Mooney Face Test: Difference between revisions
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The '''Mooney Face Test''' was developed by Craig M. Mooney and his results published in 1957 as “Age in the development of closure ability in children.”<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mooney|first1=CM|title=Age in the development of closure ability in children|journal= |
The '''Mooney Face Test''' was developed by Craig M. Mooney and his results published in 1957 as “Age in the development of closure ability in children.”<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mooney|first1=CM|date=December 1957|title=Age in the development of closure ability in children|url=http://d20uo2axdbh83k.cloudfront.net/20140401/4843d99c2f0957c1212ccbb770e363cc.pdf|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=219–26|doi=10.1037/h0083717|pmid=13489559}}</ref> A subject in this test is shown a series of black and white distorted photographs in a way that their perception would require closure.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Yamada|first=Jeni Ellen|title=Laura: A Case for the Modularity of Language|date=1990|publisher=MIT Press|year=|isbn=0262240300|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=130}}</ref> The test assumes that perception is based on the collected information taken from the different regions of the image, which then constitute a holistic representation of a face.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Baron|first=Ida Sue|title=Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Child: Domains, Methods, & Case Studies, Second Edition|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195300963|location=Oxford|pages=798}}</ref> '''Today, there are now many iterations of the Mooney Face Test, a number of which have made images that involve image color inversion and facial feature scrambling.<u><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Schwiedrzik|first=Caspar M.|last2=Melloni|first2=Lucia|last3=Schurger|first3=Aaron|date=2018-07-06|title=Mooney face stimuli for visual perception research|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034866/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=13|issue=7|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200106|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6034866|pmid=29979727}}</ref></u>''' |
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'''Although''' the Mooney Face test is widely used in the area of [[Gestalt psychology|gestalt]] facial recognition since it is recognized as the most reliable in gestalt perception, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Curtiss|first=Susan|title=Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child|date=2014|publisher=Academic Press|year=|isbn=0121963500|location=New York|pages=223}}</ref> '''more recent tests have shown flaws in the original test.'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Verhallen|first=R. J.|last2=Mollon|first2=J. D.|date=2016-12-01|title=A new Mooney test|url=https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0666-0|journal=Behavior Research Methods|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=1546–1559|doi=10.3758/s13428-015-0666-0|issn=1554-3528}}</ref> '''As the original test consisted of forty specific images and was designed to be administered by a rather short forty minute personal interview, there was no ability to retest specific individuals or test populations. To amend this, more recent studies have found a way to move Mooney Face tests online, instating new requirements and materials that can test for reaction time, personal ability, correlational ability, and has repeatability.'''<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Verhallen|first1=RJ|last2=Bosten|first2=JM|last3=Goodbourn|first3=PT|last4=Bargary|first4=G|last5=Lawrance-Owen|first5=AJ|last6=Mollon|first6=JD|date=2014-08-17|title=An online version of the Mooney Face Test: phenotypic and genetic associations|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/245866/1/OA-1493_An%20online%20version%20of%20the%20Mooney%20Face%20Test%20-%20Neuropsychologia%20-%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf|journal=Neuropsychologia|volume=63|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.011|pmid=25138019}}</ref> |
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The Mooney Face test is widely used in the area of [[Gestalt psychology|gestalt]] facial recognition since it is recognized as the most reliable in gestalt perception.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child|last=Curtiss|first=Susan|date=2014|publisher=Academic Press|year=|isbn=0121963500|location=New York|pages=223}}</ref> |
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== Test == |
== The Original Mooney Face Test == |
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In the test, participants are shown low-[[Information theory|information]], two-tone pictures of faces and are asked to identify features and distinguish between real and false faces. The subject is asked to determine the identity of a set of images - whether one is a boy, girl, man, woman, old man, or old woman.<ref name=": |
In the test, participants are shown low-[[Information theory|information]], two-tone pictures of faces and are asked to identify features and distinguish between real and false faces. The subject is asked to determine the identity of a set of images - whether one is a boy, girl, man, woman, old man, or old woman.<ref name=":02" /> Many of the facial details are also obliterated<ref name=":02" /> to test a concept Mooney called "[[perceptual]] closure," or the ability to form coherent mental pictures with very little visual information. |
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'''There were two proposed issues on the original Mooney Face Test. One of which was the inability for retesting.'''<ref name=":5" /> '''Due to the fact the test only consisted of forty images, retesting would result in a bias. Additionally, there wasn't enough time given per participant to retest. Another proposed issue was the all-or-nothing conflict due to their [[Detection theory|signal detection]] method. Participants could only report whether they saw a face or not, which was speculated to have resulted in high false alarm rates.'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=McCaffery|first=Jennifer M.|last2=Robertson|first2=David J.|last3=Young|first3=Andrew W.|last4=Burton|first4=A. Mike|date=2018-06-27|title=Individual differences in face identity processing|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-018-0112-9|journal=Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications|volume=3|issue=1|pages=21|doi=10.1186/s41235-018-0112-9|issn=2365-7464|pmc=PMC6019420|pmid=30009251}}</ref> |
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A study conducted with 370 participants identified an association between performance on the Mooney Face Test and a [[Genetic polymorphism|polymorphism]] in the ''[[RAPGEF5]]'' gene.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verhallen|first1=RJ|last2=Bosten|first2=JM|last3=Goodbourn|first3=PT|last4=Bargary|first4=G|last5=Lawrance-Owen|first5=AJ|last6=Mollon|first6=JD|title=An online version of the Mooney Face Test: phenotypic and genetic associations|journal=Neuropsychologia|date=2014-08-17|pmid=25138019|doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.011|volume=63|pages=19–25|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/245866/1/OA-1493_An%20online%20version%20of%20the%20Mooney%20Face%20Test%20-%20Neuropsychologia%20-%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf}}</ref> |
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== Modern Mooney Face Tests == |
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The Mooney test has been updated by the Mooney-Verhallen test, which addressed the former's limited length and time-consuming interview stage through the adoption of online testing and test-retest models.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The Mooney test has been updated by the Mooney-Verhallen test, which addressed the former's limited length, time-consuming interview stage''', and proposed high false alarm rates''' through the adoption of online testing and test-retest models.<ref name=":12" /> '''In this study, 397 participants ranging from ages 18 to 42 were tested. All participants were of European descent. <ref name=":3" /> In an effort to reduce false alarm rates, participants were also given a new task. Rather than finding a holistic face within one image, participants would have to find specific facial features within an image shown among two distractions.'''<ref name=":3" /> '''In other words, this new test used a three alternative forced (3AFC) choice module rather than all-or-nothing. Other variations of their modernized Mooney Face test have also developed new images in which the face is inverted, upside down, or distorted further.'''<ref name=":2" /> '''Overall, participants all preformed quite well, with about 7% of participants getting every question correct.'''<ref name=":5" /> |
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'''Participants in the Mooney-Verhallen were also given the ability to rate their own ability of facial discrimination by self precept on a scale from 1-10 (10 being most confident, 1 being least confident), allowing for comparison post-testing. Data showed that participants were typically able to accurately rate their own ability of facial discrimination.'''<ref name=":3" /> '''Among the 397 participants, 370 participants had their genome sequenced as well. In correlational discussion, researchers tentatively identified an association between performance on the Mooney Face Test and a [[Genetic polymorphism|polymorphism]] in the ''[[RAPGEF5]]'' gene.'''<ref name=":3" /> '''Within this study, data also showed that male participants generally out preformed female participants in terms of reaction time and accuracy, however, there seemed to be no correlation in ability with age.'''<ref name=":5" /> |
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'''Another study with 40 participants also found that males tended to out preform female participants.<ref name=":4" />''' |
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'''In yet another test, individual participants were studied on a more intimate level as to see how external influences affected performance.<ref name=":4" />''' '''These were influences such as individual’s personality, predisposed cognitive abilities, and perceptual exposure. Once previously thought to have little impact on overall performance, it is now being tested in the updated versions of the Mooney Face test. Results suggested that reliability is hard to asses with this test as of result of the impertinence of individual ability.''' |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references group="" responsive="1"></references> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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* [http://web.mit.edu/bcs/nklab/media/pdfs/LiuHiguchiMarantzKanwisherNR99.pdf The selectivity of the occipitotemporal M170 for faces] |
* [http://web.mit.edu/bcs/nklab/media/pdfs/LiuHiguchiMarantzKanwisherNR99.pdf The selectivity of the occipitotemporal M170 for faces] |
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* [http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ta505/Neuroimage2004.PDF Neural responses to Mooney images reveal a modular representation of faces in human visual cortex] |
* [http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~ta505/Neuroimage2004.PDF Neural responses to Mooney images reveal a modular representation of faces in human visual cortex] |
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[[Category:Cognitive tests]] |
[[Category:Cognitive tests]] |
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{{psych-stub}} |
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Revision as of 06:18, 28 June 2020
The Mooney Face Test was developed by Craig M. Mooney and his results published in 1957 as “Age in the development of closure ability in children.”[1] A subject in this test is shown a series of black and white distorted photographs in a way that their perception would require closure.[2] The test assumes that perception is based on the collected information taken from the different regions of the image, which then constitute a holistic representation of a face.[3] Today, there are now many iterations of the Mooney Face Test, a number of which have made images that involve image color inversion and facial feature scrambling.[4]
Although the Mooney Face test is widely used in the area of gestalt facial recognition since it is recognized as the most reliable in gestalt perception, [5] more recent tests have shown flaws in the original test.[6] As the original test consisted of forty specific images and was designed to be administered by a rather short forty minute personal interview, there was no ability to retest specific individuals or test populations. To amend this, more recent studies have found a way to move Mooney Face tests online, instating new requirements and materials that can test for reaction time, personal ability, correlational ability, and has repeatability.[7]
The Original Mooney Face Test
In the test, participants are shown low-information, two-tone pictures of faces and are asked to identify features and distinguish between real and false faces. The subject is asked to determine the identity of a set of images - whether one is a boy, girl, man, woman, old man, or old woman.[2] Many of the facial details are also obliterated[2] to test a concept Mooney called "perceptual closure," or the ability to form coherent mental pictures with very little visual information.
There were two proposed issues on the original Mooney Face Test. One of which was the inability for retesting.[6] Due to the fact the test only consisted of forty images, retesting would result in a bias. Additionally, there wasn't enough time given per participant to retest. Another proposed issue was the all-or-nothing conflict due to their signal detection method. Participants could only report whether they saw a face or not, which was speculated to have resulted in high false alarm rates.[8]
Modern Mooney Face Tests
The Mooney test has been updated by the Mooney-Verhallen test, which addressed the former's limited length, time-consuming interview stage, and proposed high false alarm rates through the adoption of online testing and test-retest models.[3] In this study, 397 participants ranging from ages 18 to 42 were tested. All participants were of European descent. [7] In an effort to reduce false alarm rates, participants were also given a new task. Rather than finding a holistic face within one image, participants would have to find specific facial features within an image shown among two distractions.[7] In other words, this new test used a three alternative forced (3AFC) choice module rather than all-or-nothing. Other variations of their modernized Mooney Face test have also developed new images in which the face is inverted, upside down, or distorted further.[4] Overall, participants all preformed quite well, with about 7% of participants getting every question correct.[6]
Participants in the Mooney-Verhallen were also given the ability to rate their own ability of facial discrimination by self precept on a scale from 1-10 (10 being most confident, 1 being least confident), allowing for comparison post-testing. Data showed that participants were typically able to accurately rate their own ability of facial discrimination.[7] Among the 397 participants, 370 participants had their genome sequenced as well. In correlational discussion, researchers tentatively identified an association between performance on the Mooney Face Test and a polymorphism in the RAPGEF5 gene.[7] Within this study, data also showed that male participants generally out preformed female participants in terms of reaction time and accuracy, however, there seemed to be no correlation in ability with age.[6]
Another study with 40 participants also found that males tended to out preform female participants.[8]
In yet another test, individual participants were studied on a more intimate level as to see how external influences affected performance.[8] These were influences such as individual’s personality, predisposed cognitive abilities, and perceptual exposure. Once previously thought to have little impact on overall performance, it is now being tested in the updated versions of the Mooney Face test. Results suggested that reliability is hard to asses with this test as of result of the impertinence of individual ability.
References
- ^ Mooney, CM (December 1957). "Age in the development of closure ability in children" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Psychology. 11 (4): 219–26. doi:10.1037/h0083717. PMID 13489559.
- ^ a b c Yamada, Jeni Ellen (1990). Laura: A Case for the Modularity of Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 130. ISBN 0262240300.
- ^ a b Baron, Ida Sue (2018). Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Child: Domains, Methods, & Case Studies, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 798. ISBN 9780195300963.
- ^ a b Schwiedrzik, Caspar M.; Melloni, Lucia; Schurger, Aaron (2018-07-06). "Mooney face stimuli for visual perception research". PLoS ONE. 13 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200106. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6034866. PMID 29979727.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Curtiss, Susan (2014). Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child. New York: Academic Press. p. 223. ISBN 0121963500.
- ^ a b c d Verhallen, R. J.; Mollon, J. D. (2016-12-01). "A new Mooney test". Behavior Research Methods. 48 (4): 1546–1559. doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0666-0. ISSN 1554-3528.
- ^ a b c d e Verhallen, RJ; Bosten, JM; Goodbourn, PT; Bargary, G; Lawrance-Owen, AJ; Mollon, JD (2014-08-17). "An online version of the Mooney Face Test: phenotypic and genetic associations" (PDF). Neuropsychologia. 63: 19–25. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.011. PMID 25138019.
- ^ a b c McCaffery, Jennifer M.; Robertson, David J.; Young, Andrew W.; Burton, A. Mike (2018-06-27). "Individual differences in face identity processing". Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 3 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s41235-018-0112-9. ISSN 2365-7464. PMC 6019420. PMID 30009251.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)