Liver scratch test: Difference between revisions
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The '''Liver scratch test''' is a technique used by medical professionals during a physical exam to locate the inferior border of the [[liver]] in order to approximate the size of a patient's liver. The technique was first credited to Burton-Opitz in 1925<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Krishan|last2=Dhawan|first2=Akash|last3=Abel|first3=Christian|last4=Talley|first4=Nicholas|last5=Attia|first5=John|date=2013-02-25|title=A re-evaluation of the scratch test for locating the liver edge|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442829|journal=BMC gastroenterology|volume=13|pages=35|doi=10.1186/1471-230X-13-35|issn=1471-230X|pmc=3598244|pmid=23442829}}</ref> where it was used to identify the [[Cardiac Silhouette|cardiac silhouette]], however there are references of similar techniques used prior to this. The liver scratch test can be used when other exam techniques used to approximate liver size are ineffective and is thought to be most useful if the abdomen is distended, too tender for direct palpation, the abdominal muscles are too rigid, or the patient is obese.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/501274024|title=Mosby's guide to physical examination|date=2011|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|others=Seidel, Henry M.|isbn=978-0-323-05570-3|edition=7th ed|location=St. Louis, Mo.|oclc=501274024}}</ref> |
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The '''Liver scratch test''' is a method medical professionals use in ascertaining the location and size of a patient's liver during a physical assessment. It is often used when other techniques, such as the [[hepatojugular reflux]] test either fail or are ineffective, most often due to abdominal distention or muscle tenseness. The Liver scratch test uses [[auscultation]] to detect the differences in sound transmission through the abdominal cavity over solid and hollow organs and spaces.<ref>Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination, 6th Edition, 2008, pages 545-547.</ref> |
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== Technique == |
=== Technique === |
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The liver scratch test is a type of [[Auscultation|auscultatory]] percussion that uses the difference in sound transmission between solid and hollow organs in the abdominal cavity in order to locate the inferior edge of the liver.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003854948|title=Schiff's diseases of the liver|others=Schiff, Eugene R.,, Maddrey, Willis C.,, Reddy, K. Rajender,|isbn=978-1-119-25125-5|edition=Twelfth edition|location=Chichester, West Sussex|oclc=1003854948}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The test is most commonly performed by placing the [[stethoscope]] below the [[xiphoid process]] and lightly scratching the skin parallel to the expected liver edge. The examiner begins scratching in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen along the [[midclavicular line]] and moves superiorly until the sound abruptly increases in volume. This location of suddenly increased auscultation volume is marked as the inferior edge of the liver and can then be used to determine the overall liver size. Multiple variations on the exam also exist including different stethoscope placements such as over the costal margin or liver, percussing the abdomen instead of scratching, or scratching in different patterns i.e. circular or lateral directions.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Controversy === |
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After placing a [[stethoscope]] over the approximate location of a patient's liver, a medical professional will then scratch the skin of the patient's abdomen lightly, moving laterally along the liver border. When the liver is encountered, the scratching sound heard in the stethoscope will increase significantly. In this manner, the size and shape of a patient's liver can be ascertained. |
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Despite being commonly taught to medical trainees, the liver scratch test's value as part of the abdominal physical exam has been controversial as it has historically performed poorly. While it has been proposed to abandon the test altogether<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bundrick|first=John B.|date=2009-11|title=The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2770929/|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=84|issue=11|pages=1045|issn=0025-6196|pmc=2770929}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McGee, Steven R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793588303|title=Evidence-based physical diagnosis|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|isbn=978-1-4377-2207-9|edition=3rd ed|location=Philadelphia|oclc=793588303}}</ref>, some studies have suggested that the scratch test is at least as accurate as percussion overall in identifying the liver edge and even more accurate for young trainees.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huelsen|first=Alexander|last2=Fischer|first2=Jesse|last3=Hegarty|first3=Justin|last4=Ashcroft|first4=Anna|last5=Frampton|first5=Christopher Ma|last6=Barclay|first6=Murray L.|date=2016-12-02|title=The scratch test for identifying the lower liver edge is at least as accurate as percussion and is significantly more effective for young trainees-a randomised comparative trial|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906919|journal=The New Zealand Medical Journal|volume=129|issue=1446|pages=53–63|issn=1175-8716|pmid=27906919}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 14:48, 30 April 2020
The Liver scratch test is a technique used by medical professionals during a physical exam to locate the inferior border of the liver in order to approximate the size of a patient's liver. The technique was first credited to Burton-Opitz in 1925[1] where it was used to identify the cardiac silhouette, however there are references of similar techniques used prior to this. The liver scratch test can be used when other exam techniques used to approximate liver size are ineffective and is thought to be most useful if the abdomen is distended, too tender for direct palpation, the abdominal muscles are too rigid, or the patient is obese.[2]
Technique
The liver scratch test is a type of auscultatory percussion that uses the difference in sound transmission between solid and hollow organs in the abdominal cavity in order to locate the inferior edge of the liver.[2][3][1] The test is most commonly performed by placing the stethoscope below the xiphoid process and lightly scratching the skin parallel to the expected liver edge. The examiner begins scratching in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen along the midclavicular line and moves superiorly until the sound abruptly increases in volume. This location of suddenly increased auscultation volume is marked as the inferior edge of the liver and can then be used to determine the overall liver size. Multiple variations on the exam also exist including different stethoscope placements such as over the costal margin or liver, percussing the abdomen instead of scratching, or scratching in different patterns i.e. circular or lateral directions.[1]
Controversy
Despite being commonly taught to medical trainees, the liver scratch test's value as part of the abdominal physical exam has been controversial as it has historically performed poorly. While it has been proposed to abandon the test altogether[4][5], some studies have suggested that the scratch test is at least as accurate as percussion overall in identifying the liver edge and even more accurate for young trainees.[6]
References
- ^ a b c Gupta, Krishan; Dhawan, Akash; Abel, Christian; Talley, Nicholas; Attia, John (2013-02-25). "A re-evaluation of the scratch test for locating the liver edge". BMC gastroenterology. 13: 35. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-35. ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 3598244. PMID 23442829.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Mosby's guide to physical examination. Seidel, Henry M. (7th ed ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2011. ISBN 978-0-323-05570-3. OCLC 501274024.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Schiff's diseases of the liver. Schiff, Eugene R.,, Maddrey, Willis C.,, Reddy, K. Rajender, (Twelfth edition ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. ISBN 978-1-119-25125-5. OCLC 1003854948.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Bundrick, John B. (2009-11). "The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (11): 1045. ISSN 0025-6196. PMC 2770929.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ McGee, Steven R. (2012). Evidence-based physical diagnosis (3rd ed ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-2207-9. OCLC 793588303.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ Huelsen, Alexander; Fischer, Jesse; Hegarty, Justin; Ashcroft, Anna; Frampton, Christopher Ma; Barclay, Murray L. (2016-12-02). "The scratch test for identifying the lower liver edge is at least as accurate as percussion and is significantly more effective for young trainees-a randomised comparative trial". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 129 (1446): 53–63. ISSN 1175-8716. PMID 27906919.
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