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{{short description|Domesticated ruminant bred for meat, wool and milk }} |
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{{speciesbox |
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| name = Sheep |
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| image = Flock of sheep.jpg |
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| image_upright = 1.1 |
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| status = DOM |
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| genus = Ovis |
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| species = aries |
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| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] |
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| synonyms = ''Ovis guineensis'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}<br/> |
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''Ovis strepsiceros'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} |
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}} |
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The '''sheep''', ovis aries, is [[quadruped]]al, [[ruminant]] [[mammal]]. |
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'''Sheep''' are [[quadruped]]al, [[ruminant]] [[mammal]]s typically kept as [[livestock]]. Like most ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the [[even-toed ungulate]]s. Although the name '''sheep''' applies to many species in the genus ''[[Ovis]]'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to ''Ovis aries''. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female is referred to as a ''ewe'' ({{IPAc-en|j|uː}}), an intact male as a ''ram'', occasionally a ''tup'', a [[castrated]] male as a ''wether'', and a young sheep as a ''lamb''. |
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Sheep are most likely descended from the wild [[mouflon]] of Europe and Asia; one of the earliest animals to be domesticated for [[agricultural]] purposes, sheep are raised for [[fleeces]], meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and [[sheep milk|milk]]. A sheep's [[wool]] is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by [[sheep shearing|shearing]]. [[Wikt:ovine|Ovine]] meat is called [[lamb and mutton|lamb]] when from younger animals and [[mutton]] when from older ones in Commonwealth countries, and lamb in the United States (including from adults). Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for [[Sheepskin (material)|pelts]], as [[dairy]] animals, or as [[model organism]]s for science. |
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[[Sheep husbandry]] is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, and has been fundamental to many civilizations. In the modern era, [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the southern and central [[South America]]n nations, and the [[British Isles]] are most closely associated with sheep production. |
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There are a large [[glossary of sheep husbandry|lexicon of unique terms]] which vary considerably by region and [[dialect]]. Use of the word ''sheep'' began in [[Middle English]] as a derivation of the [[Old English]] word ''{{lang|ang|scēap}}''; it is both the singular and plural name for the animal. A group of sheep is called a flock. Many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist, generally related to lambing, shearing, and age. |
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Being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, and find representation in much modern language and [[symbology]]. As livestock, sheep are most often associated with [[pastoral]], [[Arcadia (utopia)|Arcadian]] imagery. Sheep figure in many [[mythologies]]—such as the [[Golden Fleece]]—and major religions, especially the [[Abrahamic]] traditions. In both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as [[sacrificial animals]]. |
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{{TOC limit|limit=3}} |
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==History== |
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{{main|History of the domestic sheep}} |
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The exact line of descent between domestic sheep and their wild ancestors is unclear.<ref name="Hiendleder">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hiendleder S, Kaupe B, Wassmuth R, Janke A |title=Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=269 |issue=1494 | pages = 893–904 |year=2002 |pmid=12028771 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2002.1975 |pmc=1690972}}</ref> The most common hypothesis states that ''Ovis aries'' is descended from the Asiatic (''O. orientalis'') species of [[mouflon]].<ref name="sheep and goat"/>{{rp|5}} Sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated by humankind (although the domestication of dogs may have taken place more than 20,000 years earlier); the domestication date is estimated to fall between 11,000 and 9,000 B.C in [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="sheep and goat">Ensminger</ref>{{rp|4}}<ref name="hobby">Weaver</ref>{{rp|11–14}}<ref name="storey">Simmons & Ekarius</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Krebs, Robert E. |author2=Carolyn A. | title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World | location=Westport, CT | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-313-31342-4}}</ref> The rearing of sheep for secondary products, and the resulting breed development, began in either southwest Asia or western Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Chessa | first1=B. | last2=Pereira | first2=F. | last3=Arnaud | first3=F. | last4=Amorim | first4=A. | last5=Goyache | first5=F. | last6=Mainland | first6=I. | last7=Kao | first7=R. R. | last8=Pemberton | first8=J. M. | last9=Beraldi | first9=D. | last10=Stear | first10=M. J. | last11=Alberti | first11=A. | last12=Pittau | first12=M. | last13=Iannuzzi | first13=L. | last14=Banabazi | first14=M. H. | last15=Kazwala | first15=R. R. | last16=Zhang | first16=Y. -P. | last17=Arranz | first17=J. J. | last18=Ali | first18=B. A. | last19=Wang | first19=Z. | last20=Uzun | first20=M. | last21=Dione | first21=M. M. | last22=Olsaker | first22=I. | last23=Holm | first23=L. -E. | last24=Saarma | first24=U. | last25=Ahmad | first25=S. | last26=Marzanov | first26=N. | last27=Eythorsdottir | first28=M. J. | first29=P. | last30=Bruford | first30=M. W. | last28=Holland | last29=Ajmone-Marsan | first27=E. | title=Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations | doi=10.1126/science.1170587 | journal=Science | volume=324 | issue=5926 | pages=532–536 | year=2009 | pmid= 19390051| pmc =3145132 |
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| bibcode=2009Sci...324..532C }}</ref> Initially, sheep were kept solely for meat, milk and skins. Archaeological evidence from [[statuary]] found at sites in [[Iran]] suggests that selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC,<ref name="sheep and goat"/>{{rp|5}}<ref name="hobby"/>{{rp|11}} and the earliest woven wool garments have been dated to two to three thousand years later.<ref name="begin">Smith et al.</ref>{{rp|8}} |
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Sheep husbandry spread quickly in Europe. Excavations show that in about 6000 BC, during the [[Neolithic]] period of prehistory, the Castelnovien people, living around [[Châteauneuf-les-Martigues]] near present-day [[Marseille]] in the south of France, were among the first in Europe to keep domestic sheep.<ref>Max Escalon de Fonton, ''L'Homme avant l'histoire'', p. 16–17, in ''Histoire de la Provence'', Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990. See also F. Bourdier, ''Préhistoire de France'' (Paris, 1967) and G. Bailloud, ''Les civilisations Néolithiques de la France'' (Paris, 1955).</ref> Practically from its inception, [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek civilization]] relied on sheep as primary livestock, and were even said to name individual animals.<ref name="hobby"/>{{rp|13}} [[Ancient Romans]] kept sheep on a wide scale, and were an important agent in the spread of sheep raising. [[Pliny the Elder]], in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] (''Naturalis Historia''), speaks at length about sheep and wool.<ref name="pliny">{{cite web |author=Pliny the Elder | title= Naturalis Historia | year=1855| orig-year= 77 | pages= Chapters 72–75 | url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137 | accessdate=2007-12-29 | website=Perseus Digital Library|publisher=Tufts University| author-link= Pliny the Elder }}</ref> European colonists spread the practice to the [[New World]] from 1493 onwards.<ref name="sheep and goat"/><ref name="hobby"/>{{rp|12}} |
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==Characteristics== |
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[[File:Sheep in Kashmir 2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|White and Chocolate brown varieties of sheep]] |
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Domestic sheep are relatively small ruminants, usually with a [[Crimp (wool)|crimped]] hair called wool and often with horns forming a [[lateral (anatomy)|lateral]] [[spiral]]. Domestic sheep differ from their wild relatives and ancestors in several respects, having become uniquely [[Neoteny|neotenic]] as a result of selective breeding by humans.<ref>Budiansky, pp. 97–98.</ref><ref>Budianksy, pp. 100–01.</ref> A few primitive breeds of sheep retain some of the characteristics of their wild cousins, such as short tails. Depending on breed, domestic sheep may have no horns at all (i.e. [[Polled livestock|polled]]), or horns in both sexes, or in males only. Most horned breeds have a single pair, but a few breeds may have several.<ref name="sheep and goat"/> |
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Another trait unique to domestic sheep as compared to wild ovines is their wide variation in color. Wild sheep are largely variations of brown hues, and variation within species is extremely limited. Colors of domestic sheep range from pure white to dark chocolate brown, and even spotted or [[piebald]].<ref name="rmcsba"/><ref name="bcsba"/> Selection for easily dyeable white fleeces began early in sheep domestication, and as white wool is a [[dominant trait]] it spread quickly. However, colored sheep do appear in many modern breeds, and may even appear as a [[recessive]] trait in white flocks.<ref name="rmcsba">{{cite web |url=http://www.rmncsba.org/ |title=Natural Colored Sheep |accessdate=2008-01-05 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Natural Colored Sheep Breeders Association |date=January 2007 |work=Rare Breeds Watchlist }}</ref><ref name="bcsba">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcsba.org.uk/coloured-sheep/coloured-sheep.html |title=An introduction to coloured sheep |accessdate=2008-01-05 |website=British Coloured Sheep Breeders Association |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110215254/http://www.bcsba.org.uk/coloured-sheep/coloured-sheep.html |archivedate=2007-11-10}}</ref> While white wool is desirable for large commercial markets, there is a [[niche market]] for colored fleeces, mostly for [[handspinning]].<ref name="hobby"/> The nature of the fleece varies widely among the breeds, from dense and highly crimped, to long and hairlike. There is variation of wool type and quality even among members of the same flock, so [[wool classing]] is a step in the commercial processing of the fibre.[[File:Take ours!.jpg|thumb|left|[[Suffolk sheep|Suffolks]] are a medium wool, black-faced breed of meat sheep that make up 60% of the sheep population in the U.S.<ref name="storey" />]]Depending on breed, sheep show a range of heights and weights. Their rate of growth and mature weight is a [[heritable]] trait that is often selected for in breeding.<ref name="storey"/> Ewes typically weigh between {{Convert|45|and|100|kg|lb|-1}}, and rams between {{Convert|45|and|160|kg|lb|-1}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |author=Melinda J. Burrill |title =Sheep |encyclopedia=World Book |publisher=Mackiev}}</ref> When all deciduous teeth have erupted, the sheep has 20 teeth.<ref>Frandson, R. D. and T. L. Spurgeon. 1992. Anatomy and physiology of farm animals. 5th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.</ref> Mature sheep have 32 teeth. As with other ruminants, the front teeth in the lower jaw bite against a hard, toothless pad in the upper jaw. These are used to pick off vegetation, then the rear teeth grind it before it is swallowed. There are eight lower front teeth in ruminants, but there is some disagreement as to whether these are eight [[incisor]]s, or six incisors and two incisor-shaped [[Canine tooth|canines]]. This means that the [[Dentition|dental formula]] for sheep is either {{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.3.3|lower=4.0.3.3}} or {{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}} <!-- I:0/4 C:0/0 P:3/3 M:3/3, or I:0/3 C:0/1 P:3/3 M:3/3 --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/cowpage.html |title=Dental Anatomy of Ruminants from Colorado State University |website=Vivo.colostate.edu |date=2001-11-07 |accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref> There is a large [[diastema (dentistry)|diastema]] between the [[incisor]]s and the [[molars]]. |
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In the first few years of life one can calculate the age of sheep from their front teeth, as a pair of [[Deciduous teeth|milk teeth]] is replaced by larger adult teeth each year, the full set of eight adult front teeth being complete at about four years of age. The front teeth are then gradually lost as sheep age, making it harder for them to feed and hindering the health and productivity of the animal. For this reason, domestic sheep on normal [[pasture]] begin to slowly decline from four years on, and the life expectancy of a sheep is 10 to 12 years, though some sheep may live as long as 20 years.<ref name="sheep and goat" /><ref>{{cite web | last =Schoenian | first =Susan | title =Sheep Basics | work =Sheep101.info | url =http://www.sheep101.info/sheepbasics.html | accessdate =2007-11-27 }}</ref><ref name="begin" /> [[File:Crâne mouton.jpg|thumb|Skull]]Sheep have good hearing, and are sensitive to noise when being handled.<ref name=smith5>Smith et al., p. 5.</ref> Sheep have horizontal slit-shaped pupils, with excellent [[peripheral vision]]; with visual fields of about 270° to 320°, sheep can see behind themselves without turning their heads.<ref name="hobby" /><ref name="ASI">{{cite book |last=Shulaw |first=Dr. William P. |year=2006 |title=Sheep Care Guide |url=https://sheepusa.org/resources-publications-sheepcareguide |publisher=American Sheep Industry Association |accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> Many breeds have only short hair on the face, and some have facial wool (if any) confined to the poll and or the area of the mandibular angle; the wide angles of peripheral vision apply to these breeds. A few breeds tend to have considerable wool on the face; for some individuals of these breeds, peripheral vision may be greatly reduced by "wool blindness", unless recently shorn about the face.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Terrill | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Hazel | first2 = L. N. | year = 1946 | title = Heritability of neck folds and face covering in range Rambouillet lambs as evaluated by scoring | url = | journal = J. Anim. Sci. | volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 170–179 | doi = 10.2527/jas1946.52170x }}</ref> Sheep have poor [[depth perception]]; shadows and dips in the ground may cause sheep to baulk. In general, sheep have a tendency to move out of the dark and into well-lit areas,<ref name="modern"/> and prefer to move uphill when disturbed. Sheep also have an excellent sense of smell, and, like all species of their genus, have scent glands just in front of the eyes, and interdigitally on the feet. The purpose of these glands is uncertain,<ref name="Smith4"/> but those on the face may be used in breeding behaviors.<ref name="storey"/> The foot glands might also be related to reproduction,<ref name="storey"/> but alternative functions, such as secretion of a waste product or a scent marker to help lost sheep find their flock, have also been proposed.<ref name="Smith4">Smith et al., p. 4.</ref> |
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=== Comparison with goats === |
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Sheep and [[goat]]s are closely related: both are in the subfamily [[Caprinae]]. However, they are separate species, so [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] rarely occur, and are always infertile. A hybrid of a ewe and a buck (a male goat) is called a [[sheep-goat hybrid]], and is not to be confused with the [[sheep-goat chimera]], though both are known as ''geep''. Visual differences between sheep and goats include the beard of goats and divided upper lip of sheep. Sheep tails also hang down, even when short or [[Docking (animal)|docked]], while the short tails of goats are held upwards. Also, sheep breeds are often naturally [[Polled livestock|polled]] (either in both sexes or just in the female), while naturally polled goats are rare (though many are polled artificially). Males of the two species differ in that buck goats acquire a unique and strong odor during the [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]], whereas rams do not.<ref name="begin"/> |
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===Breeds=== |
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[[File:Synchronized Sheep Judging.jpg|thumb|Sheep being judged for adherence to their [[breed standard]], and being held by the most common method of restraint]] |
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{{See also|List of sheep breeds}} |
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The domestic sheep is a multi-purpose animal, and the more than 200 [[List of sheep breeds|breeds]] now in existence were created to serve these diverse purposes.<ref name="sheep and goat"/><ref name="okstate">{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/ |title=Sheep (Ovis aries) |accessdate= 2007-11-02 |work=Breeds of Livestock |publisher=Oklahoma State University Dept. of Animal Science }}</ref> Some sources give a count of a thousand or more breeds,<ref name="Dwyer2008">{{cite book|author=Cathy M. Dwyer|title=The Welfare of Sheep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxlbW9to_1YC&pg=PA56|accessdate=15 October 2010|date=31 July 2008|publisher=シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社|isbn=978-1-4020-8552-9|pages=56–}}</ref><ref name="Jensen2009">{{cite book|author=Per Jensen|title=The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162|accessdate=15 October 2010|year=2009|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-536-8|pages=162–}}</ref> but these numbers cannot be verified, according to some sources.<ref name="hobby"/><ref name="begin"/> However, several hundred breeds of sheep have been identified by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN]] (FAO), with the estimated number varying somewhat from time to time: e.g. 863 breeds as of 1993,<ref>Maijala, K. 1997, Genetic aspects of domestication, common breeds and their origin. In: Piper, L. and A. Ruvinsky (eds.). The genetics of sheep. CABI</ref> 1314 breeds as of 1995<ref>Scherf, B. D. 2000. World watch list for domestic animal diversity. 3rd Edition. FAO, Rome</ref> and 1229 breeds as of 2006.<ref name="FAO 2007">FAO. 2007. State of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture</ref> (These numbers exclude extinct breeds, which are also tallied by the FAO.) For the purpose of such tallies, the FAO definition of a breed is "either a subspecific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species or a group for which geographical and/or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity."<ref name="FAO 2007"/> Almost all sheep are classified as being best suited to furnishing a certain product: wool, meat, milk, hides, or a combination in a dual-purpose breed. Other features used when classifying sheep include face color (generally white or black), tail length, presence or lack of horns, and the [[topography]] for which the breed has been developed. This last point is especially stressed in the UK, where breeds are described as either upland (hill or mountain) or lowland breeds.<ref name="modern">{{cite book |title=The Modern Shepherd |last=Brown |first=Dave |author2=Sam Meadowcroft |year=1996 |publisher=Farming Press |location=Ipswich, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-85236-188-7}}</ref> A sheep may also be of a [[fat-tailed sheep|fat-tailed type]], which is a dual-purpose sheep common in Africa and Asia with larger deposits of fat within and around its tail. |
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[[File:Barbados Blackbelly.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The [[Barbados Blackbelly]] is a hair sheep breed of [[Caribbean]] origin.]] |
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Breeds are often categorized by the type of their wool. Fine wool breeds are those that have wool of great crimp and density, which are preferred for textiles. Most of these were derived from [[Merino (sheep)|Merino]] sheep, and the breed continues to dominate the world sheep industry. Downs breeds have wool between the extremes, and are typically fast-growing meat and ram breeds with dark faces.<ref name="D’Arcy">D’Arcy, J.B., Sheep Management & Wool Technology, NSW University Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0-86840-106-4}}</ref> Some major medium wool breeds, such as the [[Corriedale sheep|Corriedale]], are dual-purpose crosses of long and fine-wooled breeds and were created for high-production commercial flocks. Long wool breeds are the largest of sheep, with long wool and a slow rate of growth. Long wool sheep are most valued for crossbreeding to improve the attributes of other sheep types. For example: the American [[Columbia (sheep)|Columbia]] breed was developed by crossing [[Lincoln (sheep)|Lincoln]] rams (a long wool breed) with fine-wooled [[Rambouillet (sheep)|Rambouillet]] ewes. |
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Coarse or [[carpet]] wool sheep are those with a medium to long length wool of characteristic coarseness. Breeds traditionally used for carpet wool show great variability, but the chief requirement is a wool that will not break down under heavy use (as would that of the finer breeds). As the demand for carpet-quality wool declines, some breeders of this type of sheep are attempting to use a few of these traditional breeds for alternative purposes. Others have always been primarily meat-class sheep.<ref name="living">Wooster</ref> |
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[[File:A flock of Australian White Sheep in Mudgegonga, Victoria, Australia. This is breed of hair sheep suited for the hot and varied Australian climate.jpg|thumb|A flock of [[Australian White sheep|Australian White]] hair sheep in Mudgegonga, Victoria, Australia. This is a new breed of hair sheep suited for the hot and varied Australian climate]] |
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A minor class of sheep are the [[dairy]] breeds. Dual-purpose breeds that may primarily be meat or wool sheep are often used secondarily as milking animals, but there are a few breeds that are predominantly used for milking. These sheep produce a higher quantity of milk and have slightly longer lactation curves.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dairy Sheep Nutrition |last=Pulina |first=Giuseppe |author2=Roberta Bencini |year=2004 |publisher=CABI Publishing |isbn=978-0-85199-595-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rTdfR3UxWXQC&dq=dairy+sheep+breeds}}</ref> In the quality of their milk, the fat and protein content percentages of dairy sheep vary from non-dairy breeds, but lactose content does not.<ref name="Pulina2">Pulina et al. p. 2.</ref> |
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A last group of sheep breeds is that of fur or '''hair sheep''', which do not grow wool at all. Hair sheep are similar to the early domesticated sheep kept before woolly breeds were developed, and are raised for meat and pelts. Some modern breeds of hair sheep, such as the [[Dorper (sheep)|Dorper]], result from crosses between wool and hair breeds. For meat and hide producers, hair sheep are cheaper to keep, as they do not need shearing.<ref name="living"/> Hair sheep are also more resistant to parasites and hot weather.<ref name="begin"/> |
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With the modern rise of corporate [[agribusiness]] and the decline of localized [[family farm]]s, many breeds of sheep are in danger of extinction. The [[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] of the UK lists 22 native breeds as having only 3,000 registered animals (each), and [[The Livestock Conservancy]] lists 14 as either "critical" or "threatened".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep.php |title=Sheep |accessdate=2008-09-07 |author=[[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] (UK) |date=January 2008 |work=Rare Breeds Watchlist | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622235527/http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep.php| archivedate = June 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/main.php|title=Watchlist |accessdate=2008-09-07 |author=[[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] (UK) | year=2008 |work=A numerical guide to the 2008 Watchlist categories | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080731020600/http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/main.php| archivedate = July 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/conservation-priority-list#Sheep|title = Conservation Priority List|publisher = [[The Livestock Conservancy]]|accessdate = 2013-09-03|work = livestockconservancy.org}}</ref> Preferences for breeds with uniform characteristics and fast growth have pushed heritage (or heirloom) breeds to the margins of the sheep industry.<ref name="living"/> Those that remain are maintained through the efforts of conservation organizations, breed registries, and individual farmers dedicated to their preservation. |
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==Diet== |
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Sheep are [[herbivorous]] mammals. Most breeds prefer to graze on [[grass]] and other short [[roughage]], avoiding the taller woody parts of plants that goats readily consume.<ref name="Pugh, pp. 19">Pugh, pp. 19.</ref> Both sheep and goats use their [[lip]]s and [[tongue]]s to select parts of the plant that are easier to digest or higher in nutrition.<ref name="Pugh, pp. 19"/> Sheep, however, graze well in [[monoculture]] pastures where most goats fare poorly.<ref name="Pugh, pp. 19"/> |
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[[File:Rumen-sheep2.jpg|thumb|Ruminant system of a sheep]] |
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Like all ruminants, sheep have a complex [[digestive system]] composed of four chambers, allowing them to break down [[cellulose]] from stems, leaves, and seed hulls into simpler [[carbohydrate]]s. When sheep [[Grazing|graze]], vegetation is chewed into a mass called a [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]], which is then passed into the [[rumen]], via the [[Reticulum (anatomy)|reticulum]]. The rumen is a 19- to 38-liter (5 to 10 gallon) organ in which feed is [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]].<ref name="simmons146">Simmons & Ekarius, p. 146.</ref> The fermenting organisms include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.<ref>Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press. 476 pp.</ref> (Other important rumen organisms include some archaea, which produce methane from carbon dioxide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wright | first1 = A.-D. G. | display-authors = etal | year = 2004 | title = Molecular diversity of rumen methanogens from sheep in Western Australia | url = | journal = Appl. Environ. Microbiol. | volume = 70 | issue = 3| pages = 1263–1270 | doi=10.1128/aem.70.3.1263-1270.2004| pmid = 15006742 | pmc = 368393}}</ref>) The bolus is periodically regurgitated back to the mouth as [[cud]] for additional chewing and [[salivation]].<ref name="simmons146" /> After fermentation in the rumen, feed passes into the [[Reticulum (anatomy)|reticulum]] and the [[omasum]]; special feeds such as grains may bypass the rumen altogether. After the first three chambers, food moves into the [[abomasum]] for final digestion before processing by the [[intestine]]s. The abomasum is the only one of the four chambers analogous to the human stomach, and is sometimes called the "true stomach".<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 171.</ref> |
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Other than forage, the other staple feed for sheep is [[hay]], often during the winter months. The ability to thrive solely on pasture (even without hay) varies with breed, but all sheep can survive on this diet.<ref name="living" /> Also included in some sheep's diets are [[mineral]]s, either in a trace mix or in [[Salt lick|licks]]. Feed provided to sheep must be specially formulated, as most cattle, poultry, pig, and even some goat feeds contain levels of [[copper]] that are lethal to sheep.<ref name="hobby" /> The same danger applies to mineral supplements such as [[salt lick]]s.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 159.</ref> |
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===Grazing behavior=== |
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Sheep follow a [[diurnality|diurnal]] pattern of activity, feeding from dawn to dusk, stopping sporadically to rest and chew their [[cud]]. Ideal pasture for sheep is not lawnlike grass, but an array of [[grass]]es, [[legume]]s and [[forb]]s.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 82.</ref> Types of land where sheep are raised vary widely, from pastures that are seeded and improved intentionally to rough, native lands. Common plants toxic to sheep are present in most of the world, and include (but are not limited to) cherry, some oaks and acorns, tomato, [[Taxus|yew]], rhubarb, potato, and [[rhododendron]].<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 160.</ref> |
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[[File:SnakeValley.JPG|thumb|right|Sheep grazing on public land ([[Utah]], 2009)]] |
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====Effects on pasture==== |
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Sheep are largely [[grazing]] herbivores, unlike [[Browsing (predation)|browsing]] animals such as goats and deer that prefer taller foliage. With a much narrower face, sheep crop plants very close to the ground and can [[overgraze]] a pasture much faster than cattle.<ref name="begin"/> For this reason, many shepherds use [[managed intensive rotational grazing]], where a flock is rotated through multiple pastures, giving plants time to recover.<ref name="begin"/><ref name="modern"/> Paradoxically, sheep can both cause and solve the spread of [[invasive species|invasive plant species]]. By disturbing the natural state of pasture, sheep and other livestock can pave the way for invasive plants. However, sheep also prefer to eat invasives such as [[cheatgrass]], [[Euphorbia virgata|leafy spurge]], [[kudzu]] and [[spotted knapweed]] over native species such as [[sagebrush]], making grazing sheep effective for [[conservation grazing]].<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 143.</ref> Research conducted in [[Imperial County, California]] compared lamb grazing with [[herbicides]] for [[weed]] control in seedling [[alfalfa]] fields. Three trials demonstrated that grazing lambs were just as effective as herbicides in controlling winter weeds. [[Entomologist]]s also compared grazing lambs to [[insecticides]] for insect control in winter alfalfa. In this trial, lambs provided insect control as effectively as insecticides.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ucanr.org/delivers/impactview.cfm?impactnum=176 |title=Sheep grazing reduces pesticide use in alfalfa |work=ucanr.org |publisher=University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources }}</ref> |
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==Behavior== |
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[[File:Border Collie sheepdog trial.jpg|thumb|Sheep showing flocking behavior during a [[sheepdog trial]]]] |
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[[File:Flock of sheep in South Africa (2015).jpg|thumb|Flock of sheep in [[South Africa]] (2015)]] |
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===Flock behavior=== |
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Sheep are [[Herd animal|flock]] animals and strongly gregarious; much sheep behavior can be understood on the basis of these tendencies. The [[dominance hierarchy]] of sheep and their natural inclination to follow a leader to new pastures were the pivotal factors in sheep being one of the first domesticated livestock species.<ref name="wild">Budiansky</ref> Furthermore, in contrast to the [[red deer]] and [[gazelle]] (two other ungulates of primary importance to meat production in prehistoric times), sheep do not defend [[Territory (animal)|territories]] although they do form [[home ranges]].<ref name="CluttonBrock, (1987)">Clutton-Brock, J., (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge pp.55</ref> All sheep have a tendency to congregate close to other members of a flock, although this behavior varies with breed,<ref name=smith5/> and sheep can become stressed when separated from their flock members.<ref name="storey"/> During flocking, sheep have a strong tendency to follow, and a leader may simply be the first individual to move. Relationships in flocks tend to be closest among related sheep: in mixed-breed flocks, subgroups of the same breed tend to form, and a ewe and her direct descendants often move as a unit within large flocks.<ref name="hobby"/> Sheep can become [[hefted]] to one particular local pasture (heft) so they do not roam freely in unfenced landscapes. Lambs learn the heft from ewes and if whole flocks are culled it must be retaught to the replacement animals.<ref name="storey"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1634526.stm| work=BBC News| date=2001-11-03| title=Sheep taught to stay put| accessdate=2006-04-29}}</ref> |
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Flock behaviour in sheep is generally only exhibited in groups of four or more sheep; fewer sheep may not react as expected when alone or with few other sheep.<ref name="hobby"/> Being a prey species, the primary defense mechanism of sheep is to flee from danger when their [[flight zone]] is entered. Cornered sheep may charge and butt, or threaten by hoof stamping and adopting an aggressive posture. This is particularly true for ewes with newborn lambs.<ref name="hobby"/> |
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In regions where sheep have no natural predators, none of the native breeds of sheep exhibit a strong flocking behavior.<ref name="begin"/> |
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====Herding==== |
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[[File:Round 'em up.jpg|thumb|right|Escaped sheep being led back to pasture with the enticement of food. This method of moving sheep works best with smaller flocks.]] |
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Farmers exploit flocking behavior to keep sheep together on unfenced pastures such as [[hill farming]], and to move them more easily. For this purpose shepherds may use [[herding dog]]s in this effort, with a highly bred [[herding]] ability. Sheep are food-oriented, and association of humans with regular feeding often results in sheep soliciting people for food.<ref>Budiasnky p. 100 et al.</ref> Those who are moving sheep may exploit this behavior by leading sheep with buckets of feed.<ref>Budiansky p. 10.</ref><ref>Wooster, pp. 73, 75.</ref> |
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===Dominance hierarchy=== |
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Sheep establish a [[Dominance (ethology)|dominance]] hierarchy through fighting, threats and competitiveness. Dominant animals are inclined to be more aggressive with other sheep, and usually feed first at [[wikt:trough|troughs]].<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 8.</ref> Primarily among rams, horn size is a factor in the flock hierarchy.<ref name="Budiansky78">Budiansky p. 78.</ref> Rams with different size horns may be less inclined to fight to establish the dominance order, while rams with similarly sized horns are more so.<ref name="Budiansky78"/> [[Merino]]s have an almost linear hierarchy whereas there is a less rigid structure in Border Leicesters when a competitive feeding situation arises.<ref name="Squires and Daws, (1975)">{{cite journal | last1 = Squires | first1 = V.R. | last2 = Daws | first2 = G.T. | year = 1975 | title = Leadership and dominance relationships in Merino and Border Leicester sheep | url = | journal = Applied Animal Ethology | volume = 1 | issue = 3| pages = 263–274 | doi=10.1016/0304-3762(75)90019-x}}</ref> |
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In sheep, position in a moving flock is highly correlated with social dominance, but there is no definitive study to show consistent voluntary leadership by an individual sheep.<ref name="Squires and Daws, (1975)" /> |
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===Intelligence and learning ability=== |
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Sheep are frequently thought of as [[Animal cognition|unintelligent animals]].<ref>Smith et al., p. 3.</ref> Their flocking behavior and quickness to flee and panic can make shepherding a difficult endeavor for the uninitiated. Despite these perceptions, a [[University of Illinois system|University of Illinois]] [[monograph]] on sheep reported their intelligence to be just below that of pigs and on par with that of cattle.<ref name="hobby"/> |
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Sheep can recognize individual human and ovine faces and remember them for years.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |last=Kendrick |first=Keith |author2=da Costa AP |author3=Leigh AE |author4=Hinton MR |author5=Peirce JW |date=November 2001 |title=Sheep don't forget a face |journal=Nature |volume= 414|issue= 6860|pages= 165–6|id=11700543 |doi=10.1038/35102669 |pmid=11700543 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..165K }}</ref><ref name="minds">{{Cite journal |last=Morell |first=Virginia |date=March 2008 |title=Animal Minds |periodical=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |publisher=The [[National Geographic Society]] |volume=213 |issue=3 |page=47}}</ref> In addition to long-term facial recognition of individuals, sheep can also differentiate emotional states through facial characteristics.<ref name="nature"/><ref name="minds"/> If worked with patiently, sheep may learn their names, and many sheep are trained to be led by [[halter]] for showing and other purposes.<ref name="hobby"/> Sheep have also responded well to [[clicker training]].<ref name="hobby"/> Sheep have been used as pack animals; [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] nomads distribute baggage equally throughout a flock as it is herded between living sites.<ref name="hobby"/> |
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It has been reported that some sheep have apparently shown problem-solving abilities; a flock in [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]] allegedly found a way to get over [[cattle grid]]s by rolling on their backs, although documentation of this has relied on anecdotal accounts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jul/30/sillyseason.ruralaffairs|title=Pennine spot where sheep won't be fenced in|last=Wainwright|first=Martin|date=2004-07-30|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref> |
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===Vocalisations=== |
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{{listen |filename=Sheep bleating.ogg |title=A sheep baa |description=A sheep bleat}} |
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Sounds made by domestic sheep include bleats, grunts, rumbles and snorts. Bleating ("baaing") is used mostly for contact communication, especially between dam and lambs, but also at times between other flock members.<ref name=Lynch1992>Lynch, J.J., G. N Hinch and D. B. Adams. (1992). ''The Behaviour Of Sheep: Biological Principles And Implications For Production.'' CABI, Wallingford. 237 pp.</ref> The bleats of individual sheep are distinctive, enabling the ewe and her lambs to recognize each other's vocalizations.<ref>Fraser, A. F. and D. M. Broom. (1997). ''Farm Animal Behaviour And Welfare.'' 3rd Ed. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 437 pp.</ref> Vocal communication between lambs and their dam declines to a very low level within several weeks after parturition.<ref name=Lynch1992/> A variety of bleats may be heard, depending on sheep age and circumstances. Apart from contact communication, bleating may signal distress, frustration or impatience; however, sheep are usually silent when in pain. Isolation commonly prompts bleating by sheep.<ref name=Dwyer2008b>Dwyer, C.M. (ed.) (2008). ''The Welfare Of Sheep.'' CABI, Wallingford, UK. 366 pp.</ref> Pregnant ewes may grunt when in labor.<ref>Vince, M. A., A. E. Billing, B. A. Baldwin, J. N. Toner and C. Weller. (1985). Maternal vocalizations and other sounds in the fetal lamb's sound environment. Early Human Development, 11: 179–190.</ref> Rumbling sounds are made by the ram during courting; somewhat similar rumbling sounds may be made by the ewe,<ref name=Lynch1992/> especially when with her neonate lambs. A snort (explosive exhalation through the nostrils) may signal aggression or a warning,<ref name=Lynch1992/><ref>Houpt, K. A. (2005). ''Domestic Animal Behavior For Veterinarians And Animal Scientists.'' Blackwell Publishers, Ames, Iowa. 506 pp.</ref> and is often elicited from startled sheep.<ref>Hurnik, J. F. (1995) ''Dictionary of Farm Animal Behavior'', quoted at [http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/USDA/viddic/viddics.htm Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University]</ref> |
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===Senses=== |
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[[File:Lamb 09807-a.jpg|thumb|Lamb]] |
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In sheep breeds lacking facial wool, the visual field is wide. In 10 sheep (Cambridge, Lleyn and Welsh Mountain breeds, which lack facial wool), the visual field ranged from 298° to 325°, averaging 313.1°, with binocular overlap ranging from 44.5° to 74°, averaging 61.7°.<ref name=Piggins1996>Piggins, D. and C. J. C. Phillips. 1996. The eye of the domesticated sheep and its implications for vision. Animal Science. 62: 301–308.</ref> In some breeds, unshorn facial wool can limit the visual field; in some individuals, this may be enough to cause "wool blindness". In 60 Merinos, visual fields ranged from 219.1° to 303.0°, averaging 269.9°, and the binocular field ranged from 8.9° to 77.7°, averaging 47.5°; 36% of the measurements were limited by wool,<ref name=Hutson1980>Hutson, G. D. 1980. Visual field, restricted vision and sheep movement in laneways. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 6: 175–187.</ref> although photographs of the experiments indicate that only limited facial wool regrowth had occurred since shearing. In addition to facial wool (in some breeds), visual field limitations can include ears and (in some breeds) horns,<ref name=Hutson1980/> so the visual field can be extended by tilting the head. Sheep eyes exhibit very low [[hyperopia]] and little [[Astigmatism (eye)|astigmatism]]. Such visual characteristics are likely to produce a well-focused retinal image of objects in both the middle and long distance.<ref name=Piggins1996/> Because sheep eyes have no [[accommodation (eye)|accommodation]], one might expect the image of very near objects to be blurred, but a rather clear near image could be provided by the [[Tapetum lucidum|tapetum]] and large retinal image of the sheep's eye, and adequate close vision may occur at muzzle length.<ref name=Piggins1996/> Good depth perception, inferred from the sheep's sure-footedness, was confirmed in "visual cliff" experiments;<ref name=Hutson1980/><ref>Hargreaves, A. L. and G. D. Hutson. 1997. Handling systems for sheep. Livestock Production Science 49: 121–138.</ref> behavioral responses indicating depth perception are seen in lambs at one day old.<ref>Menzies, R. G. 1995. The etiology of phobias: a nonassociative account. Clin. Psych. Rev. 15: 23–48.</ref> Sheep are thought to have colour vision, and can distinguish between a variety of colours: black, red, brown, green, yellow and white.<ref name="Alexander and Shillito, (1978)">Alexander, G. and Shillito, E.E. (1978). Maternal responses in Merino ewes to artificially coloured lambs. Applied Animal Ethology, 4: 141–152</ref> Sight is a vital part of sheep communication, and when grazing, they maintain visual contact with each other.<ref name="Kilgour, (1977)">Kilgour, R., (1977). Design sheep yards to suit the whims of sheep. N.Z. Farmer, 98(6): 29–31</ref> Each sheep lifts its head upwards to check the position of other sheep in the flock. This constant monitoring is probably what keeps the sheep in a flock as they move along grazing. Sheep become stressed when isolated; this stress is reduced if they are provided with a mirror, indicating that the sight of other sheep reduces stress.<ref name="Parrott, (1990)">Parrott, R.F., (1990). Physiological responses to isolation in sheep. Social Stress in Domestic Animals, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands: 1990. 212 -226</ref> |
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Taste is the most important sense in sheep, establishing forage preferences, with sweet and sour plants being preferred and bitter plants being more commonly rejected. Touch and sight are also important in relation to specific plant characteristics, such as succulence and growth form.<ref name="Krueger, et al., (1974)">Krueger, W.C., Laycock, W.A. and Price, D.A., (1974). Relationships of taste, smell, sight and touch on forage selection. Journal of Range Management, 27(4): 258–262</ref> |
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The ram uses his [[vomeronasal]] organ (sometimes called the Jacobson's organ) to sense the pheromones of ewes and detect when they are in [[estrus]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ungerfeld | first1 = R. | last2 = Ramos | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Möller | first3 = R. | year = 2006 | title = Role of the vomeronasal organ on ram's courtship and mating behaviour and on mate choice among oestrous ewes | url = | journal = Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. | volume = 99 | issue = 3–4| pages = 248–252 | doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2005.10.016}}</ref> The ewe uses her vomeronasal organ for early recognition of her neonate lamb.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Booth | first1 = K. K. | last2 = Katz | first2 = L. S. | year = 2000 | title = Role of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal offspring recognitions in sheep | url = | journal = Biol. Reprod. | volume = 63 | issue = 3| pages = 353–358 | doi = 10.1095/biolreprod63.3.953 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==Reproduction== |
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{{Main|Domestic sheep reproduction}} |
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[[File:Emerging lamb cropped.jpg|thumb|The second of twins being born.]] |
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Sheep follow a similar [[Reproduction|reproductive]] strategy to other herd animals. A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram, who has either been chosen by a breeder or (in [[feral]] populations) has established dominance through physical contest with other rams.<ref name="living"/> Most sheep are [[seasonal breeder]]s, although some are able to breed year-round.<ref name="living"/> Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months old, and rams generally at four to six months.<ref name="living"/> However, there are exceptions. For example, Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3 to 4 months, and Merino ewes sometimes reach puberty at 18 to 20 months.<ref>Jainudeen, M. R. et al. 2000, "Sheep and goats". In: Hafez, E. S. E. and B. Hafez (eds.) Reproduction in farm animals. 7th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. pp. 172–181.</ref> Ewes have [[estrus]] cycles about every 17 days,<ref>Wooster, p. 111.</ref> during which they emit a scent and indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams. A minority of rams (8% on average) display a preference for [[Homosexual behavior in animals|homosexuality]]<ref name="nyt"/> and a small number of the females that were accompanied by a male fetus ''in utero'' are [[freemartin]]s (female animals that are behaviorally masculine and lack functioning [[Ovary|ovaries]]).<ref name="freemartin">{{cite journal |last=Padula |first=A.M. |year=2005 |title=The freemartin syndrome: an update. |journal=Animal Reproduction Science |volume=87 |issue=1/2 |pages=93–109 |url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/anirep/article/S0378-4320(04)00231-3/abstract |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130102120147/http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/anirep/article/S0378-4320(04)00231-3/abstract |archive-date=2013-01-02 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008 |pmid=15885443 }}</ref><ref>Parkinson, T. J. et al. 2001. Inter-relationships among gonadotrophins, reproductive steroids and inhibin in freemartin ewes. ''Reproduction' 122: 397–409.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Szatkowska | first1 = I. | last2 = Switonski | first2 = M. | year = 1996 | title = Evidence on hereditary occurrence of placental anastomoses in heterosexual twins in sheep | url = | journal = Hereditas | volume = 124 | issue = 2| pages = 107–110 | doi=10.1111/j.1601-5223.1996.t01-1-00107.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = K. C. | display-authors = etal | year = 2003 | title = Morphological, histological and histochemical studies of the gonads of ovine freemartin | url = | journal = Vet. Rec. | volume = 152 | issue = 6| pages = 164–169 | doi=10.1136/vr.152.6.164}}</ref> |
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In feral sheep, rams may fight during the [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]] to determine which individuals may mate with ewes. Rams, especially unfamiliar ones, will also fight outside the breeding period to establish dominance; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely.<ref name="living"/> During the rut, even usually friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans due to increases in their hormone levels.<ref name="storey"/> |
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After mating, sheep have a [[gestation]] period of about five months,<ref>Wooster, p. 71.</ref> and normal labor takes one to three hours.<ref>Wooster, p. 124.</ref> Although some breeds regularly throw larger litters of lambs, most produce single or twin lambs.<ref name="storey"/><ref name="quints">{{cite news |title=Quintuplet birth takes sheep breeder by surprise |url=http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/258/czech_business/17581/ |work=Prague Daily Monitor |publisher=Czech News Agency |date= 2008-01-24 |accessdate=2008-01-25 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129030117/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/258/czech_business/17581/| archivedate = January 29, 2008}}</ref> During or soon after labor, ewes and lambs may be confined to small [[Glossary of sheep husbandry|lambing jugs]],<ref>Smith, et al., p. 32.</ref> small pens designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond between them and their lambs.<ref name="modern"/><ref name="living"/> |
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[[File:Lamb first steps (edited).jpg|thumb|right|A lamb's first steps]] |
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Ovine [[obstetrics]] can be problematic. By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing; balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding.<ref>Budiansky, pp. 122–23.</ref> In the case of any such problems, those present at lambing may assist the ewe by extracting or repositioning lambs.<ref name="living"/> After the birth, ewes ideally break the [[amniotic sac]] (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb.<ref name="living"/> Most lambs will begin standing within an hour of birth.<ref name="living"/> In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital [[colostrum]] milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are rejected by the ewe require help to survive, such as bottle-feeding or fostering by another ewe.<ref>Smith et al., p. 110.</ref> |
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Most lambs begin life being born outdoors. After lambs are several weeks old, [[Glossary of sheep husbandry|lamb marking]] ([[Glossary of sheep husbandry|ear tagging]], [[Docking (animal)|docking]], [[mulesing]], and [[castrating]]) is carried out.<ref name="living">Wooster</ref> Vaccinations are usually carried out at this point as well. Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied, for ease of later identification of sheep. Docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after birth, to minimize pain, stress, recovery time and complications.<ref>MAFF (UK) 2000. Sheep: codes of recommendations for the welfare of livestock. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.</ref><ref>Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. Position Statement, March 1996.</ref> The first course of vaccinations (commonly anti-clostridial) is commonly given at an age of about 10 to 12 weeks; i.e. when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit development of active immunity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/vet/covexin-8-can.html|title=Covexin 8 (Canada) for Animal Use|website=Drugs.com|accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref><ref>Tizard, I. R. 2000. Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction. 6th ed. Saunders.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=de la Rosa|first1=C.|display-authors=etal|year=1997|title=Vaccination schedules to raise antibody concentrations against epsilon-toxin of Clostridium perfringens in ewes and their triplet lambs|url=|journal=J. Anim. Sci.|volume=75|issue=9|pages=2328–2334|doi=10.2527/1997.7592328x}}</ref> Ewes are often revaccinated annually about 3 weeks before lambing, to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during the first several hours after lambing.<ref name="Kimberling, C. V 1988">Kimberling, C. V. 1988. Jensen and Swift's diseases of sheep. 3rd ed. Lea & Fibiger, Philadelphia. 394 pp.</ref> Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated.<ref name="modern"/> Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they save money, and inflict only temporary pain.<ref name="storey">Simmons & Ekarius</ref><ref name="living" /> |
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==Health== |
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[[File:Scrapie testing.jpg|thumb|upright|A veterinarian draws blood to test for resistance to scrapie]] |
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Sheep may fall victim to poisons, [[List of infectious sheep and goat diseases|infectious diseases]], and physical injuries. As a prey species, a sheep's system is adapted to hide the obvious signs of illness, to prevent being targeted by predators.<ref name="storey"/> However, some signs of ill health are obvious, with sick sheep eating little, vocalizing excessively, and being generally listless.<ref>Wooster, p. 187.</ref> Throughout history, much of the money and labor of sheep husbandry has aimed to prevent sheep ailments. Historically, shepherds often created remedies by experimentation on the farm. In some developed countries, including the United States, sheep lack the economic importance for drug companies to perform expensive clinical trials required to approve more than a relatively limited number of drugs for ovine use.<ref>Smith et al., p. 95.</ref> However, extra-label drug use in sheep production is permitted in many jurisdictions, subject to certain restrictions. In the US, for example, regulations governing extra-label drug use in animals are found in 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 530.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=530&show |title=CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 |website=Accessdata.fda.gov |date=1996-11-07 |accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref> In the 20th and 21st centuries, a minority of sheep owners have turned to alternative treatments such as [[homeopathy]], [[herbalism]] and even [[traditional Chinese medicine]] to treat sheep veterinary problems.<ref name="hobby"/><ref name="storey"/> Despite some favorable [[anecdotal evidence]], the effectiveness of alternative veterinary medicine has been met with skepticism in [[scientific journal]]s.<ref name="hobby"/><ref name="storey"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Paolo Bellavite |author2=Riccardo Ortolani |author3=Anita Conforti |last-author-amp=yes |date=June 2006 |title=Immunology and Homeopathy. Experimental Studies on Animal Models |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=171–86 |pmid=16786046|doi=10.1093/ecam/nel016|pmc=1475939}}</ref> The need for traditional anti-parasite drugs and [[antibiotic]]s is widespread, and is the main impediment to certified [[organic farming]] with sheep.<ref name="living"/> |
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Many breeders take a variety of [[Preventive medicine|preventive measures]] to ward off problems. The first is to ensure all sheep are healthy when purchased. Many buyers avoid outlets known to be clearing houses for animals culled from healthy flocks as either sick or simply inferior.<ref name="storey"/> This can also mean maintaining a closed flock, and [[Quarantine|quarantining]] new sheep for a month. Two fundamental preventive programs are maintaining good nutrition and reducing stress in the sheep. Restraint, isolation, loud noises, novel situations, pain, heat, extreme cold, fatigue and other stressors can lead to secretion of cortisol, a stress hormone, in amounts that may indicate welfare problems.<ref>Grandin, T. (ed.). 2007. Livestock handling and transport. 3rd Ed. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 386 pp.</ref><ref name="Gregory, N. G 1998">Gregory, N. G. 1998. Animal welfare and meat science. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 298 pp.</ref><ref>Houpt, K. A. 2004. Behavioral physiology. In: Reece, W. O . (ed.). Dukes’ physiology of domestic animals. 12th Ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. pp. 952–961.</ref><ref name="Moberg, G. P 2000. pp. 1-21">Moberg, G. P. and J. A. Mench. 2000. The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for welfare. CABI, Wallingford, UK. pp. 1–21.</ref> Excessive stress can compromise the immune system.<ref name="Moberg, G. P 2000. pp. 1-21"/> "Shipping fever" (pneumonic mannheimiosis, formerly called pasteurellosis) is a disease of particular concern, that can occur as a result of stress, notably during transport and (or) handling.<ref>Brogden, K. A., H. D. Lehmjuhl, R. C. Cutlip. 1998. Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats. Vet. Res. 29: 233–254.</ref><ref>Kimberling, C. V. 1988. Jensen and Swift’s diseases of sheep. 3rd Ed. Lea & Fibiger, Philadelphia. 394 pp.</ref> Pain, fear and several other stressors can cause secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline). Considerable epinephrine secretion in the final days before slaughter can adversely affect meat quality (by causing glycogenolysis, removing the substrate for normal post-slaughter acidification of meat) and result in meat becoming more susceptible to colonization by spoilage bacteria.<ref name="Gregory, N. G 1998"/> Because of such issues, low-stress handling is essential in sheep management. Avoiding poisoning is also important; common poisons are [[pesticide]] sprays, inorganic [[fertilizer]], [[motor oil]], as well as radiator coolant containing ethylene glycol.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 161.</ref> |
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[[File:Sheep with orf.jpg|thumb|right|A sheep infected with [[Orf (disease)|orf]], a disease transmittable to humans through skin contact]] |
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Common forms of preventive medication for sheep are [[vaccination]]s and treatments for [[parasites]]. Both external and internal parasites are the most prevalent malady in sheep, and are either fatal, or reduce the productivity of flocks.<ref name="storey"/> [[Worm]]s are the most common internal parasites. They are ingested during grazing, incubate within the sheep, and are expelled through the digestive system (beginning the cycle again). Oral anti-parasitic medicines, known as [[Deworming|drenches]], are given to a flock to treat worms, sometimes after worm eggs in the feces has been counted to assess infestation levels. Afterwards, sheep may be moved to a new pasture to avoid ingesting the same parasites.<ref name="modern"/> External sheep parasites include: lice (for different parts of the body), sheep [[Hippoboscidae|keds]], [[nose bot]]s, [[Psorergates ovis|sheep itch mites]], and [[maggot]]s. Keds are blood-sucking parasites that cause general malnutrition and decreased productivity, but are not fatal. Maggots are those of the [[bot fly]] and the [[blow-fly]], commonly ''[[Common green bottle fly|Lucilia sericata]]'' or its relative ''L. cuprina''. Fly maggots cause the extremely destructive condition of [[flystrike]]. Flies lay their eggs in wounds or wet, manure-soiled wool; when the maggots hatch they burrow into a sheep's flesh, eventually causing death if untreated. In addition to other treatments, [[crutching]] (shearing wool from a sheep's rump) is a common preventive method. Some countries allow [[mulesing]], a practice that involves stripping away the skin on the rump to prevent fly-strike, normally performed when the sheep is a lamb.<ref name="DPI SOP">{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/animal-welfare/general/other/livestock/sop/sheep/mulesing |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070906155137/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/animal-welfare/general/other/livestock/sop/sheep/mulesing |
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|archivedate = 2007-09-06 |
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|title = Standard Operating Procedures – sheep Mulesing |
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|website = New South Wales Department of Primary Industries |
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|accessdate = 2008-03-01}}</ref><ref name="Model Code"> |
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{{cite book |
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|url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/22/pid/5389.htm |
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|format = PDF |
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|title = The Sheep |
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|edition = 2nd |
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|series = Primary Industries Report Series |
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|pages = 17–23 |
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|work = Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals |
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|publisher = [[CSIRO]] Publishing |
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|author = Primary Industries Ministerial Council |
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|year=2006 |accessdate=2008-03-01 |
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|isbn = 978-0-643-09357-7}}</ref> Nose bots are fly larvae that inhabit a sheep's [[Paranasal sinus|sinuses]], causing breathing difficulties and discomfort. Common signs are a discharge from the nasal passage, sneezing, and frantic movement such as head shaking. External parasites may be controlled through the use of [[Glossary of sheep husbandry|backliners]], sprays or immersive [[sheep dip]]s.<ref name="storey"/> |
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A wide array of bacterial and viral diseases affect sheep. Diseases of the hoof, such as [[foot rot]] and foot scald may occur, and are treated with footbaths and other remedies. [[Foot rot]] is present in over 97% of flocks in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fawc-opinion-on-sheep-lameness|title=FAWC opinion on sheep lameness|website=gov.uk|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> These painful conditions cause lameness and hinder feeding. Ovine [[Johne's disease]] is a wasting disease that affects young sheep. [[Bluetongue disease]] is an insect-borne illness causing fever and inflammation of the [[mucous membrane]]s. [[Ovine rinderpest]] (or ''peste des petits ruminants'') is a highly contagious and often fatal [[virus|viral]] disease affecting sheep and goats. Sheep may also be affected by primary <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jane C. Quinn |author2=Yuchi Chen |author3=Belinda Hackney|author4=Muhammad Shoaib Tufail|author5=Panayiotis Loukopoulos |title=Acute-onset high-morbidity primary photosensitisation in sheep associated with consumption of the Casbah and Mauro cultivars of the pasture legume biserrula |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=11 |year=2018 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-1318-7|pmid=29325550 |pmc=5765607 }}</ref> or secondary photosensitization. [[Tetanus]] can also afflict sheep through wounds from [[Sheep shearing|shearing]], [[Docking (animal)|docking]], [[castration]], or vaccination. The organism also can be introduced into the reproductive tract by unsanitary humans who assist ewes during lambing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf|title=Sheep Production and Management|last=College of Agriculture and Home Economics|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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A few sheep conditions are transmissible to humans. [[Orf (animal disease)|Orf]] (also known as scabby mouth, contagious ecthyma or soremouth) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Cutaneous [[anthrax]] is also called woolsorter's disease, as the spores can be transmitted in unwashed wool. More seriously, the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic [[abortion]] in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women. Also of concern are the [[prion]] disease [[scrapie]] and the [[virus]] that causes [[foot-and-mouth disease]] (FMD), as both can devastate flocks. The latter poses a slight risk to humans. During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK, hundreds of sheep were culled and some rare British breeds were at risk of extinction due to this.<ref name="storey"/> |
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Of the 600,300 sheep lost to the US economy in 2004, 37.3% were lost to predators, while 26.5% were lost to some form of disease. Poisoning accounted for 1.7% of non-productive deaths.<ref name=nass/> |
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===Predators=== |
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{{Main|Domestic sheep predation}} |
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[[File:Coyotekilling.jpg|thumb|A lamb being attacked by [[coyote]]s with a bite to the throat]] |
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Other than parasites and disease, [[predation]] is a threat to sheep and the profitability of sheep raising. Sheep have little ability to defend themselves, compared with other species kept as livestock. Even if sheep survive an attack, they may die from their injuries or simply from panic.<ref name="storey"/> However, the impact of predation varies dramatically with region. In Africa, Australia, the Americas, and parts of Europe and Asia predators are a serious problem. In the United States, for instance, over one third of sheep deaths in 2004 were caused by predation.<ref name="nass"/> In contrast, other nations are virtually devoid of sheep predators, particularly islands known for extensive sheep husbandry.<ref name="storey"/> Worldwide, [[Canidae|canids]]—including the domestic dog—are responsible for most sheep deaths.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheep mauled by wild dogs |url=http://www.tweeddailynews.com.au/news/apn-sheep-mauled-by-wild/145009/ |work=Tweed Daily News |date= 2008-01-18 |accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Gareth |last=Lewis |title=Sheep worrying leads to warning from farmers |url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/debusiness/news/display.var.1980009.0.sheep_worrying_leads_to_warning_from_farmers.php |work=The Daily Echo |date= 2008-01-21 |accessdate=2008-01-21 }}</ref><ref name="canids">{{cite book |title=The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids |last=Macdonald |first=David Whyte |author2=Claudio Sillero-Zubiri |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-851555-5 }}</ref> Other animals that occasionally prey on sheep include: felines, bears, birds of prey, ravens and [[Razorback|feral hogs]].<ref name="nass">{{cite web| date= 2005-05-06 |title=Sheep and Goats Death Loss | publisher=[[National Agricultural Statistics Service]] |website=usda.library.cornell.edu|url=https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/hh63sv88v/xk81jp327/9g54xm03j/sgdl-05-06-2005.pdf |accessdate=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 124.</ref> |
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Sheep producers have used a wide variety of measures to combat predation. Pre-modern shepherds used their own presence, [[livestock guardian dog]]s, and protective structures such as barns and fencing. Fencing (both regular and [[Electric fence|electric]]), penning sheep at night and lambing indoors all continue to be widely used.<ref name="living"/> More modern shepherds used guns, [[Animal trapping|traps]], and poisons to kill predators,<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 131.</ref> causing significant decreases in predator populations. In the wake of the environmental and conservation movements, the use of these methods now usually falls under the purview of specially designated government agencies in most developed countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/downloads/effects_on_predators.pdf |title=Effects of Wildlife Services on Predator Populations |date=October 2001 |publisher=Wildlife Services|website=www.aphis.usda.gov |accessdate=2016-08-14}}</ref> |
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The 1970s saw a resurgence in the use of livestock guardian dogs and the development of new methods of predator control by sheep producers, many of them non-lethal.<ref name="modern"/> Donkeys and [[guard llama]]s have been used since the 1980s in sheep operations, using the same basic principle as livestock guardian dogs.<ref name="storey"/> Interspecific pasturing, usually with larger livestock such as cattle or horses, may help to deter predators, even if such species do not actively guard sheep.<ref name="living"/> In addition to animal guardians, contemporary sheep operations may use non-lethal predator deterrents such as motion-activated lights and noisy alarms.<ref name="storey"/> |
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==Economic importance== |
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{{Main|Agricultural economics}} |
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{{Agricultural production box |
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|year= 2013 |
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|animal= sheep |
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|country1= {{CHN}} |
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|amount1=185 |
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|country2= {{AUS}} |
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|amount2=89.0 |
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|country3= {{IND}} |
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|amount3=75.0 |
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|country4= {{SUD}} |
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|amount4=52.5 |
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|country5= {{IRN}} |
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|amount5=50.2 |
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|country6= {{NGR}} |
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|amount6=39 |
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|country7= {{GBR}} |
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|amount7=32.9 |
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|country8= {{NZL}} |
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|amount8=30.8 |
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|world=1,172.8 |
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}} |
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Sheep are an important part of the global agricultural economy. However, their once vital status has been largely replaced by other livestock species, especially the pig, chicken, and cow.<ref name="modern"/> [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Australia]], [[India]], and [[Iran]] have the largest modern flocks, and serve both local and exportation needs for wool and mutton.<ref name="NQR">{{cite news |first=Marius |last=Cuming |title=Live sheep ship-shape |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx |work=North Queensland Register |date=2008-01-24 |accessdate=2008-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316093028/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx |archivedate=2008-03-16}}</ref> Other countries such as New Zealand have smaller flocks but retain a large international economic impact due to their export of sheep products. Sheep also play a major role in many local economies, which may be niche markets focused on organic or [[sustainable agriculture]] and [[Locavore|local food]] customers.<ref name="hobby"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Kim |last=Severson |title=Iceland Woos America With Lamb and Skyr |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt |work=The New York Times |date=2005-09-14 |accessdate=2008-01-27 }}</ref> Especially in [[developing country|developing countries]], such flocks may be a part of [[subsistence agriculture]] rather than a system of trade. Sheep themselves may be a medium of trade in [[Barter|barter economies]].<ref name="hobby"/> |
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[[File:ABS-7215.0-LivestockProductsAustralia-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-AllSeries-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-Australia-A2060656A.svg|thumb|left|Wool supplied by Australian farmers to dealers (tonnes/quarter) has been in decline since 1990]] |
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Domestic sheep provide a wide array of raw materials. Wool was one of the first textiles, although in the late 20th century wool prices began to fall dramatically as the result of the popularity and cheap prices for [[synthetic fabric]]s.<ref name="hobby"/> For many sheep owners, the cost of shearing is greater than the possible profit from the fleece, making subsisting on wool production alone practically impossible without [[farm subsidies]].<ref name="hobby"/> Fleeces are used as material in making alternative products such as [[wool insulation]].<ref>Wooster, p.ix.</ref> In the 21st century, the sale of meat is the most profitable enterprise in the sheep industry, even though far less sheep meat is consumed than chicken, pork or beef.<ref name="modern"/> |
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[[Sheepskin]] is likewise used for making clothes, footwear, rugs, and other products. Byproducts from the slaughter of sheep are also of value: sheep [[tallow]] can be used in candle and soap making, sheep bone and [[cartilage]] has been used to furnish carved items such as dice and buttons as well as rendered glue and [[gelatin]].<ref>Simmons & Ekarus p. 325–329</ref> Sheep [[intestine]] can be formed into sausage casings, and lamb intestine has been formed into [[surgical suture]]s, as well as strings for musical instruments and tennis rackets.<ref name="sheep and goat"/> Sheep droppings, which are high in [[cellulose]], have even been sterilized and mixed with traditional [[Wood pulp|pulp]] materials to make paper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp |title=Sheep Poo paper | website=Creative Paper Wales |accessdate=2007-12-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175558/http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp| archivedate = October 12, 2007}}</ref> Of all sheep byproducts, perhaps the most valuable is [[lanolin]]: the waterproof, fatty substance found naturally in sheep's wool and used as a base for innumerable [[cosmetics]] and other products.<ref name="sheep and goat"/> |
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Some farmers who keep sheep also make a profit from live sheep. Providing lambs for youth programs such as [[4-H]] and competition at [[agricultural show]]s is often a dependable avenue for the sale of sheep.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius p. 322</ref> Farmers may also choose to focus on a particular breed of sheep in order to sell registered [[purebred]] animals, as well as provide a ram rental service for breeding.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius p. 333</ref> A new option for deriving profit from live sheep is the rental of flocks for grazing; these "[[Lawn mower|mowing]] services" are hired in order to keep unwanted vegetation down in public spaces and to lessen [[fire hazard]].<ref>Simmons & Ekarius p. 332–334</ref> |
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Despite the falling demand and price for sheep products in many markets, sheep have distinct economic advantages when compared with other livestock. They do not require expensive housing,<ref>Smith et al., p. 31.</ref> such as that used in the [[intensive farming]] of chickens or pigs. They are an efficient use of land; roughly six sheep can be kept on the amount that would suffice for a single cow or horse.<ref name="storey"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Joanna |last=Small |title=Sheep Compete With Beef |url=http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html |work=KSBR News |publisher=ABC |date= 2008-01-18 |accessdate=2008-01-27 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143253/http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html| archivedate = March 16, 2008}}</ref> Sheep can also consume plants, such as noxious weeds, that most other animals will not touch, and produce more young at a faster rate.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 1.</ref> Also, in contrast to most livestock species, the cost of raising sheep is not necessarily tied to the price of feed crops such as grain, soybeans and corn.<ref name="wcf">{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Wilde |title=Profit opportunities raising sheep |url=http://www.wcfcourier.com/articles/2008/01/20/business/local/6f3309794cec83b9862573d40047bd29.txt |work=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier |date= 2008-01-20 |accessdate=2008-01-27 }}</ref> Combined with the lower cost of quality sheep, all these factors combine to equal a lower [[overhead (business)|overhead]] for sheep producers, thus entailing a higher profitability potential for the small farmer.<ref name="wcf"/> Sheep are especially beneficial for independent producers, including family farms with limited resources, as the sheep industry is one of the few types of animal agriculture that has not been [[vertically integrated]] by [[agribusiness]].<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 3.</ref> However, small flocks, from 10 to 50 ewes, often are not profitable because they tend to be poorly managed. The primary reason is that mechanization is not feasible, so return per hour of labor is not maximized. Small farm flocks generally are used simply to control weeds on irrigation ditches or maintained as a hobby.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf|title=Sheep Production and Management|last=College of Agriculture and Home Economics|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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==As food== |
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[[File:Lamb meat.jpg|thumb|Shoulder of lamb]] |
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{{Main|Lamb and mutton|Sheep milk}} |
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{{See also|Sheep milk cheese|List of sheep milk cheeses|Category:Sheep's-milk cheeses|Sheep's trotters}} |
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Sheep meat and milk were one of the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] to agriculture.<ref name="storey"/> Sheep meat prepared for food is known as either mutton or lamb, and approximately 540 million sheep are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL|title=FAOSTAT|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> "Mutton" is derived from the [[Old French]] ''moton'', which was the word for sheep used by the [[Normans|Anglo-Norman]] rulers of much of the British Isles in the [[Middle Ages]]. This became the name for sheep meat in English, while the [[Old English language|Old English]] word ''sceap'' was kept for the live animal.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1933: Mutton, Sheep, Beef.</ref> Throughout modern history, "mutton" has been limited to the meat of mature sheep usually at least two years of age; "lamb" is used for that of immature sheep less than a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton |title=Mutton |accessdate=2008-01-23 |work=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php |title=What Is Mutton? Understanding The History |accessdate=2008-01-23 |work=[[Mutton Renaissance Campaign]]}}</ref><ref name="ado">{{cite news |first=R.W. |last=Apple Jr. |title=Much Ado About Mutton, but Not in These Parts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html |work= [[The New York Times]] |date=2006-03-29 |accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> |
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In the 21st century, the nations with the highest consumption of sheep meat are the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]], New Zealand, Australia, [[Greece]], [[Uruguay]], the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref name="hobby"/> These countries eat 14–40 lbs (3–18 kg) of sheep meat [[per capita]], [[per annum]].<ref name="hobby"/><ref name="ado"/> Sheep meat is also popular in [[France]], Africa (especially the [[Arab World]]), the [[Caribbean]], the rest of the [[Middle East]], [[India]], and parts of [[China]].<ref name="ado"/> This often reflects a history of sheep production. In these countries in particular, dishes comprising alternative cuts and [[offal]] may be popular or traditional. Sheep [[testicle]]s—called [[animelles]] or [[lamb fries]]—are considered a delicacy in many parts of the world. Perhaps the most unusual dish of sheep meat is the Scottish [[haggis]], composed of various sheep [[offal|innards]] cooked along with oatmeal and chopped onions inside its stomach.<ref>Smith et al., p. 147.</ref> In comparison, countries such as the U.S. consume only a pound or less (under 0.5 kg), with Americans eating 50 pounds (22 kg) of pork and 65 pounds (29 kg) of beef.<ref name="ado"/> In addition, such countries rarely eat mutton, and may favor the more expensive cuts of lamb: mostly [[Meat chop|lamb chops]] and [[leg of lamb]].<ref name="hobby"/> |
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Though sheep's milk may be drunk rarely in fresh form,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf |title=Sheep Trade in Syria |work=napcsyr.org |publisher=National Agricultural Policy Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, [[Syrian Arab Republic]] |access-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012190234/http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making. Sheep have only two [[teat]]s, and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows.<ref name="storey"/> However, as sheep's milk contains far more fat, [[Milk solids|solids]], and minerals than cow's milk, it is ideal for the cheese-making process.<ref name="Pulina2"/> It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher [[calcium]] content.<ref name="Pulina2"/> Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the [[Feta]] of [[Bulgaria]] and [[Greece]], [[Roquefort]] of France, [[Manchego]] from Spain, the [[Pecorino Romano cheese|Pecorino Romano]] (the [[Italian language|Italian]] word for sheep is ''pecore'') and [[Ricotta]] of [[Italy]]. Yogurts, especially some forms of [[strained yogurt]], may also be made from sheep milk.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory |last=Kurmann |first=Joseph A. |author2=Jeremija L. Rašić|author3=Manfred Kroger |year=1992 |publisher=Springer |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-442-00869-7 }}p. 343</ref> Many of these products are now often made with cow's milk, especially when produced outside their country of origin.<ref name="hobby"/> Sheep milk contains 4.8% [[lactose]], which may affect those who are [[lactose intolerance|intolerant]].<ref name="hobby"/> |
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As with other domestic animals, the meat of uncastrated males is inferior in quality, especially as they grow. A "bucky" lamb is a lamb which was not castrated early enough, or which was castrated improperly (resulting in one testicle being retained). These lambs are worth less at market.<ref name="buckylamb">{{cite web|url=http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html|title=Docking, castrating, and disbudding|website=sheepandgoat.com}}</ref><ref name="buckylamb2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=bucky+lamb+sheep#v=onepage&q=bucky%20lamb%20sheep&f=false|title=Marketing Live Stock|year=1922|last1=American Institute Of Agriculture|first1=Chicago}}</ref><ref name="buckylamb3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GDsNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=bucky+lamb+sheep#v=onepage&q=bucky%20lamb%20sheep&f=false|title=Kansas State Board of Agriculture report|year=1901|last1=State Board Of Agriculture|first1=Kansas|last2=Its}}</ref> |
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==In science== |
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[[File:Dolly face closeup.jpg|thumb|right|A cloned ewe named [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]] was a scientific landmark.]] |
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Sheep are generally too large and reproduce too slowly to make ideal research subjects, and thus are not a common [[model organism]].<ref name="EU2005">{{cite web | title =Fifth Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union | website = Commission of the European Communities| url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216072132/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf | archivedate = 2008-02-16|date=November 2007 | accessdate =2008-02-10 }}</ref> They have, however, played an influential role in some fields of science. In particular, the [[Roslin Institute]] of [[Edinburgh, Scotland]] used sheep for [[genetics]] research that produced groundbreaking results. In 1995, two ewes named [[Megan and Morag (cloned sheep)|Megan and Morag]] were the first mammals [[Cloning|cloned]] from [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated cells]]. A year later, a [[Finnish Dorset]] sheep named [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]], dubbed "the world's most famous sheep" in ''[[Scientific American]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around|title=No More Cloning Around|last=Lehrman |first=Sally|date=July 2008|work=[[Scientific American]]|accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref> was the first mammal to be [[cloned]] from an adult [[somatic cell]]. Following this, [[Polly and Molly]] were the first mammals to be simultaneously cloned and [[transgenic]]. |
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As of 2008, the sheep [[genome]] has not been fully sequenced, although a detailed [[genetic linkage|genetic map]] has been published,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=de Gortari MJ, Freking BA, Cuthbertson RP, etal |title=A second-generation linkage map of the sheep genome |journal=Mamm. Genome |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=204–09 |year=1998 |pmid=9501303 |doi=10.1007/s003359900726|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports }}</ref> and a draft version of the complete genome produced by assembling sheep DNA sequences using information given by the genomes of other mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dalrymple BP, Kirkness EF, Nefedov M, etal |title=Using comparative genomics to reorder the human genome sequence into a virtual sheep genome |journal=Genome Biol |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=R152 |year=2007 |pmid=17663790 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152 |pmc=2323240}}</ref> In 2012, a [[transgenic]] sheep named "Peng Peng" was cloned by Chinese scientists, who spliced his genes with that of a roundworm ([[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]) in order to increase production of fats healthier for human consumption.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/24/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 |author=Tan Ee Lyn |date=April 24, 2012 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |title=Worm turns sheep clone to "good" fat: China scientists }}</ref> |
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In the study of [[natural selection]], the population of [[Soay sheep]] that remain on the island of [[Hirta]] have been used to explore the relation of body size and coloration to reproductive success.<ref>{{cite news |first=Henry |last=Fountain |title=In a Sheep Population, Researchers Find a Fitness Gene |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science |work= The New York Times |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2008-02-05 }}</ref> Soay sheep come in several colors, and researchers investigated why the larger, darker sheep were in decline; this occurrence contradicted the rule of thumb that larger members of a population tend to be more successful reproductively.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Sample |title=Soays' natural selection on the hoof |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2008-01-18 |accessdate=2008-02-05 }}</ref> The feral Soays on Hirta are especially useful subjects because they are isolated.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nic |last=Fleming |title=Darker black sheep's decline is in the genes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2008-01-18 |accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> |
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Sheep are one of the few animals where the molecular basis of the diversity of male sexual preferences has been examined.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Roselli CE |author2=Larkin K |author3=Resko JA |author4=Stellflug JN |author5=Stormshak F |title=The volume of a sexually dimorphic nucleus in the ovine medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus varies with sexual partner preference |journal=Endocrinology |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=478–83 |year=2004 |pmid=14525915 |doi=10.1210/en.2003-1098|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, this research has been controversial, and much publicity has been produced by a study at the [[Oregon Health and Science University]] that investigated the mechanisms that produce homosexuality in rams. Organizations such as PETA campaigned against the study, accusing scientists of trying to cure homosexuality in the sheep.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |first=John |last=Schwartz |title=Of Gay Sheep, Modern Science and Bad Publicity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/25/science/25sheep.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2007-01-25 |accessdate=2007-12-07 }}</ref> OHSU and the involved scientists vehemently denied such accusations.<ref name="nyt"/> |
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Domestic sheep are sometimes used in medical research, particularly for researching cardiovascular physiology, in areas such as [[hypertension]] and [[heart failure]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Recchia FA |author2=Lionetti V |title=Animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy for translational research |journal=Vet. Res. Commun. |volume=31 Suppl 1 |pages=35–41 |year=2007 |pmid=17682844 |doi=10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hasenfuss G |title=Animal models of human cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertrophy |journal=Cardiovasc. Res. |volume=39 |issue=1 | pages = 60–76 |year=1998 |pmid=9764190 | doi = 10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pregnant sheep are also a useful model for human pregnancy,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barry JS |author2=Anthony RV |title=The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy |journal=Theriogenology |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=55–67 |year=2008 |pmid=17976713 |doi=10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021 |pmc=2262949}}</ref> and have been used to investigate the effects on fetal development of [[malnutrition]] and [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vuguin PM |title=Animal models for small for gestational age and fetal programming of adult disease |journal=Horm. Res. |volume=68 |issue=3 | pages = 113–23 |year=2007 |pmid=17351325 | doi = 10.1159/000100545|pmc=4287248 }}</ref> In [[behavioral sciences]], sheep have been used in isolated cases for the study of [[Face perception|facial recognition]], as their mental process of recognition is qualitatively similar to humans.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Peirce JW |author2=Leigh AE |author3=daCosta AP |author4=Kendrick KM. |date=June 2001 |title=Human face recognition in sheep: lack of configurational coding and right hemisphere advantage. |journal= Behavioural Processes |pmid=11390088 | volume = 55 | pages = 13–26 | doi = 10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9 |issue=1|citeseerx=10.1.1.560.5882 }}</ref> |
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==Cultural impact== |
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{{See also|Mammals in culture|List of fictional sheep|Bellwether|Black sheep }} |
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[[File:Black sheep-1.jpg|thumb|The proverbial black sheep]] |
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Sheep have had a strong presence in many cultures, especially in areas where they form the most common type of livestock. In the English language, to call someone a sheep or ovine may allude that they are timid and easily led.<ref name="mw">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep |title=Sheep |accessdate=2007-12-01 |work=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary }}</ref> In contradiction to this image, male sheep are often used as symbols of virility and power; the logos of the [[Los Angeles Rams]] football team and the [[Dodge Ram]] pickup truck allude to males of the [[bighorn sheep]], ''Ovis canadensis''. |
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[[Counting sheep]] is popularly said to be an aid to sleep, and some [[Yan Tan Tethera|ancient systems of counting sheep]] persist today. Sheep also enter in colloquial sayings and [[idiom]] frequently with such phrases as "[[black sheep]]". To call an individual a black sheep implies that they are an odd or disreputable member of a group.<ref name="AHD">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00amme_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00amme_0/page/64 64] |quote=american heritage dictionary black sheep. |title=American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |accessdate=2007-11-13 |isbn=978-0-395-72774-4 |author1=Ammer, Christine |year=1997}}</ref> This usage derives from the recessive trait that causes an occasional black lamb to be born into an entirely white flock. These black sheep were considered undesirable by shepherds, as black wool is not as commercially viable as white wool.<ref name="AHD"/> Citizens who accept overbearing governments have been referred to by the [[Portmanteau word|Portmanteau]] [[neologism]] of [[sheeple]]. Somewhat differently, the adjective "sheepish" is also used to describe embarrassment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish |title=Sheepish |accessdate=2007-12-01 |work=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary}}</ref> |
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===In heraldry=== |
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In British heraldry, sheep appear in the form of rams, sheep proper and lambs. These are distinguished by the ram being depicted with horns and a tail, the sheep with neither and the lamb with its tail only. A further variant of the lamb, termed the Paschal lamb, is depicted as carrying a [[Christian cross]] and with a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] over its head. Rams' heads, portrayed without a neck and facing the viewer, are also found in British armories. The fleece, depicted as an entire sheepskin carried by a ring around its midsection, originally became known through its use in the arms of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] and was later adopted by towns and individuals with connections to the wool industry.<ref name="Davies">[[Arthur Fox-Davies]], ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, 211-213, https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft.</ref> |
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===Religion and folklore=== |
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[[File:Antikensammlung Kiel 107.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[Red-figure pottery|red-figure]] ram-head [[rhyton]], ca. 340 BC]] |
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In antiquity, symbolism involving sheep cropped up in religions in the [[ancient Near East]], the [[Mideast]], and the [[Mediterranean]] area: [[Çatalhöyük]], ancient Egyptian religion, the Cana'anite and Phoenician tradition, [[Judaism]], [[Greek mythology|Greek religion]], and others. Religious symbolism and ritual involving sheep began with some of the first known faiths: Skulls of rams (along with bulls) occupied central placement in shrines at the Çatalhöyük settlement in 8,000 BCE.<ref>Budiansky, p. 159.</ref> In [[Ancient Egyptian religion]], the ram was the symbol of several gods: [[Khnum]], [[Heryshaf]] and [[Amun]] (in his incarnation as a god of [[fertility]]).<ref name="hobby"/> Other deities occasionally shown with ram features include the goddess [[Ishtar]], the [[Phoenicia]]n god Baal-Hamon, and the Babylonian god Ea-Oannes.<ref name="hobby"/> In Madagascar, sheep were not eaten as they were believed to be incarnations of the souls of ancestors.<ref name="Cooper92">{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=JC |title=Symbolic and Mythological Animals |page=219 |year=1992 |publisher= Aquarian Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85538-118-6}}</ref> |
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There are many ancient Greek references to sheep: that of [[Chrysomallos]], the golden-fleeced ram, continuing to be told through into the modern era. [[Astrology|Astrologically]], [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]], the ram, is the first sign of the classical Greek [[zodiac]], and the sheep is the eighth of the twelve animals associated with the 12-year cycle of in the [[Chinese zodiac]], related to the [[Chinese calendar]].<ref name = Cooper92/> In [[Mongolia]], [[shagai]] are an ancient form of dice made from the [[cuboid bone]]s of sheep that are often used for fortunetelling purposes. |
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[[File:Bernhard Plockhorst - Good Shephard.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jesus]] is depicted as "The Good Shepherd", with the sheep being [[Christianity|Christians]]]] |
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Sheep play an important role in all the Abrahamic faiths; [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], [[Jacob]], [[Moses]], [[King David]] and the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] were all shepherds. According to the Biblical story of the [[Binding of Isaac]], a ram is sacrificed as a substitute for Isaac after an angel stays Abraham's hand (in the Islamic tradition, Abraham was about to sacrifice Ishmael). [[Eid al-Adha]] is a major annual festival in [[Islam]] in which sheep (or other animals) are sacrificed in remembrance of this act.<ref name="Eid">{{cite web | title = Eid ul Adha (10 Dhul-Hijja) – the festival of sacrifice| website = BBC| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml| accessdate = 2008-01-08}}</ref><ref name="sweetness">{{cite web| title = Eid Festival Around The World – Graphic photos| website = Sweetness & Light| url = http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos| accessdate = 2008-01-08| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050508/http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos| archivedate = 2008-02-20}}</ref> Sheep are occasionally sacrificed to commemorate important [[secular]] events in Islamic cultures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse |title=Bloody Blessing Goes Unnoticed |last=Robertson |first=Cambpell |date=August 13, 2008 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref> Greeks and Romans sacrificed sheep regularly in religious practice, and [[Judaism]] once sacrificed sheep as a [[Korban]] (sacrifice), such as the [[Korban Pesach|Passover lamb]] .<ref name = Cooper92/> Ovine symbols—such as the ceremonial blowing of a [[shofar]]—still find a presence in modern Judaic traditions. |
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Collectively, followers of [[Christianity]] are often referred to as a flock, with Christ as the [[The Good Shepherd (Christianity)|Good Shepherd]], and sheep are an element in the Christian [[iconography]] of the [[Nativity of Jesus in art|birth of Jesus]]. Some Christian [[saint]]s are considered [[Patron saints of occupations and activities|patrons of shepherds]], and even of sheep themselves. Christ is also portrayed as the [[Sacrificial lamb]] of God (''[[Agnus Dei]]'') and Easter celebrations in [[Greece]] and [[Romania]] traditionally feature a meal of Paschal lamb. A church leader is often called the [[pastor]], which is derived from the Latin word for shepherd. In many western Christian traditions bishops carry a staff, which also serves as a symbol of the episcopal office, known as a [[crosier]], which is modeled on the [[shepherd's crook]]. |
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Sheep are key symbols in [[fable]]s and [[nursery rhyme]]s like ''[[The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing]]'', ''[[Little Bo Peep]]'', ''[[Baa, Baa, Black Sheep]]'', and ''[[Mary Had a Little Lamb]]''; novels such as [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]'' and [[Haruki Murakami]]'s ''[[A Wild Sheep Chase]]''; songs such as [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach's]] ''[[Sheep may safely graze]]'' (''Schafe können sicher weiden'') and [[Pink Floyd]]'s ''[[Sheep (song)|Sheep]]'', and poems like [[William Blake]]'s "[[The Lamb (poem)|The Lamb]]". |
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[[File:Nicolaes Pietersz Berchem, Sheep, NGA 52280.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem]] (1620–1683), ''Sheep'', black and red chalk (possibly crayon); size overall: 15 x 25.5 cm (5 7/8 x 10 1/16 in.). [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Ailsa Mellon Bruce]] Collection, 1970.17.136]] |
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==See also== |
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* [[Chris (sheep)]] |
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* [[Dry Sheep Equivalent]] |
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* [[Fictional sheep]] |
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* [[Sheepfold]] |
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* [[Shrek (sheep)]] |
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* [[Sonny Wool]] |
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* [[U.S. Sheep Experiment Station]] |
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* [[Venray sheep companies]] |
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{{Clear}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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* {{cite book |title=The Covenant of the Wild: Why animals chose domestication |last=Budiansky |first=Stephen |year=1999 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07993-7}} |
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* {{Cite book|title=Sheep and Goat Science, Fifth Edition|last=Ensminger|first=Dr. M.E.|author2=Dr. R.O. Parker |year=1986|publisher=The Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc |location=Danville, Illinois|isbn=978-0-8134-2464-4}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Sheep & Goat Medicine |last=Pugh |first=David G. |year=2001 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7216-9052-0}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep |last=Simmons |first=Paula |author2=Carol Ekarius |year=2001 |publisher=Storey Publishing LLC |location=North Adams, MA |isbn=978-1-58017-262-2}} |
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* {{cite book |title= Beginning Shepherd's Manual, Second Edition|last=Smith M.S. |first=Barbara |author2=Mark Aseltine PhD |author3=Gerald Kennedy DVM |year=1997 |publisher=Iowa State University Press |location=Ames, Iowa |isbn=978-0-8138-2799-5}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Sheep: small-scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit |last=Weaver |first=Sue |year=2005 |publisher=Hobby Farm Press, an imprint of BowTie Press, a division of BowTie Inc. |location=3 Burroughs Irvine, CA 92618 |isbn=978-1-931993-49-4 }} |
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* {{cite book |title=Living with Sheep: Everything You Need to Know to Raise Your Own Flock |last=Wooster |first=Chuck |others=Geoff Hansen (Photography) |year=2005 |publisher=The Lyons Press |location=Guilford, Connecticut |isbn= 978-1-59228-531-0}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Wiktionary|sheep}} |
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{{Commons category|Sheep}} |
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{{Wikispecies|Ovis aries}} |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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* [http://www.sheepusa.org/ American Sheep Industry] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411131558/http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/dpi/hs.xsl/27_120_ENA_HTML.htm Sheep Industry] (Queensland) |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080525101357/http://cansheep.ca/index.htm Canadian Sheep Federation] |
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* [http://www.nationalsheep.org.uk/index.php National Sheep Association] (UK) |
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* [http://nzsheep.co.nz/ New Zealand Sheepbreeders Association] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228232039/http://www.sheepmagazine.com/index.html ''Sheep'' magazine], all articles available free online |
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* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Ovis_aries/Info/Index sheep genome] in [[Ensembl]] |
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Revision as of 18:58, 10 May 2020
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