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Islamic advice literature may include collections of stories/anecdotes such as: legal opinion, interpretation of religious text, legal theory, guidance, consultation, or Islamic stories.^[1] They are usually printed on small leaflets to eager inquiries in to limits of legitimate doubts and interpretations, formal informal discussions, informal Islamic studies, opinion making speeches and write-ups, books, editorials, op-eds, FAQ and answers, advice columns, blogs, opinion making and guidance websites to brief encounters on TV or social media.^[2] Nasîhat can be just advice which can be given by any individual or can be subtle instruction from an authority, Fatwa comes from more learned persons and Fiqh constitutes jurisprudence in light of Islam.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[3]^[6]^[2] By contrast, Nasîhat and advice literature can come from non-Ulmas (scholars) too.^[2]^[7] Unlike Fiqh Tafsir and Fatwa, or Nasîhat based on them, advice can go beyond religious scriptural realm or even seen to take support of otherwise not easily admissible Hadith or religious rulings in order to make normative pleas.^[7]^[8]

According to Gudrun Kramer, individuals in Muslim societies may urge religious and moral advice, and individuals may be passionate in providing their advice on far-reaching topics. These topics may be mundane - for example whether or not it is okay to wear a wig according to the norms of their community.^[2] Hence, according to Marzieh Bashirpour, social behavior of Muslims is deeply influenced by advice literature.^[9]

Islamizing the Islamic State

According to Luke Yarbrough, early Islamic state (Caliphates) heavily depended on non-Arabs, frequently non-Muslim civil, officials specially by the late Umayyad and early 'Abbasid states. The situation started to change in 8th century as Muslims began to compete for social and economic benefits by using religious leverage.^[10] By 9th century Islamic jurists began to oppose employment of non-Muslims with little influence but major formal shift started coming by 12 century when independent advice literature campaigned for dismissal of non-Muslim civil officials.^[10]

Jennifer A. London looks at then scholarly import and presentations of medieval fables as part of advice literature which spoke about political thoughts through characters employed in those literature as mirror for princes.^[6]

According to Sami Helewa, prophetic anecdotes about Joseph, David and Soloman called "'Qisas' al-anbiya" by 9th century AD Persian Islamic scholar Al-Tabari and subsequently 11th century AD scholar Al-Tha'labi served as advice literature to medieval Islamic rulers.^[1]

A 10th century anonymous Arabic manuscript is seen giving advice to rulers through the rhymes like "an: yasüsu I- 'âmmata bi-siyâsati l-qur'ân, wal- khàssa bi-siyàsati l-zamán". (Translation: (Ruler/administrator) must rule over the general public; ['ámma] according to the policy of the Qur'an and over the elite [khâssa] according to the policy [suitable at the given] time') with a religious undertone. At times advice goes beyond religious and suggests administrative policies through rhymes like "ba: ya'taqilu gundahu bil-raghba, là bil-rahba" (Translation: The ruler must bind the army to him through understanding their desires, not through by playing on their fear).^[11]

Karakhanid writer Yusuf Balasaghuni wrote Islamic advice literature in Kutadgu Bilig (The Wisdom of Felicity), the only known literary work written in Turkic from the Karakhanid period.^[12]^[13]

Ebrahim Moosa and Nicholas Roberts, in "Expressions of Political Quietism in Islamic History" in Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi’i Practice and Thought (Saud al-Sarhan, ed.), state that in medieval times, despite the backdrop of power of Muslim empire in which political quietism became a virtue of ideal citizens, the genre of Nasîhat and advice literature started thriving.^[14] According to al-Sarhan goal of advice literature then in those times was to help preserve political authority as part of pragmatic quiet activity.^[14] al-Sarhan further states that while Siyasat nama by Nizam al-Mulk (1092 AD), Nasihat al-Muluk by al-Ghazali (1111 AD), al-siyasa al-shar'iyya by ibn Taymiyya while epitomizing political activism on one hand very much gave into the divinely sanctioned absolutism of the caliphs on other hand.^[14] Strategy through advice literature was subtle expression of political activism calling for equitable and sound governance within four corners of religious diktats while continuation of pragmatic obedience to authority in power.^[14] But to quote suitable advice literature explores from beyond religion, for example one political theorist of 11th century al-Mawardi attributes a pre-Islamic 6th century quote of al-Afwah al-Awdi "There is no benefit in leaderless people when disorder reigns, and they will never have a leader if the ignorant amongst them leads". al-Sarhan says that first half of quote conforms to political quietism as labeled by modern scholars same time second half matches with expectations of obedient religious Muslim citizen of a just and sharia compliant rule.^[14]

Giving example of Zoroastrianism becoming invisible post 8th century AD from Persian literature Ali Pirzadeh says that Islamic literature and Islamic advice literature wipes out most traces of local culture and heritage by giving exclusive prominence to Arabic narratives.^[15] Ali Pirzadeh further says that Iranian empire encouraged advice literature to hide their incompetence caused due to hereditary succession and to retain servitude of vested interests.^[15]

Persecution of dissent

Medieval monarchs and caliphs could persecute most kind of dissent which did not suit them: ibn Tayyamiya was jailed six times in early 14th century when he wandered from then a popular saying "Sixty years of unjust ruler are better than one night without a ruler"^[14]^{[clarification needed]}

Gender

Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanavi's Bihishti Zevar, published in 1905, influenced the continuation of traditional patriarchal gendered role narratives among south Asian Muslims.^[9] Marzieh Bashirpour theorizes that Urdu advice literature's emphasis on adab politeness in interaction molded class differentiation between the literate and non illiterate and thereby validated discrimination toward the lower classes.^[9] Late 19th century and early twentieth century revival reformists promoted women's education, but their advice literature centered on making women better mothers equipped for better household management.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b Thesis Title:Title: The advisory function of the Tales of the Prophets (Qiṣaṣal-anbiyāʾ)] The University of Edinburgh March, 2012; Retrieved 2020 May 27 Helewa Sami S.J.'s
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Krämer, Gudrun; Schmidtke, Sabine (2014-01-01), "Introduction: Religious Authority and Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. A Critical Overview", Speaking for Islam, BRILL, doi:10.1163/9789047408864_002, ISBN 978-90-04-14949-6
^ ^a ^b Suleiman, Yasir (2010-04-21). Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4219-9.
^ Daryaee, Touraj (2012-02-16). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.
^ Marlow, Louise (1995). "Kings, Prophets and the 'Ulamā' in Mediaeval Islamic Advice Literature". Studia Islamica (81): 101–120. doi:10.2307/1596021. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1596021.
^ ^a ^b ""Speaking through the voice of another": Forms of political thought and action in Medieval Islamic contexts - ProQuest". search.proquest.com. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
^ ^a ^b Fuchs, Simon Wolfgang (2018-05-15). "Die islamische Ehe in Südasien. Zeitgenössische Diskurse zwischen Recht, Ethik und Etikette, written by Johannes Rosenbaum, 2017". Islamic Law and Society. 25 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1163/15685195-00253P05. ISSN 0928-9380.
^ Hambly, Gavin R. G. (February 1992). "Muhammad Baqir Najm-I Sani, Advice on the Art of Governance, An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes, trans. Sajida Sultana Alvi (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies) (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). Pp. 225". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (1): 163–164. doi:10.1017/s0020743800001641. ISSN 0020-7438.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bashirpour, Marzieh (2013). "Gender and Language a sociolinguistic study of interruption and overlap in simultaneous speech of Persian and Urdu speakers". University.
^ ^a ^b Yarbrough, Luke (2012). "Islamizing the Islamic State: The Formulation and Assertion of Religious Criteria for State Employment in the First Millennium AH". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Sadan, J.; Silverstein, A. (2004-12-30). "Ornate manuals or practical adab? Some reflections on a unique work by an anonymous author of the 10th century CE". Al-Qanṭara. 25 (2): 339–355. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2004.v25.i2.138. ISSN 1988-2955.
^ Larry Clark (2010), "The Turkic script and Kutadgu Bilig", Turkology in Mainz, Otto Harrasowitz GmbH & Co, p. 96, ISBN 978-3-447-06113-1
^ Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela (2010). "Chapter 13 - Yusuf Hass Hajib: Advice to the Qarakhanid Rulers". Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–81. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f al-Sarhan, Saud (2019-12-26). Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-765-4.
^ ^a ^b Pirzadeh, Ali (2016-04-20). Iran Revisited: Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-30485-4.
^ Singh, Shamsher (2010-12-31). "Social History of education in India 1900 to 1950". University.

[:3-1] Thesis Title:Title: The advisory function of the Tales of the Prophets (Qiṣaṣal-anbiyāʾ)] The University of Edinburgh March, 2012; Retrieved 2020 May 27 Helewa Sami S.J.'s

[:7-2] Krämer, Gudrun; Schmidtke, Sabine (2014-01-01), "Introduction: Religious Authority and Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. A Critical Overview", Speaking for Islam, BRILL, doi:10.1163/9789047408864_002, ISBN 978-90-04-14949-6

[Suleiman-3] Suleiman, Yasir (2010-04-21). Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4219-9.

[4] Daryaee, Touraj (2012-02-16). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.

[5] Marlow, Louise (1995). "Kings, Prophets and the 'Ulamā' in Mediaeval Islamic Advice Literature". Studia Islamica (81): 101–120. doi:10.2307/1596021. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1596021.

[:5-6] ""Speaking through the voice of another": Forms of political thought and action in Medieval Islamic contexts - ProQuest". search.proquest.com. Retrieved 2020-05-29.

[:2-7] Fuchs, Simon Wolfgang (2018-05-15). "Die islamische Ehe in Südasien. Zeitgenössische Diskurse zwischen Recht, Ethik und Etikette, written by Johannes Rosenbaum, 2017". Islamic Law and Society. 25 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1163/15685195-00253P05. ISSN 0928-9380.

[8] Hambly, Gavin R. G. (February 1992). "Muhammad Baqir Najm-I Sani, Advice on the Art of Governance, An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes, trans. Sajida Sultana Alvi (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies) (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). Pp. 225". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (1): 163–164. doi:10.1017/s0020743800001641. ISSN 0020-7438.

[:0-9] Bashirpour, Marzieh (2013). "Gender and Language a sociolinguistic study of interruption and overlap in simultaneous speech of Persian and Urdu speakers". University.

[:1-10] Yarbrough, Luke (2012). "Islamizing the Islamic State: The Formulation and Assertion of Religious Criteria for State Employment in the First Millennium AH". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[11] Sadan, J.; Silverstein, A. (2004-12-30). "Ornate manuals or practical adab? Some reflections on a unique work by an anonymous author of the 10th century CE". Al-Qanṭara. 25 (2): 339–355. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2004.v25.i2.138. ISSN 1988-2955.

[clark-12] Larry Clark (2010), "The Turkic script and Kutadgu Bilig", Turkology in Mainz, Otto Harrasowitz GmbH & Co, p. 96, ISBN 978-3-447-06113-1

[anthology-13] Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela (2010). "Chapter 13 - Yusuf Hass Hajib: Advice to the Qarakhanid Rulers". Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–81. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6.

[:4-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f al-Sarhan, Saud (2019-12-26). Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-765-4.

[:6-15] Pirzadeh, Ali (2016-04-20). Iran Revisited: Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-30485-4.

[16] Singh, Shamsher (2010-12-31). "Social History of education in India 1900 to 1950". University.

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-'''Islamic advice literature''' may include collections of stories/anecdotes such as: [[Fatwa|legal opinion]], [[Tafsir|interpretation of religious text]], [[Fiqh|legal theory]], [[Nasîhat|guidance]], [[Mashwara|consultation]], or [[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Islamic stories]].<ref name=":3" /> They are usually printed on small leaflets to eager inquiries in to limits of legitimate doubts and interpretations,  formal informal discussions, informal Islamic studies, opinion making speeches and write-ups, books, editorials, op-eds, FAQ and answers, [[advice column|advice columns]]<nowiki/>, blogs,  opinion making and guidance websites to brief encounters on TV or social media.<ref name=":7" /> Nasîhat can be just advice which can be given by any individual or can be  subtle instruction from an authority, Fatwa comes from more learned persons and Fiqh constitutes jurisprudence in light of Islam.<ref name="Suleiman">{{Cite book|last=Suleiman|first=Yasir|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QRirBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA32&dq=%22Islamic%20advice%20literature%22&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q=%22Islamic%20advice%20literature%22&f=false|title=Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand|date=2010-04-21|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-4219-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KjQ_AwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT307&dq=%22Islamic%20advice%20literature%22&pg=PT307#v=onepage&q=%22Islamic%20advice%20literature%22&f=false|title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History|date=2012-02-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-020882-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marlow|first=Louise|date=1995|title=Kings, Prophets and the 'Ulamā' in Mediaeval Islamic Advice Literature|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1596021|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=81|pages=101–120|doi=10.2307/1596021|issn=0585-5292}}</ref><ref name="Suleiman"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title="Speaking through the voice of another": Forms of political thought and action in Medieval Islamic contexts - ProQuest|url=https://search.proquest.com/openview/af555354002b3e1fe478d15661f1bfe3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y|website=search.proquest.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Citation|last=Krämer|first=Gudrun|title=Introduction: Religious Authority and Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. A Critical Overview|date=2014-01-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047408864_002|work=Speaking for Islam|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14949-6|access-date=2020-05-30|last2=Schmidtke|first2=Sabine}}</ref> By contrast, Nasîhat and advice literature can come from non-[[Ulamas|Ulmas (scholars)]] too.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Fuchs|first=Simon Wolfgang|date=2018-05-15|title=Die islamische Ehe in Südasien. Zeitgenössische Diskurse zwischen Recht, Ethik und Etikette, written by Johannes Rosenbaum, 2017|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/25/3/article-p311_5.xml|journal=Islamic Law and Society|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=311–313|doi=10.1163/15685195-00253P05|issn=0928-9380}}</ref> Unlike Fiqh Tafsir and Fatwa, or Nasîhat based on them, advice can go beyond religious scriptural realm or even seen to take support of otherwise not easily admissible Hadith or religious rulings in order to make normative pleas.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hambly|first=Gavin R. G.|date=February 1992|title=Muhammad Baqir Najm-I Sani, Advice on the Art of Governance, An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes, trans. Sajida Sultana Alvi (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies) (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). Pp. 225.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800001641|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=24|issue=1|pages=163–164|doi=10.1017/s0020743800001641|issn=0020-7438}}</ref>
+'''Islamic advice literature''' may include collections of stories/anecdotes such as: [[Fatwa|legal opinion]], [[Tafsir|interpretation of religious text]], [[Fiqh|legal theory]], [[Nasîhat|guidance]], [[Mashwara|consultation]], or [[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Islamic stories]].<ref name=":3" /> They are usually printed on small leaflets to eager inquiries in to limits of legitimate doubts and interpretations,  formal informal discussions, informal Islamic studies, opinion making speeches and write-ups, books, editorials, op-eds, FAQ and answers, [[advice column|advice columns]]<nowiki/>, blogs,  opinion making and guidance websites to brief encounters on TV or social media.<ref name=":7" /> Nasîhat can be just advice which can be given by any individual or can be  subtle instruction from an authority, Fatwa comes from more learned persons and Fiqh constitutes jurisprudence in light of Islam.<ref name="Suleiman">{{Cite book|last=Suleiman|first=Yasir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRirBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA32&dq=%22Islamic%20advice%20literature%22&pg=PA32#v=onepage|title=Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand|date=2010-04-21|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-4219-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjQ_AwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT307&dq=%22Islamic%20advice%20literature%22&pg=PT307#v=onepage|title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History|date=2012-02-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-020882-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marlow|first=Louise|date=1995|title=Kings, Prophets and the 'Ulamā' in Mediaeval Islamic Advice Literature|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=81|pages=101–120|doi=10.2307/1596021|jstor=1596021|issn=0585-5292}}</ref><ref name="Suleiman"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title="Speaking through the voice of another": Forms of political thought and action in Medieval Islamic contexts - ProQuest|url=https://search.proquest.com/openview/af555354002b3e1fe478d15661f1bfe3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y|website=search.proquest.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Citation|last1=Krämer|first1=Gudrun|title=Introduction: Religious Authority and Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. A Critical Overview|date=2014-01-01|work=Speaking for Islam|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14949-6|last2=Schmidtke|first2=Sabine|doi=10.1163/9789047408864_002}}</ref> By contrast, Nasîhat and advice literature can come from non-[[Ulamas|Ulmas (scholars)]] too.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Fuchs|first=Simon Wolfgang|date=2018-05-15|title=Die islamische Ehe in Südasien. Zeitgenössische Diskurse zwischen Recht, Ethik und Etikette, written by Johannes Rosenbaum, 2017|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/25/3/article-p311_5.xml|journal=Islamic Law and Society|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=311–313|doi=10.1163/15685195-00253P05|issn=0928-9380}}</ref> Unlike Fiqh Tafsir and Fatwa, or Nasîhat based on them, advice can go beyond religious scriptural realm or even seen to take support of otherwise not easily admissible Hadith or religious rulings in order to make normative pleas.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hambly|first=Gavin R. G.|date=February 1992|title=Muhammad Baqir Najm-I Sani, Advice on the Art of Governance, An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes, trans. Sajida Sultana Alvi (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies) (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). Pp. 225.|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=24|issue=1|pages=163–164|doi=10.1017/s0020743800001641|issn=0020-7438}}</ref>
 According to Gudrun Kramer, individuals in Muslim societies may urge religious and moral advice, and individuals may be passionate in providing their advice on far-reaching topics. These topics may be mundane - for example whether or not it is okay to wear a wig according to the norms of their community.<ref name=":7" /> Hence, according to Marzieh Bashirpour, social behavior of Muslims is deeply influenced by advice literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bashirpour|first=Marzieh|date=2013|title=Gender and Language a sociolinguistic study of interruption and overlap in simultaneous speech of Persian and Urdu speakers|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/161209|journal=University|language=English}}</ref>
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 According to Sami Helewa, prophetic anecdotes about [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]], [[David in Islam|David]] and [[Solomon in Islam|Soloman]] called "'[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas' al-anbiya]]" by 9th century AD Persian Islamic scholar [[Al-Tabari]] and subsequently 11th century AD scholar [[Al-Tha'labi]] served as advice literature to [[Medieval Islamic history|medieval Islamic]] rulers.<ref name=":3">[https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/6457/Helewa2012.pdf;sequence=1<nowiki> Thesis Title:Title: The advisory function of the Tales of the Prophets (Qiṣaṣal-anbiyāʾ)]  The University of Edinburgh March, 2012;  Retrieved 2020 May 27</nowiki> Helewa Sami S.J.'s]</ref>
-A 10th century anonymous Arabic manuscript is seen giving advice to rulers through the rhymes like "an: yasüsu I- 'âmmata bi-siyâsati l-qur'ân, wal- khàssa bi-siyàsati l-zamán". (Translation: (Ruler/administrator) must  rule  over the  general public; ['ámma] according to the policy of the Qur'an and over the elite [khâssa] according to the policy [suitable at the given] time') with a religious undertone. At times advice goes beyond religious and suggests administrative policies through rhymes like "ba: ya'taqilu gundahu bil-raghba, là  bil-rahba"  (Translation: The ruler must bind the army to him through understanding their desires, not through  by playing  on their fear).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sadan|first=J.|last2=Silverstein|first2=A.|date=2004-12-30|title=Ornate manuals or practical adab? Some reflections on a unique work by an anonymous author of the 10th century CE.|url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/view/138|journal=Al-Qanṭara|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=339–355|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2004.v25.i2.138|issn=1988-2955}}</ref>
+A 10th century anonymous Arabic manuscript is seen giving advice to rulers through the rhymes like "an: yasüsu I- 'âmmata bi-siyâsati l-qur'ân, wal- khàssa bi-siyàsati l-zamán". (Translation: (Ruler/administrator) must  rule  over the  general public; ['ámma] according to the policy of the Qur'an and over the elite [khâssa] according to the policy [suitable at the given] time') with a religious undertone. At times advice goes beyond religious and suggests administrative policies through rhymes like "ba: ya'taqilu gundahu bil-raghba, là  bil-rahba"  (Translation: The ruler must bind the army to him through understanding their desires, not through  by playing  on their fear).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sadan|first1=J.|last2=Silverstein|first2=A.|date=2004-12-30|title=Ornate manuals or practical adab? Some reflections on a unique work by an anonymous author of the 10th century CE.|url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/view/138|journal=Al-Qanṭara|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=339–355|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2004.v25.i2.138|issn=1988-2955}}</ref>
 Karakhanid writer [[Yusuf Balasaghuni]] wrote Islamic advice literature in ''[[Kutadgu Bilig]]'' (The Wisdom of Felicity), the only known literary work written in [[Turki]]c from the Karakhanid period.<ref name="clark">{{citation|author=Larry Clark|title=Turkology in Mainz|page=96|year=2010|chapter=The Turkic script and Kutadgu Bilig|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz GmbH & Co|isbn=978-3-447-06113-1}}</ref><ref name="anthology">{{cite book|author1=Scott Cameron Levi|title=Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources|author2=Ron Sela|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35385-6|pages=76–81|chapter=Chapter 13 - Yusuf Hass Hajib: Advice to the Qarakhanid Rulers}}</ref>
-Ebrahim Moosa and Nicholas Roberts, in "Expressions of Political Quietism in Islamic History" in ''Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi’i Practice and Thought'' (Saud al-Sarhan, ed.), state that in medieval times, despite the backdrop of power of Muslim empire in which [[Political quietism in Islam|political quietism]] became a virtue of ideal citizens, the genre of Nasîhat and advice literature started thriving.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=al-Sarhan|first=Saud|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA33&ots=gy3bR7KOeB&dq=Islamic%20%22advice%20literature%22&lr&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q=%20%22advice%20literature%22&f=false|title=Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi’i Practice and Thought|date=2019-12-26|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-83860-765-4|language=en}}</ref>  According to al-Sarhan goal of advice literature then in those times was to help preserve political authority as part of pragmatic quiet activity.<ref name=":4" /> al-Sarhan further states that while ''Siyasat nama'' by Nizam  al-Mulk (1092 AD), ''Nasihat al-Muluk'' by al-Ghazali (1111 AD), ''al-siyasa al-shar'iyya'' by ibn Taymiyya while epitomizing political activism on one hand very much gave into the divinely sanctioned absolutism of the caliphs on other hand.<ref name=":4" /> Strategy through advice literature was subtle expression of political activism calling for equitable and sound governance within four corners of religious diktats while continuation of pragmatic obedience to authority in power.<ref name=":4" /> But to quote suitable advice literature explores from beyond religion, for example one political theorist of 11th century al-Mawardi attributes a pre-Islamic 6th century quote of al-Afwah al-Awdi  "There is no benefit in leaderless people when disorder reigns, and they will never have a leader if the ignorant amongst them leads". al-Sarhan says that first half of quote conforms to political quietism as labeled by modern scholars same time second half matches with expectations of obedient religious Muslim citizen of a just and sharia compliant rule.<ref name=":4" />
+Ebrahim Moosa and Nicholas Roberts, in "Expressions of Political Quietism in Islamic History" in ''Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi’i Practice and Thought'' (Saud al-Sarhan, ed.), state that in medieval times, despite the backdrop of power of Muslim empire in which [[Political quietism in Islam|political quietism]] became a virtue of ideal citizens, the genre of Nasîhat and advice literature started thriving.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=al-Sarhan|first=Saud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA33&dq=Islamic%20%22advice%20literature%22&pg=PA41#v=onepage|title=Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought|date=2019-12-26|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-83860-765-4|language=en}}</ref>  According to al-Sarhan goal of advice literature then in those times was to help preserve political authority as part of pragmatic quiet activity.<ref name=":4" /> al-Sarhan further states that while ''Siyasat nama'' by Nizam  al-Mulk (1092 AD), ''Nasihat al-Muluk'' by al-Ghazali (1111 AD), ''al-siyasa al-shar'iyya'' by ibn Taymiyya while epitomizing political activism on one hand very much gave into the divinely sanctioned absolutism of the caliphs on other hand.<ref name=":4" /> Strategy through advice literature was subtle expression of political activism calling for equitable and sound governance within four corners of religious diktats while continuation of pragmatic obedience to authority in power.<ref name=":4" /> But to quote suitable advice literature explores from beyond religion, for example one political theorist of 11th century al-Mawardi attributes a pre-Islamic 6th century quote of al-Afwah al-Awdi  "There is no benefit in leaderless people when disorder reigns, and they will never have a leader if the ignorant amongst them leads". al-Sarhan says that first half of quote conforms to political quietism as labeled by modern scholars same time second half matches with expectations of obedient religious Muslim citizen of a just and sharia compliant rule.<ref name=":4" />
-Giving example of Zoroastrianism becoming invisible post 8th century AD from Persian literature Ali Pirzadeh says that Islamic literature and Islamic advice literature wipes out most traces of local culture and heritage by giving exclusive prominence to Arabic narratives.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Pirzadeh|first=Ali|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EZ8FDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PR6&ots=DafucYImz4&dq=%22social%20behavior%22%20%22Muslims%22%20%20%22advice%20literature%22&lr&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=%22advice%20literature%22&f=false|title=Iran Revisited: Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society|date=2016-04-20|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-30485-4|language=en}}</ref> Ali Pirzadeh further says that Iranian empire encouraged advice literature to hide their incompetence caused due to hereditary succession and to retain servitude of vested interests.<ref name=":6" />
+Giving example of Zoroastrianism becoming invisible post 8th century AD from Persian literature Ali Pirzadeh says that Islamic literature and Islamic advice literature wipes out most traces of local culture and heritage by giving exclusive prominence to Arabic narratives.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Pirzadeh|first=Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ8FDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PR6&dq=%22social%20behavior%22%20%22Muslims%22%20%20%22advice%20literature%22&pg=PA112#v=onepage|title=Iran Revisited: Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society|date=2016-04-20|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-30485-4|language=en}}</ref> Ali Pirzadeh further says that Iranian empire encouraged advice literature to hide their incompetence caused due to hereditary succession and to retain servitude of vested interests.<ref name=":6" />
 === Persecution of dissent    ===

Revision as of 23:34, 3 June 2020

Islamizing the Islamic State

Persecution of dissent

Gender

See also

References