevale| last5 = Estrin| first5 = Darío A.| last6 = Bari| first6 = Sara E.| last7 = Chemes| first7 = Lucía B.| last8 = Lopes| first8 = Norberto Peporine| last9 = Lagorio| first9 = María G.| last10 = Faivovich| first10 = Julián| date = 2017-03-13| title = Naturally occurring fluorescence in frogs| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| pages = 201701053| doi = 10.1073/pnas.1701053114| url = http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/03/07/1701053114| pmid = 28289227| issn = 0027-8424| accessdate = 2017-03-19| volume=114| pmc=5389305}}</ref><ref name=Nowogrodzki_2017>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature.2017.21616| volume = 543| issue = 7645| pages = 297| last = Nowogrodzki| first = Anna| title = First fluorescent frog found| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature News]]| accessdate = 2017-03-19| date = 2017-03-16| url = http://www.nature.com/news/first-fluorescent-frog-found-1.21616| bibcode = 2017Natur.543..297N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Wong| first = Sam| title = Luminous frog is the first known naturally fluorescent amphibian| work = [[New Scientist]]| accessdate = 2017-03-19| date = 2017-03-13| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/2124466-luminous-frog-is-the-first-known-naturally-fluorescent-amphibian/}}</ref> Among land-living [[vertebrate]]s, it had only been confirmed earlier in certain [[parrot]]s (as opposed to fish and invertebrates where relatively widespread).<ref name=Taboada2017a/> A few months later, fluorescence was discovered in the closely related ''[[Hypsiboas atlanticus]]'',<ref name=Taboada2017b>{{cite journal | author1=Taboada, C. | author2=A.E. Brunetti | author3=C. Alexandre | author4=M.G. Lagorio | author5=J. Faivovich | year=2017 | title=Fluorescent Frogs: A Herpetological Perspective | journal=South American Journal of Herpetology | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=1–13 | doi=10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00029.1 }}</ref> and in 2019 it was discovered in the distantly related [[pumpkin toadlet]] (''Brachycephalus ephippium'') and [[red pumpkin toadlet]] (''B. pitanga'').<ref name=Goutte2019>{{cite journal | author1=Sandra Goutte | author2=Matthew J. Mason | author3=Marta M. Antoniazzi | author4=Carlos Jared | author5=Didier Merle | author6=Lilian Cazes | author7=Luís Felipe Toledo | author8=Hanane el-Hafci | author9=Stéphane Pallu | author10=Hugues Portier | author11=Stefan Schramm | author12=Pierre Gueriau | author13=Mathieu Thoury | year=2019 | title=Intense bone fluorescence reveals hidden patterns in pumpkin toadlets | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=9 | page=5388 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41959-8 }}</ref> In 2020, it was confirmed that fluorescence is relatively widespread among frogs and other amphibians.<ref name=Lamb2020>{{cite journal | author1=Lamb, J.Y. | author2=M.P. Davis | year=2020 | title=Salamanders and other amphibians are aglow with biofluorescence | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=10 | page=2821 | doi=10.1038/s41598-020-59528-9 }}</ref>


When exposed to [[Ultraviolet|ultra-violet light]], the [[Skin#Fish and amphibians|skin]] of the polka-dot tree frog emits a bright green fluorescent glow. The discovery was made accidentally when the researchers checked the skin secretions of the frog under UV light. They expected only a faint red fluorescence, because the frog skin contains [[biliverdin]], a green [[Tetrapyrrole|tetrapyrrolic]] [[bile]] [[pigment]] responsible for its dull mottled browny-green colour.<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Livsey| first = Anna| title = World's first fluorescent frog discovered in South America| work = [[The Guardian]]| accessdate = 2017-03-19| date = 2017-03-14| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/14/worlds-first-fluorescent-frog-discovered-in-south-america}}</ref> The surprising green fluorescence is attributed to [[hyloin]] compounds, mainly hyloin-L1, hyloin-L2 and hyloin-G1.<ref name=Taboada2017a/><ref name=Nowogrodzki_2017/> These fluorescent molecules, in the [[dihydroisoquinolinone]] family and derived from the [[isoquinoline]] (a [[benzene]] ring fused to a [[pyridine]] ring), in an [[alkaloid]] protecting [[mucous membrane]], have been identified in the [[lymph]] tissue, skin and glandular secretions of the frog.<ref name=Taboada2017a/> Because it is linked to secretions from skin glands, they can also leave fluorescent markings on surfaces where they have been.<ref name=Taboada2017b/>
When exposed to [[Ultraviolet|ultra-violet light]], the [[Skin#Fish and amphibians|skin]] of the polka-dot tree frog emits a bright green fluorescent glow. The discovery was made accidentally when the researchers checked the skin secretions of the frog under UV light. They expected only a faint red fluorescence, because the frog skin contains [[biliverdin]], a green [[Tetrapyrrole|tetrapyrrolic]] [[bile]] [[pigment]] responsible for its dull mottled browny-green colour.<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Livsey| first = Anna| title = World's first fluorescent frog discovered in South America| work = [[The Guardian]]| accessdate = 2017-03-19| date = 2017-03-14| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/14/worlds-first-fluorescent-frog-discovered-in-south-america}}</ref> The surprising green fluorescence is attributed to [[hyloin]] compounds, mainly hyloin-L1, hyloin-L2 and hyloin-G1.<ref name=Taboada2017a/><ref name=Nowogrodzki_2017/> These fluorescent molecules, in the [[dihydroisoquinolinone]] family and derived from the [[isoquinoline]] (a [[benzene]] ring fused to a [[pyridine]] ring), in an [[alkaloid]] protecting [[mucous membrane]], have been identified in the [[lymph]] tissue, skin and glandular secretions of the frog.<ref name=Taboada2017a/> Because it is linked to secretions from skin glands, they can also leave fluorescent markings on surfaces where they have been.<ref name=Taboada2017b/>

Revision as of 21:50, 21 March 2020

Polka-dot tree frog
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Hylidae
Genus: Hypsiboas
Species:
H. punctatus
Binomial name
Hypsiboas punctatus
(Schneider, 1799)
Range in green
Synonyms

Boana punctata

The polka-dot tree frog (Hypsiboas punctatus), also known as the dotted tree frog, is a frog species in the family Hylidae found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. It is fairly small with a snout–to–vent length of c. 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in).[1]

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, rural gardens, urban areas, and heavily degraded former forests. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[2]

Pigmentation and skin fluorescence

Fluorescent polka-dot tree frog under UV-light

In 2017, several polka-dot tree frogs collected in the Santa Fe Province in Argentina were the first amphibian, amongst more than 6,000 species of frog, identified as naturally fluorescent.[3][4][5] Among land-living vertebrates, it had only been confirmed earlier in certain parrots (as opposed to fish and invertebrates where relatively widespread).[3] A few months later, fluorescence was discovered in the closely related Hypsiboas atlanticus,[6] and in 2019 it was discovered in the distantly related pumpkin toadlet (Brachycephalus ephippium) and red pumpkin toadlet (B. pitanga).[7] In 2020, it was confirmed that fluorescence is relatively widespread among frogs and other amphibians.[8]

When exposed to ultra-violet light, the skin of the polka-dot tree frog emits a bright green fluorescent glow. The discovery was made accidentally when the researchers checked the skin secretions of the frog under UV light. They expected only a faint red fluorescence, because the frog skin contains biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment responsible for its dull mottled browny-green colour.[9] The surprising green fluorescence is attributed to hyloin compounds, mainly hyloin-L1, hyloin-L2 and hyloin-G1.[3][4] These fluorescent molecules, in the dihydroisoquinolinone family and derived from the isoquinoline (a benzene ring fused to a pyridine ring), in an alkaloid protecting mucous membrane, have been identified in the lymph tissue, skin and glandular secretions of the frog.[3] Because it is linked to secretions from skin glands, they can also leave fluorescent markings on surfaces where they have been.[6]

The fluorescence intensity represents about 18−29% of the luminosity under twilight conditions and is suspected to play a possible role in the communication, camouflage and mating of the frog.[3]

References

  1. ^ Ron, S.R.; M. Read (27 November 2019). "Boana punctata". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  2. ^ La Marca, E., Scott, N., Aquino, L., Azevedo-Ramos, C., Coloma, L.A., Ron, S., Faivovich, J., Baldo, D. & Hardy, J. (2004). Hypsiboas punctatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e Taboada, Carlos; Brunetti, Andrés E.; Pedron, Federico N.; Neto, Fausto Carnevale; Estrin, Darío A.; Bari, Sara E.; Chemes, Lucía B.; Lopes, Norberto Peporine; Lagorio, María G.; Faivovich, Julián (2017-03-13). "Naturally occurring fluorescence in frogs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114: 201701053. doi:10.1073/pnas.1701053114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5389305. PMID 28289227. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  4. ^ a b Nowogrodzki, Anna (2017-03-16). "First fluorescent frog found". Nature News. 543 (7645): 297. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..297N. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21616. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  5. ^ Wong, Sam (2017-03-13). "Luminous frog is the first known naturally fluorescent amphibian". New Scientist. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  6. ^ a b Taboada, C.; A.E. Brunetti; C. Alexandre; M.G. Lagorio; J. Faivovich (2017). "Fluorescent Frogs: A Herpetological Perspective". South American Journal of Herpetology. 12 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00029.1.
  7. ^ Sandra Goutte; Matthew J. Mason; Marta M. Antoniazzi; Carlos Jared; Didier Merle; Lilian Cazes; Luís Felipe Toledo; Hanane el-Hafci; Stéphane Pallu; Hugues Portier; Stefan Schramm; Pierre Gueriau; Mathieu Thoury (2019). "Intense bone fluorescence reveals hidden patterns in pumpkin toadlets". Scientific Reports. 9: 5388. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41959-8.
  8. ^ Lamb, J.Y.; M.P. Davis (2020). "Salamanders and other amphibians are aglow with biofluorescence". Scientific Reports. 10: 2821. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59528-9.
  9. ^ Livsey, Anna (2017-03-14). "World's first fluorescent frog discovered in South America". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
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