Spirometra erinaceieuropaei: Difference between revisions
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==Life Cycle== |
==Life Cycle== |
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The ''S. erinaceieuropaei'' life cycle is complex and consists of three hosts. The life cycle starts when eggs are discharged via feces from the [[Host (biology)|definitive host]]. When discharged, the eggs are immature until they reach a fresh water source. Once in fresh water, the eggs hatch to become first stage larvae (coracidia). From here, coracidia are ingested by crustaceans ([[Copepod|copepods]]), which become the first [[Host (biology)|intermediate host]]. Inside the first intermediate host, the coracidia develop into procercoid larvae; however, this is still considered the first larval stage. Next, copepods are eaten by fish, reptiles, or other amphibians that become the second intermediate host. Inside the second intermediate host, the larvae will burrow into the intestinal tract where they develop into plerocercoid larvae (the final larval stage). In the final larvae stage, ''S. erinaceieuropaei'' migrate to [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous tissues]] and/or muscles<ref>{{Citation|last=Tanowitz|first=Herbert B.|title=CHAPTER 118 - Introduction to Tapeworm Infections|date=2011-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978070203935500118X|work=Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice (Third Edition)|pages=813–814|editor-last=Guerrant|editor-first=Richard L.|publisher=W.B. Saunders|language=en|isbn=978-0-7020-3935-5|access-date=2020-02-29|last2=Wittner|first2=Murray|last3=White|first3=A. Clinton|editor2-last=Walker|editor2-first=David H.|editor3-last=Weller|editor3-first=Peter F.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Le|first=Anh Tran|last2=Do|first2=Le-Quyen Thi|last3=Nguyen|first3=Huong-Binh Thi|last4=Nguyen|first4=Hong-Ngoc Thi|last5=Do|first5=Anh Ngoc|date=2017-10-10|title=Case report: the first case of human infection by adult of SPIROMETRA ERINACEIEUROPAEI in VIETNAM|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635579/|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=17|doi=10.1186/s12879-017-2786-x|issn=1471-2334|pmc=5635579|pmid=29017468}}</ref>. Finally, the second intermediate host is eaten by a definitive host. A couple of weeks later, ''S. erinaceieuropaei'' mature into adult tapeworms and the life cycle continues. Adult tapeworms can survive up to 30 years in their definitive host (typically dogs and cats)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Spirometra erinaceieuropaei - WormBase ParaSite|url=https://parasite.wormbase.org/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei_prjeb1202/Info/Index/|website=parasite.wormbase.org|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>. The secondary intermediate host can also be eaten by other animals such as primate, pigs, mice, birds, and even humans. These animals become the [[Host (biology)|paratenic hosts]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lescano|first=Andres G.|last2=Zunt|first2=Joseph|date=2013|title=Other cestodes: sparganosis, coenurosis and Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080899/|journal=Handbook of clinical neurology|volume=114|pages=335–345|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00027-3|issn=0072-9752|pmc=4080899|pmid=23829923}}</ref>. |
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The worm has an interesting lifecycle. The adult worm lives in the small intestine of [[cat]]s and [[dog]]s, where it may grow as long as 1.5 m. Eggs from the worm are passed with the host feces, when they develop into a [[procercoid]] larva. This larva may be directly ingested by humans or may enter intermediate hosts which include frogs, birds, snakes, rats, and mice and become a [[plerocercoid]] larva. When cats, dogs, foxes, or wolves eat the intermediate host, the worm completes its lifecycle becoming an egg-producing adult. Because humans would normally ingest the worm at the procercoid stage and are not usually eaten by cats and dogs, the human is a dead-end host.<ref>http://www.aavp.org/wiki/cestodes/pseudophyllidea/spirometra/spirometra-mansonoides/</ref> |
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==Pathology== |
==Pathology== |
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Revision as of 03:19, 1 May 2020
| Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | |
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| Species: | S. erinaceieuropaei
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| Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | |
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans. In humans, infection is called sparganosis. S. erinaceieuropaei’s distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that it can be found nearly anywhere the parasite can complete its lifecycle.[1] This species is closely related to Spirometra mansonoides, and few morphological differences exist between the two. One difference is that the uterus of S. mansonoides is a “U” shape, but in S. erinaceieuropaei the uterus consists of two sections that resemble horns. The life cycle of both species is very similar.[2]
Genomics
The genome of S. erinaceieuropaei recovered from the patient's brain was sequenced in 2014 and is available through the WormBase ParaSite website.[3]
Morphology
Adult Spirometra are typically large worms with long bodies consisting of three distinguishable body sections: the scolex, the neck, and the strobilia. Overall body length can reach up to several meters; however, this can vary depending on host species as well as other factors[4].The scolex is the spoon shaped anterior portion of the worm and consists of the head with attachments. Instead of hooks and distinct suckers (like most tape worms), S. erinaceieuropaei have two bothria[5]. Bothria are grooves on the scolex that contain weak muscles that perform a sucking action. The neck is unsegmented and located between the scolex and the rest of the body[6]. The proglottids make up the remainder of the body (everything after the neck), and together are termed the strobilia. As proglottids mature, they develop two sets of reproductive organs, one male and one female. Each proglottid is capable of reproducing via self fertilization[7]. Eggs are typically ovoid in shape with tapered ends[8]. Finally, should the head and neck be severed from one or all of the proglottids, S. erinaceieuropaei can regenerate a new body[7].
Life Cycle
The S. erinaceieuropaei life cycle is complex and consists of three hosts. The life cycle starts when eggs are discharged via feces from the definitive host. When discharged, the eggs are immature until they reach a fresh water source. Once in fresh water, the eggs hatch to become first stage larvae (coracidia). From here, coracidia are ingested by crustaceans (copepods), which become the first intermediate host. Inside the first intermediate host, the coracidia develop into procercoid larvae; however, this is still considered the first larval stage. Next, copepods are eaten by fish, reptiles, or other amphibians that become the second intermediate host. Inside the second intermediate host, the larvae will burrow into the intestinal tract where they develop into plerocercoid larvae (the final larval stage). In the final larvae stage, S. erinaceieuropaei migrate to subcutaneous tissues and/or muscles[9][10]. Finally, the second intermediate host is eaten by a definitive host. A couple of weeks later, S. erinaceieuropaei mature into adult tapeworms and the life cycle continues. Adult tapeworms can survive up to 30 years in their definitive host (typically dogs and cats)[11]. The secondary intermediate host can also be eaten by other animals such as primate, pigs, mice, birds, and even humans. These animals become the paratenic hosts[12].
Pathology
Although humans can get infected with this parasite, they cannot contract it from an infected cat or dog. People cannot get infected by ingesting the eggs, which is what the pet would be shedding. They would have to eat the procercoid stage, which is found in the intermediate hosts. If the meat of an intermediate host, such as chicken, is undercooked and it happens to be contaminated by the parasite, the person can get infected.[13]
Diagnoses and Treatment
An easy way to determine if an animal is infected with any type of tapeworm is seeing the proglottids in the feces. These are the white segments that break off from the parasite. To determine the type of species, a fecal sample under the microscope to see the eggs would be the best way. The eggs of any Spirometra species are oval in shape with a distinct operculum at one pole. The treatment for S. erinaceieuropaei is the drug praziquantel, which is typical for tapeworm infections.[14]
See also
References
- ^ Okamoto, M; Iseto, C; Shibahara, T; Sato, M.O; Wandra, T; Craig, P.S; Ito, A (2007). "Intraspecific variation of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and phylogenetic relationship between Spirometra and Diphyllobothrium inferred from mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences". Parasitology International. 56 (3): 235–238. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2007.03.003. PMID 17482507.
- ^ http://www.aavp.org/wiki/cestodes/pseudophyllidea/spirometra/spirometra-mansonoides/
- ^ Bennett, Hayley M; Mok, Hoi Ping; Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni; Tsai, Isheng J; Stanley, Eleanor J; Antoun, Nagui M; Coghlan, Avril; Harsha, Bhavana; Traini, Alessandra; Ribeiro, Diogo M; Steinbiss, Sascha; Lucas, Sebastian B; Allinson, Kieren SJ; Price, Stephen J; Santarius, Thomas S; Carmichael, Andrew J; Chiodini, Peter L; Holroyd, Nancy; Dean, Andrew F; Berriman, Matthew (2014). "The genome of the sparganosis tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaeiisolated from the biopsy of a migrating brain lesion". Genome Biology. 15 (11): 510. doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0510-3. PMC 4265353. PMID 25413302.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu; Park, Hansol; Lee, Dongmin; Choe, Seongjun; Kang, Yeseul; Bia, Mohammed Mebarek; Lee, Sang-Hwa; Sohn, Woon-Mok; Hong, Sung-Jong; Chai, Jong-Yil; Eom, Keeseon S. (2018-06-30). "Genetic and Morphologic Identification of Spirometra ranarum in Myanmar". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 56 (3): 275–280. doi:10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.275. ISSN 0023-4001. PMC 6046563. PMID 29996631.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Eberhard, Mark L.; Thiele, Elizabeth A.; Yembo, Gole E.; Yibi, Makoy S.; Cama, Vitaliano A.; Ruiz-Tiben, Ernesto (2015-08-05). "Thirty-Seven Human Cases of Sparganosis from Ethiopia and South Sudan Caused by Spirometra Spp". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 93 (2): 350–355. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0236. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 4530760. PMID 26055739.
- ^ "Overview of Tapeworm Infections - Infectious Diseases". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
- ^ a b Okino, Tetsuya; Ushirogawa, Hiroshi; Matoba, Kumiko; Nishimatsu, Shin-ichiro; Saito, Mineki (2017-04-01). "Establishment of the complete life cycle of Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in the laboratory using a newly isolated triploid clone". Parasitology International. 66 (2): 116–118. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.12.011. ISSN 1383-5769.
- ^ Kavana, N; Lim, L; Ambu, Stephen (2014-09-01). "The life-cycle of Spirometra species from Peninsular Malaysia". Tropical biomedicine. 31: 487–495.
- ^ Tanowitz, Herbert B.; Wittner, Murray; White, A. Clinton (2011-01-01), Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.), "CHAPTER 118 - Introduction to Tapeworm Infections", Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice (Third Edition), W.B. Saunders, pp. 813–814, ISBN 978-0-7020-3935-5, retrieved 2020-02-29
- ^ Le, Anh Tran; Do, Le-Quyen Thi; Nguyen, Huong-Binh Thi; Nguyen, Hong-Ngoc Thi; Do, Anh Ngoc (2017-10-10). "Case report: the first case of human infection by adult of SPIROMETRA ERINACEIEUROPAEI in VIETNAM". BMC Infectious Diseases. 17. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2786-x. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 5635579. PMID 29017468.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Spirometra erinaceieuropaei - WormBase ParaSite". parasite.wormbase.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
- ^ Lescano, Andres G.; Zunt, Joseph (2013). "Other cestodes: sparganosis, coenurosis and Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis". Handbook of clinical neurology. 114: 335–345. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00027-3. ISSN 0072-9752. PMC 4080899. PMID 23829923.
- ^ Liu, W; Zhao, G.H; Tan, M.Y; Zeng, D.L; Wang, K.Z; Yuan, Z.G; Lin, R.Q; Zhu, X.Q; Liu, Y (2010). "Survey of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana infection in the frog Rana nigromaculata of the Hunan Province of China". Veterinary Parasitology. 173 (1–2): 152–156. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.005. PMID 20609520.
- ^ http://www.aavp.org/wiki/cestodes/pseudophyllidea/spirometra/spirometra-mansonoides/
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