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'''Polynoidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of scaled [[Polychaete]] worms known as "scale worms". More than 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 18 subfamilies and 167 genera <ref name="Read">{{cite web |last1=Read |first1=G |last2=Fauchald |first2=K |title=World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856. |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=939 |website=World Register of Marine Species}}</ref>. They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]] waters to [[Hadal zone|hadal]] trenches <ref name=Bonifácio>{{cite journal |last1=Bonifácio |first1=Paulo |last2=Menot |first2=Lénaïck |title=New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=14 November 2018 |volume=185 |issue=3 |page=555–635 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063 |doi-access=free }}</ref>. They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is over 10% of all segmented worm species <ref name=Bonifácio></ref>.
'''Polynoidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of scaled [[Polychaete]] worms known as "scale worms". Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera <ref name="Read">{{cite web |last1=Read |first1=G |last2=Fauchald |first2=K |title=World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856. |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=939 |website=World Register of Marine Species}}</ref>. They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]] waters to [[Hadal zone|hadal]] trenches <ref name=Bonifácio>{{cite journal |last1=Bonifácio |first1=Paulo |last2=Menot |first2=Lénaïck |title=New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=14 November 2018 |volume=185 |issue=3 |page=555–635 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063 |doi-access=free }}</ref>. They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is over 10% of all segmented worm species <ref name=Bonifácio></ref>.


==Description==
==Description==
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==Phylogenetic relationships==
==Phylogenetic relationships==


The phylogeny of the Polynoidea is still contentious and has been understudied, with most studies only considering the group as part of the larger phylogeny of the [[Annelida]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zrzavy |first1=J |last2=Riha |first2=P |last3=Pialek |first3=L |last4=Janouskovec |first4=J |title=Phylogeny of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa): total-evidence analysis of morphology and six genes. |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2009 |volume=9 |issue=189|pmc=2732625 |pmid=19660115 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-189}}</ref>. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Marcellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norlinder |first1=E |last2=Nygren |first2=A |last3=Wiklund |first3=H |last4=Pleijel |first4=F |title=Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2012 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=490–500 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002 |pmid=22789762 }}</ref> and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae <ref name=Bonifácio></ref>.
The Polynoidae has recently been shown to be monophyletic <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/cla.12202| issn = 1096-0031| volume = 34| pages = 225–259| last1 = Gonzalez| first1 = Brett C.| last2 = Martínez| first2 = Alejandro| last3 = Borda| first3 = Elizabeth| last4 = Iliffe| first4 = Thomas M.| last5 = Eibye-Jacobsen| first5 = Danny| last6 = Worsaae| first6 = Katrine| title = Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia| journal = Cladistics| date = 2018}}</ref> however the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Marcellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norlinder |first1=E |last2=Nygren |first2=A |last3=Wiklund |first3=H |last4=Pleijel |first4=F |title=Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2012 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=490–500 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002 |pmid=22789762 }}</ref> and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae <ref name=Bonifácio></ref>. More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamiles was reinstated <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.932.48532| issn = 1313-2989| volume = 932| pages = 27–74| last1 = Hatch| first1 = Avery S.| last2 = Liew| first2 = Haebin| last3 = Hourdez| first3 = Stéphane| last4 = Rouse| first4 = Greg W.| title = Hungry scale worms Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species| journal = ZooKeys| date = 2020-12-05}}</ref>.


==Genera==
==Genera==

Revision as of 12:44, 4 June 2020

Polynoidae
unidentified scale worm
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Suborder: Aphroditiformia
Family: Polynoidae
Genera

See text

Polynoidae is a family of scaled Polychaete worms known as "scale worms". Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera [1]. They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow intertidal waters to hadal trenches [2]. They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is over 10% of all segmented worm species [2].

Description

Most species are short and flattened, but can reach as much as 20 cm in length and 10 cm width in Eulagisca gigantea. Individuals are covered almost entirely by scales known as elytra, which can be shed and regenerated as a means of defence in many species. The scales of some species are faintly bioluminescent, and leave glowing traces around the mouthparts of their predators, making those predators more likely to be attacked in turn.[3]

Deep sea

The first deep-sea species was collected at 1230m during the Challenger Expedition and at least 13 of the 18 known subfamilies appear to be fully restricted to the deep sea below 500m [2]. Species have colonised submarine caves and hydrothermal vents. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra [2].

Phylogenetic relationships

The Polynoidae has recently been shown to be monophyletic [4] however the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Marcellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic [5] and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae [2]. More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamiles was reinstated [6].

Genera

References

  1. ^ Read, G; Fauchald, K. "World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856". World Register of Marine Species.
  2. ^ a b c d e Bonifácio, Paulo; Menot, Lénaïck (14 November 2018). "New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (3): 555–635. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063.
  3. ^ Frost, Emily; Waters, Hannah (1 July 2015). "14 Fun Facts About Marine Bristle Worms". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  4. ^ Gonzalez, Brett C.; Martínez, Alejandro; Borda, Elizabeth; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny; Worsaae, Katrine (2018). "Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia". Cladistics. 34: 225–259. doi:10.1111/cla.12202. ISSN 1096-0031.
  5. ^ Norlinder, E; Nygren, A; Wiklund, H; Pleijel, F (2012). "Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (2): 490–500. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002. PMID 22789762.
  6. ^ Hatch, Avery S.; Liew, Haebin; Hourdez, Stéphane; Rouse, Greg W. (2020-12-05). "Hungry scale worms Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species". ZooKeys. 932: 27–74. doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.48532. ISSN 1313-2989.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Herring, Peter J. (1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.

External links

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