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* {{cite journal |last=Erickson |first=Edward |title=Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=65 |year=2001 |pages=981–1012|issn=1543-7795 |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/2677626}}
* {{cite journal |last=Erickson |first=Edward |title=Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=65 |year=2001 |pages=981–1012|issn=1543-7795 |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/2677626}}
* {{cite book| first=Philip | last=Haythornthwaite| title=Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey| publisher=Osprey |series=Campaign Series #8| origyear=1991 |year=2004 |location=London |isbn=0-275-98288-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book| first=Philip | last=Haythornthwaite| title=Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey| publisher=Osprey |series=Campaign Series #8| origyear=1991 |year=2004 |location=London |isbn=0-275-98288-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
⚫
*{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Matthew |title=The French Army at Gallipoli |year=2005 | journal=The RUSI Journal |volume=153 |issue=3 |pages=64–67 |issn=0307-1847 |ref=harv}}
| last = Horne
| first = John
| date = 2019
| title = A Colonial Expedition? French Soldiers’ Experience at the Dardanelles
| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07292473.2019.1643493
| journal = War and Society
| volume = 38
| issue = 4
| pages = 286-304
}}
⚫
* {{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Matthew |title=The French Army at Gallipoli |year=2005 | journal=The RUSI Journal |volume=153 |issue=3 |pages=64–67 |issn=0307-1847 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hure|first=R.|title=L'Armee d'Afrique 1830–1962|publisher=Charles-Lavauzelle|year=1972|location=Paris|oclc=464095274|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hure|first=R.|title=L'Armee d'Afrique 1830–1962|publisher=Charles-Lavauzelle|year=1972|location=Paris|oclc=464095274|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
* {{cite encyclopedia

Revision as of 11:53, 21 August 2020

Corps Expeditionnaire d'Orient
Albert d'Amade, the CEO's first commander
Active1915–1916
Country France
RoleExpeditionary force
Size1–2 divisions
EngagementsWorld War I
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Albert d'Amade
Henri Gouraud
Maurice Bailloud

The Corps Expeditionnaire d'Orient (Oriental Expeditionary Force) (CEO) was a French Expeditionary Force raised for service during the Gallipoli Campaign in World War I. The corps initially consisted of a single infantry division, but later grew to two divisions. It took part in fighting around Kum Kale, on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles, at the start of the campaign before being moved to Cape Helles where it fought alongside British formations for the remainder of the campaign. In October 1915, the corps was reduced to one division again and was finally evacuated from the Gallipoli Peninsula in January 1916 when it ceased to exist.

Formation

Initially, the force consisted of 16,700 troops organised into one division, made up of two brigades, which had been raised from the 17th Colonial Division in North Africa and included "metropolitan" French, and colonial troops.[1][2][3] The so-called metropolitan units included four battalions of zouaves[4] of the Armee d'Afrique, mainly recruited from French settlers in Algeria and Tunisia, plus one battalion of the Foreign Legion and the 175th regiment of French line infantry. The colonial troops consisted of both West African Tirailleurs Senegalais and white regulars of colonial infantry, amounting to four and two battalions respectively.[4] Four squadrons of cavalry[5] were also present, the unit being renamed as the 8th provisional regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique on 29 July 1915.[6] The force had a strong divisional artillery, consisting of six field and two mountain batteries,[7] but having been raised quickly, it received only limited training as a formation, and with only two brigades it was smaller than the British divisions that took part in the campaign.[1] Later in the campaign, the corps was expanded to include a second division, raised from the 156th Infantry Division.[8] At its height, following the deployment of its second division, the corps' strength was around 42,000 men.[9][disputed – discuss]

Troops assigned to the corps wore varying coloured uniforms, even in combat, in contrast to those worn by some of the other nations which they fought alongside. War correspondent Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, writing from Gallipoli, provides this account of a scene around Krithia in May 1915:

"Neither was the picturesque element of colour absent from the scene, as in most modern battles, for amidst the green and yellow of the fields and gardens the dark blue uniforms of the Senegalese, the red trousers of the Zouaves, and the new light blue uniform of the Infantry showed up in pleasant contrast amidst the dull-hued masses of the British brigades."[10]

Operational service

Following the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war on the Central Powers side in late 1914, the Allies began preparations to capture the Dardanelles in order to secure a supply route to Russia.[11] As part of these preparations, the Corps Expeditionnaire d'Orient was raised on 22 February 1915[12] under the command of General Albert d'Amade, who had previously served in Morocco and the Western Front.[13]

Throughout February and March, Anglo-French naval forces attempted to penetrate the Dardanelles, aided by small landing parties that were put ashore to destroy Ottoman fortifications.[14] Several small-scale operations were undertaken, starting on 19 February, but they were hampered by bad weather which delayed the main attack until 18 March. Entering the straits in broad daylight, the force was heavily engaged by Ottoman shore batteries and following heavy losses from mines and shelling, they were forced to turn back.[15] After this, the Allied strategy to capture the Dardanelles turned towards a large-scale landing.[16]

French troops landing on Lemnos, 1915, prior to the Gallipoli Campaign.

Hastily formed, after assembling on Lemnos there had been no time for the corps to undertake large-scale training before it was committed to the land campaign.[1] During the initial Allied landing on 25 April, the corps undertook a diversionary landing on the Dardanelles Asiatic coast around Kum Kale, to divert Ottoman forces away from the main landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula,[17] and to disrupt Ottoman artillery that could have fired upon the main landings. The 6th Mixed Colonial Regiment led the division ashore, supported by three battleships and a Russian warship. Part of the first wave was turned back by heavy fire, but the rest managed to get ashore and they proceeded to secure the village and an Ottoman fort. Throughout the course of 26 April, the Ottoman 3rd Division counterattacked, but the following day, having lost over 2,200 killed or wounded, the Ottomans began surrendering to the French in large numbers. Nevertheless, they were withdrawn shortly afterwards, having lost about 300 killed and 500 wounded.[18][19]

Following this, the French force re-embarked and was landed at Cape Helles, where they took up a position on the right flank around 'S' Beach.[20] With a strength of 24 battalions,[9][disputed – discuss] they subsequently took part in the First Battle of Krithia on 28 April.[21] In early May, the Ottoman forces launched a heavy counterattack on the Allied positions with a force of over 16,000 men. The attack was beaten back, but the French division suffered heavy casualties – up to 2,000 men – and at the height of the assault some of the Senegalese and Zouaves "broke and ran".[22] As a result, the 2nd Naval Brigade from the British Royal Naval Division, had to take over some of their positions.[23] Reinforcements were brought in, including a second French division, which arrived between 6 and 8 May, although they did not arrive in time to take part in the Second Battle of Krithia, during which the 1st Division attacked towards the Kereves Dere gully, and although they made slow progress they eventually managed to secure the high ground overlooking this position before the attack petered out.[8][24]

A French 75mm artillery piece firing around Cape Helles during the Third Battle of Krithia

D'Amade was replaced as commander of the corps in late May when he was dismissed and recalled to France. He was replaced by General Henri Gouraud.[25] On 4 June, both divisions took part in the Third Battle of Krithia, once again forming the right of the Allied line as part of the effort to take Achi Baba, a high feature that dominated the Allied position.[26] The six French batteries were detached to support the British,[27] while the infantry were tasked with attacking the Haricot Redoubt, overlooking the Kereves Dere spur.[26] Attacking in daylight, but possessing a numerical superiority, the Allies made ground across a broad front, before the French were forced back by an Ottoman counterattack. Regaining positions on the right, the Ottomans were able to enfilade the British positions and eventually they too were forced back, and the attack ultimately failed.[28] In preparation for the August Offensive, minor attacks continued around Helles, and the French undertook further attacks on the Haricot Redoubt, which they subsequently took on 21 June albeit with heavy casualties.[29]

On 30 June, command of the corps changed again when Gouraud, who had been viewed with considerable respect by the British commander, Ian Hamilton, was wounded while touring the front line to boost the morale of his troops. He was replaced by Maurice Bailloud, who had previously commanded one of the corps' divisions.[30]

A period of stalemate followed, and after the August Offensive failed to break the deadlock, the Allied commanders at Gallipoli requested heavy reinforcements. The French initially proposed to send a further four divisions, but following Bulgaria's entry into the war, this was cancelled, and in late September one of the corps' divisions was diverted to Salonika, on the Macedonian front.[31][32] As the French began to refocus their actions in the Mediterranean around Salonika, in early October, the Corps Expeditionnaire d'Orient was renamed the "Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles";[33] nevertheless, a total of 21,000 French troops remained on the peninsula to show political support to the British.[22] The corps remained in existence until 6 January 1916 when, following the evacuation of French forces from the peninsula, it was subsumed into the larger Army of the Orient serving in Salonika.[12] Around 80,000 men served in the two French divisions throughout the duration of the campaign, although peak strength was around half this. Casualties during the campaign amounted to around 47,000 killed, wounded or sick.[9][34][disputed – discuss]

Order of battle

Source:[7][35]

Tirailleurs Sénégalais from a Régiment Mixte Coloniale in French positions on Gallipoli on 15 May 1915

1st Division (fr:17e division d'infanterie coloniale) under Jean-Marie Brulard

  • 1 Metropolitan Brigade
    • 175th Regiment
      • three battalions of metropolitan infantry
    • 1st Provisional African Regiment
      • composed of a Foreign Legion battalion & two Zouave battalions[36]
  • Colonial Brigade
    • 4th Mixed Colonial Regiment
      • mixed composition of two Senegalese battalions and one European battalion
    • 6th Mixed Colonial Regiment
      • mixed composition of two Senegalese battalions and one European battalion
  • 6 field artillery batteries (operating 75mm field guns)
  • 2 mountain batteries
French colonial infantry ('marsouins') from a Régiment Mixte Coloniale practising an advance at Mudros

2nd Division (fr:156e division d'infanterie) under Maurice Bailloud, which disembarked in May 1915

  • 2 Metropolitan Brigade
    • 176th Regiment
      • three battalions of metropolitan infantry
    • 2nd Provisional African Regiment
      • composed of three Zouave battalions[36]
  • Colonial Brigade
    • 7th Mixed Colonial Regiment
      • mixed composition of two Senegalese battalions and one European battalion
    • 8th Mixed Colonial Regiment
      • mixed composition of two European battalions and one Senegalese battalion
  • 6 field artillery batteries (75mm field guns)
  • 2 mountain batteries
Marsouins (in pith helmets) and Sengalese (in fezzes) ready to embark for Dardanelles

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Erickson 2001, p. 1004.
  2. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 39.
  3. ^ Organisation CEO 22 February 1915.
  4. ^ a b Hure 1972, p. 302.
  5. ^ "Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient (C.E.O.): J.M.O. 22 février-5 mai 1915: 26 N 75/10 - Pièces justicatives 3 avril-16 septembre 1915" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914-1918) (in French). Ministère De la Défense. image 135 of 213. Retrieved 10 July 2020. Ordre de bataille 1 juin 1915 K34
  6. ^ "8e REGIMENT DE MARCHE DES CHASSEURS D'AFRIQUE HISTOIRE SUCCINCT 1915-1917". Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  7. ^ a b Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 25.
  8. ^ a b Haythornthwaite 2004, pp. 55–56.
  9. ^ a b c Hughes 2005, p. 64.
  10. ^ Ashmead-Bartlett 1927, p. 9.
  11. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Moore & Drecki 2013, p. 34.
  13. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 14.
  14. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 27.
  15. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, pp. 28–33.
  16. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 33.
  17. ^ Broadbent 2005, pp. 72–73.
  18. ^ Broadbent 2005, pp. 119–120.
  19. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, pp. 45–49.
  20. ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 123.
  21. ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 125.
  22. ^ a b Hughes 2005, p. 66.
  23. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 55.
  24. ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 138.
  25. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, pp. 15 & 61.
  26. ^ a b Broadbent 2005, p. 171.
  27. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 61.
  28. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, pp. 61–62.
  29. ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 186.
  30. ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 15.
  31. ^ Baldwin 1962, pp. 61 and 66.
  32. ^ Aspinall-Oglander 1992, pp. 363–376.
  33. ^ Dutton 1998, p. 155.
  34. ^ Erickson 2001, p. 1009.
  35. ^ "Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient (C.E.O.): J.M.O. 22 février-5 mai 1915: 26 N 75/10 - Pièces justicatives 3 avril-16 septembre 1915" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914-1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. images 132 to 136 of 213. Retrieved 10 July 2020. Ordre de bataille 1 juin 1915 K34
  36. ^ a b "Zouaves et Dardanelles". Forum pages14-18 (in French). 12 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

References

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